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Sea R una funcin racional que contenga la funcin seno y coseno. Haremos uso de la
x
Sustitucin Trigonomtrica Universal (S.T.U.). Esta consiste en hacer la sustitucin tg = t ,
2
dt
despejando tenemos que 2.arctg (t ) = x derivando obtenemos 2
= dx
1+ t 2
La funcin seno de ngulo x (senx) expresada en funcin de seno y coseno de ngulo mitad
(x/2) que finalmente estara expresado en funcin de los resultados de la S.T.U., estar
expresado como sigue :
2 sen( x / 2 ). cos( x / 2 )
2tg ( x / 2 )
2 sen( x / 2 ). cos( x / 2 )
cos 2 ( x / 2 )
2t
senx =
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
sen ( x / 2 ). + cos ( x / 2 ) sen ( x / 2 ) + cos ( x / 2 ) 1 + tg ( x / 2 ) 1 + t 2
cos 2 ( x / 2 )
cos 2 ( x / 2 ) sen 2 ( x / 2 )
cos 2 ( x / 2 )
cos 2 ( x / 2 ) 1 t 2
cos x =
=
=
=
sen 2 ( x / 2 ). + cos 2 ( x / 2 ) sen 2 ( x / 2 ) + cos 2 ( x / 2 ) 1 + tg 2 ( x / 2 ) 1 + t 2
cos 2 ( x / 2 )
Resumiendo: S.T.U.: tg
1.1
x
dt
1 t 2
2t
;
;
cos
x
=
= t ; dx = 2
senx
=
1+ t 2
2
1+ t2
1+ t 2
PROBLEMAS DESARROLLADOS
1. Resolver
sen
dx
x + cos 4 x
Solucin:
dx
dx
dx
=
=
4
2
2
2
2
2
sen x + cos x
sen 2 2 x
sen x + cos x 2 sen x. cos x
1
2
2dx
2dx
4dx
4dx
I =
=
=
=
2
1
cos
4
x
4 1 + cos 4 x
3 + cos 4 x
2 sen 2 x
2
2
Para visualizar mejor el problema, hacemos cambio de variable: 4 x =
I =
I =
2dt
d
. Para resolver usamos STU tg = t = arctg t
= d
2
2
3 + cos
1+ t 2
Calculo Integral
1 t 2
1+ t
2dt
2
d
2dt
2dt
I =
= 1+ t 2 =
=
2
2
3 + cos
1 t
3 + 3t + 1 t
4 + 2t 2
3+
1+ t2
I =
dt
=
2+t2
dt
( 2 ) + (t )
2
1
t
arctgt
+ C . Como t = tg
2
2
2
tg
1
2
I=
arctg
+ C . Como = 4 x
2
2
4x
tg
1
1
tg 2 x
2
I=
arctg
+C =
arctg
+C
2
2
2
2
2. Resolver
dx
2 senx 3 cos x 5
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU y reemplazamos en la integral:
2 dt
dx
2 dt
dt
1+ t2
I =
=
=
= 2
2
2
2 senx 3 cos x 5
4t
3 3t
2t + 4 t 8
t + 2t 4
5
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
tg 1
dt
1
2
+C
=
=
arctg
2
2
3
3
(t 1) + 3
dx
3. Resolver
4 senx + 3 cos x
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU y reemplazamos en la integral:
2 dt
dx
2 dt
1
2 dt
1+ t2
I =
=
=
=
2
2
4 senx + 3 cos x
8t
3 3t
3t + 8t + 3 3 4 2 5 2
+
t
1+ t2
1+ t2
3 3
x
4 5
tg 3
1 1
3 3 + C = 1 Ln 2
I =
Ln
+C
4 5
x 1
3 5
10
t +
2
tg +
3 3
3
2 3
t
Calculo Integral
1. Resolver
dx
3 + 5 cos x
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU y reemplazamos en la integral:
dx
I =
=
3 + 5 cos x
2 dt
2 dt
1+ t2
=
2
2
5 5t
3 + 3t + 5 5t 2
3+
1+ t2
x
tan + 2
dt
dt
1
2
I = 2
= 2 2 = Ln
+C
4
t +4
2 t
x
tan 2
2
2. Resolver
dx
senx + cos x
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU y reemplazamos en la integral:
2 dt
dx
dt
1+ t2
I =
=
= 2
2
senx + cos x
2t
1t
2t + 1 t 2
+
1+ t2 1+ t2
x
x
tg 1 2
tg 1 + 2
dt
1
1
2
2
I = 2
=
Ln
+C =
Ln
+C
2
x
x
2
2
(t 1) 2 2
tg 1 + 2
tg 1 2
2
2
3. Resolver
dx
1 + senx cos x
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU: tg
x
=t;
2
dx = 2
dt
;
1+ t2
senx =
2t
;
1+ t 2
cos x =
1 t 2
1+ t 2
reemplazamos en la integral:
2dt
dx
dt
dt
dt
1+ t2
=
1 + senx cos x 2t 1 t 2 = 2 1 + t 2 + 2t + 1 t 2 = 2 2t + 2 = 2 2(t + 1)
1+
+
1+ t2 1+ t2
dt
x
=
= Ln t + 1 + C = Ln tg + 1 + C
t +1
2
4. Resolver
dx
5 + 4senx
Solucin:
Calculo Integral
1 t 2
1+ t 2
1 t2
x
dt
2t
;
;
cos
x
=
=t;
dx = 2
senx
=
1+ t2
2
1+ t2
1+ t 2
reemplazamos en la integral. Antes multiplicamos trmino a trmino en el denominador:
x
=t;
2
dx = 2
dt
;
1+ t2
senx =
2t
;
1+ t 2
cos x =
reemplazamos en la integral:
2dt
dx
=
5 + 4 senx
5 +15+t t + 8t = 5t
2
2dt
1+ t
+ 8t + 5
2
dt
5 4 2 3 2
t + +
5 5
5 tan + 4
2 1
2
5t + 4
2
+C
= . arctan
+ C = arctan
5 3
3
3
5. Resolver
(2 + cos x ) (3 + cos x )
dx
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU: tg
2dt
2dt
dt
dt
1+ t 2
1+ t 2 = 2
2
1 t 2
1 t 2
2 + 2t 2 + 1 t 2
3 + 3t 2 + 1 t 2
2+
3+
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
x
x
tan
tan 1
dt
2
dt
2
2
2
=2
=
arctan
arctan + C
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
t + 3
t + 2
dx
=
(2 + cos x )(3 + cos x )
dx
dx
=
2 + cos x 3 + cos x
6. Resolver
dx
cos x + 2senx + 3
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU: tg
x
=t;
2
dx = 2
dt
;
1+ t2
senx =
2t
;
1+ t 2
cos x =
1 t2
1+ t2
reemplazamos en la integral.
x
tan + 2 2
2
=
ln
+C
(t + 2)2 2 2 2 2 tan x + 2 + 2
2
dt
7. Resolver
2dt
dt
dt
1+ t2
=2
=2
2
2
2
2
1 t
8t
1 t + 8t + 3 + 3t
2t + 8t + 4
+
+3
1+ t2 1+ t2
dx
=
cos x + 4 senx + 3
cos x + 2senx + 3
dx
Solucin:
Trabajamos con la STU: tg
x
1 t 2
dt
2t
;
;
y reemplazamos
cos
x
=
= t ; dx = 2
senx
=
1+ t 2
1+ t2
1+ t 2
2
en la integral.
Calculo Integral
dt
2
dx
2dt
1+ t 2
=
=
=
2
2
cos x + 2 senx + 3
1 t
2t
2 t + 2t + 2
+
2
+
3
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
x
= arctg (t + 1) + C = arctg (tg ) + C
2
dx
8. Resolver
8 4 senx + 7 cos x
) (t + 1)
dt
2
+ (1)2
Solucin:
x
dt
2t
1 t 2
;
;
y reemplazamos
= t ; dx = 2
senx
=
cos
x
=
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
2
2dt
dx
=
8 4 senx + 7 cos x
=2
(t 4)
dt
2
dt
dt
1+ t 2
=2
=2 2
8t
7 7t 2
8 + 8t 2 8t + 7 7t 2
t 8t + 15
8
+
1+ t 2 1+ t 2
x
tan 5
2
= Ln
+C
x
1
tan 3
2
9. Resolver
4senx 3 cos x
dx
Solucin:
x
dt
2t
1 t 2
; senx =
; cos x =
y reemplazamos
= t ; dx = 2
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t 2
2
dx
=
4 senx 3 cos x
10. Resolver
1+ t
3 3t 2
2
1+ t
1+ t 2
2
8t
dt
2
=2
=
2
3
8t 3 + 3t
t +
x 1
tan
1
2 3 +C
= ln
2
4
25 5 tan x + 3
2
3
9
dt
4senx + 3x cos x + 5
dx
Solucin:
x
2
dz
1+ z
2z
; senx =
1+ z
; cos x =
1 z2
1+ z2
y reemplazamos
en la integral.
2dz
dx
=
4 senx + 3 cos x + 5
2( z + 2) = ( z + 2)
2dz
1+ z
2
2 z 1 z
4
+ 3
2
1+ z 1+ z2
2dz
dz =
1
=
z+2
+5
8z + 3 13+z z + 5 + 5z
2
2z
2dz
2
+ 8z + 8
1+ z2
1
x
Tg + 2
2
Calculo Integral
1.2
PROBLEMAS:
dx
a 2 b 2 cos x
1.
(a
2.
3 + 5senx + 3 cos x
3.
senx
4.
cos x
+b
) (
dx
dx
dx
1. Resolver
Solucin:
(cos
(cos
x + cos 5 x
.dx
sen 2 x + sen 4 x
3
(
(
)
)
)(
(
x + cos 5 x
cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
1 t 2 1+1 t 2
t 4 3t 2 + 2
.
dx
=
cos
x
dx
=
dt
=
sen 2 x 1 + sen 2 x
t 2 1+ t 2
t 4 + t 2 dt
sen 2 x + sen 4 x
3
4t 2 2
2t 2 1
A B Cx + D
= 1 4 2 dt = dt 2 4 2 dt = t 2 + 2 + 2
dx
t +t
t + 1
t t
t +t
Hallamos los valores para A, B, C y D mediante polinomios equivalentes:
2.2
R(cos x ).senx.dx
sen 3 x
2 + cos x .dx
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin indicada: cos x = t senx.dx = dt . Adems, consideramos que
cos 2 x = t 2 1 cos 2 x = sen 2 x = 1 t 2
sen 2 x senx dx
1 cos 2 t senx dx
1 t2
sen 3 x
.
dx
=
=
=
2 + cos x
2 + cos x 2 + cos x
2 + t ( dt )
Calculo Integral
=
=
t2 1
3
3
t2
dt = t 2 +
dt
=
tdt
2
dt
+
dt
=
t + 2 2 2t + 3Ln t + C
t+2
t + 2
cos 2 x
2 cos x + 3Ln cos x + C
2
2. Resolver
senx + sen 3 x
cos 2 x .dx
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin indicada: cos x = t senx.dx = dt . Adems, consideramos que
cos 2 x = t 2 1 cos 2 x = sen 2 x = 1 t 2
sen 2 x senx dx
1 t 2 ( dt )
senx + sen 3 x
senx
dt
cos 2 x .dx = 2 cos 2 x 1 dx + 2 cos 2 x 1 = 2t 2 1 + 2t 2 1
1 t 2 ( dt ) 1
dt
dt
1 t2 1
+
=
+
2 t2 1 2 2 t2 1 2
2t 2 1 2t 2 1
t 1 4 1
12
t 1 4 t 1
1 1
dt
Ln
+ 1 2
+ 2
dt = Ln
2 2(1 4 ) t + 1 4 2 t 1 2
t +1 4 2 4 t 1 2
= Ln
=
t 1 4 t 1 1
t 1 4
t 1 4 t 1
t 1 4
+
Ln
+ C = Ln
+ Ln
+C
t + 1 4 2 4 2(1 4 ) t + 1 4
t +1 4 2 2
t +1 4
t 1 4 t
cos x 1 4 cos x
3
3
Ln
+ +C =
Ln
+
+C
2
t +1 4 2
2
cos x + 1 4
2
senx 1 + sen 2 x dx
senx + sen 3 x
1+1 t2
1 t2 2
(
)
.
dx
=
=
dt
=
dt
cos 2 x
2 cos 2 x 1
2t 2 1
2 t2 1 4
32
t 1 4
cos x 1 4
1
t 3 1
cos x 3
Ln
+C =
Ln
+C
1 2
dt =
2 t 1 2
2 4 2(1 4 ) t + 1 4
2
2
cos x + 1 4
2.3
dt
en la integral para encontrar una
1+ t2
solucin. Si queremos expresarlo en seno y coseno, consideraremos las siguientes
t
1
t2
1
equivalencias: senx =
; sen 2 x =
; cos x =
;
. Aqu
cos 2 x =
2
1+ t
1+ t2
1+ t2
1+ t2
conviene usar este mtodo cuando observamos a la funcin seno o coseno elevado al
cuadrado en el integrando.
Aqu sustituiremos
dx
2 sen
Solucin:
Haciendo las sustituciones tg .x = t ; x = arctg (t ) ; dx =
dt
en la integral obtenemos:
1+ t2
7
Calculo Integral
dt
dx
dt
dt
dt
1+ t 2 =
=
=
2 sen 2 x =
2
2
2
2
2
t
2 1+ t t
2 + 2t t
2+t2
2
1+ t 2
1
t
tgx
arctg
arctg
+C =
+C
2
2
2
2
sen
2. Resolver:
dx
x + 2 senx. cos x cos 2 x
Solucin:
Haciendo las sustituciones tg .x = t ; x = arctg (t ) ; dx =
sen
dt
en la integral obtenemos:
1+ t2
dt
1+ t 2
dx
=
x + 2 senx. cos x cos 2 x t 2
t
+2
2
1+ t
1+ t 2
dt
(t + 1) ( 2 )
1
2 2
Ln
t +1 2
t +1+ 2
+C =
1
2 2
Ln
1
1+ t
1
1+ t 2
tgx + 1 2
tgx + 1 + 2
dt
t + 2t 1
2
+C
2.3.2 PROBLEMAS:
dx
1.
cos
2.
4 3 cos
2.4
x
dx
x + 5sen 2 x
donde las potencias de seno y coseno son exclusivamente pares, usaremos la sustitucin
tg ( x ) = t
2.5
R(sen
x. cos n x .dx
En este caso, el integrando debe contener las funciones seno y coseno donde los valores de
m y n son nmeros enteros. Aqu consideramos tres casos:
1. Cuando al menos uno de los valores de m y n es impar
2. Si coseno tiene potencia impar, aplicar senx = t
3. Si seno tiene potencia impar, aplicar cos x = t
2.5.1 Problemas desarrollados:
1. Calcular: sen 5 xdx
Solucin:
La funcin seno tiene potencia impar:
sen
Calculo Integral
= 1 t 2
) ( dt ) = (1 t ) dt = (1 + t
2
2 2
2t 2 dt = dt t 4 dt + 2t 2 dt = t
t 5 2t 3
+
+C
5
3
cos 5 x
2 cos 3 x
cos x +
+C
5
3
cos x
2. Resolver
dx
sen 2 x
Solucin:
La funcin coseno tiene potencia impar, entonces haremos el cambio de variable
t = senx dt = cos xdx y reemplazamos en la integral:
=
cos x dx
cos x
dt 1
1
dx =
= 2 =
+C =
+C
2
2
t
senx
x
sen x
t
sen
3. Resolver
sen
x. cos 5 x.dx
Solucin:
La funcin coseno tiene potencia impar, entonces haremos el cambio de variable
t = senx dt = cos xdx y reemplazamos en la integral:
sen
4. Resolver
sen 3 x
cos x.3 cos x .dx
= t 5 2t 6 + t 8 dt =
t6
t7 t9
sen 6 x
sen 7 x sen 9 x
2 + +C =
2
+
+C
6
7
9
6
7
9
Solucin:
La funcin seno tiene potencia impar, entonces haremos el cambio de variable
t = cos x dt = senx dx y reemplazamos en la integral:
sen 2 x senx dx
1 cos 2 x senx dx
1 t 2 ( dt )
t 2 1 dt
sen 3 x
.
dx
=
=
=
=
cos x.3 cos x
(cos x )4 3 (cos x )4 3
(t )4 3
t43
=
t 2 dt
dt
3t 5 3
3
33 cos 5 x
3
23
4 3
=
t
dt
t
dt
=
+
+
C
=
+3
+C
43
43
13
5
5
t
t
t
cos x
(cos x + 2 cos 2 x ) dx
2
Solucin:
I = cos 2 x + 4 cos x cos 2 x + 4 cos 2 2 x dx = cos 2 dx + 4 cos x. cos 2 xdx + 4 cos 2 2 xdx
I =
1 + cos 2 x
1 + cos 4 x
dx + 4 cos x cos 2 x sen 2 x dx + 4
dx
2
2
Calculo Integral
I =
dx
cos 2 xdx
+
+ 4 cos 3 xdx 4 cos x.sen 2 xdx + 2 dx + 2 cos 4 xdx
2
2
I=
x sen2 x
sen4 x
+
+ 4 cos 3 xdx 4 sen 2 x. cos xdx + 2 x +
+C
2
4
2
I=
5 x sen2 x sen4 x
sen 3 x
+
+
+ 4 1 sen 2 x d (senx ) 4
+C
2
4
2
3
I=
5 x sen2 x sen4 x
4sen 3 x
+
+
+ 4 d (senx ) 4 sen 2 x d (senx )
+C
2
2
2
3
I=
5 x sen2 x sen4 x
4 sen 3 x 4 sen 3 x
+
+
+ 4 senx
+C
2
2
2
3
3
I=
5 x sen2 x sen4 x
8sen 3 x
+
+
+ 4 senx
+C
2
2
2
3
2.5.2.2 PROBLEMAS:
a)
a)
a)
a)
sen
sen
cos
sen
x. cos 4 x.dx
x. cos 2 x.dx
x.dx
x.dx
2.5.3 Cuando ambos exponentes son pares pero uno de ellos es negativo
Aqu es conveniente hacer la sustitucin tg (x ) = t o su reciproco.
2.5.3.1 PROBLEMAS:
sen 2 x
cos 6 x .dx
2.6
a)
b)
c) senmx.sennx.dx
10
Calculo Integral
Solucin:
1
[cos(8 - 3)x - cos(8 + 3)x ] = 1 [cos(5x) - cos(11x)]
2
2
Reemplazamos en la integral:
1
[cos(5x) - cos(11x)]dx == 1 sen( 5 x ) sen( 11x ) + C
2
2 5
11
sen5 x sen11x
+C
10
22
2. Resolver cos(4x)cos(5x)dx
Solucin:
1
[cos(9x) + cos(-x)] = 1 [cos(9x) - cos(x)]
2
2
1
1
sen( 9 x )
I = cos(4x)cos(5x)dx = [cos(9x) - cos(x)]dx = - sen(x) +
+C
2
2
9
I =
sen( x ) sen( 9 x )
+
+C
2
18
1
1 cos( 11x ) cos( 3 x )
I =
+
+C
2
11
3
2
1
[ cos( 6 x ) + cos( 4 x )]
2
1
Reemplazando I = sen( 5 x ) sen( x )dx = [ cos( 6 x ) + cos( 4 x )]dx
2
1 sen(4x) sen(6x)
I=
+C
2 4
6
Como: sen( 5 x ) sen( x ) =
5. Resolver
3x
dx
2
sen 2 cos
Solucin:
x 3x 1 1 3
1 3
Como sen cos = sen + x + sen x
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1
x 3x 1
sen cos = [sen(2 x ) + sen( x )] = [sen(2 x ) sen( x )]
2
2 2 2
11
Calculo Integral
1
x 3x
Reemplazando: I = sen cos dx = [sen(2 x ) sen( x )]dx
2
2 2
I=
1 cos 2 x
+ cos x + C
2 2
2.6.2 PROBLEMAS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
1x
3x
e)
f)
g)
sen5 x.sen3x.dx
cos 4 x.sen2 x.dx
h)
2.7
PROBLEMAS DIVERSOS:
1.
cos 2 x
sen 2 x + 4senx. cos x .dx
cos 3 x
sen 2 x + senx .dx
sen 2 x
3.
.dx
3
cos x sen 2 x 1
2.
4.
2.8
cos 4 x + sen 4 x
cos 2 x sen 2 x dx
Solucin:
2
1 + Cos (6 x)
I = cos 4 (3 x)dx = cos 2 (3 x) cos 2 (3 x) dx =
dx
2
1 + 2Cos (6 x) + cos 2 (6 x)
dx =
I =
1 + Cos (12 x)
1 + 2Cos (6 x) +
dx
4
12
Calculo Integral
I=
x 1
1
+
cos(6 x)dx +
4 2
8
(1 + cos(12 x))dx
x sen(6 x) x 1
+
+ +
cos(12 x)dx
4
12
8 8
3
sen(6 x) sen(12 x)
I = x+
+
+C
8
12
96
I=
2. Resolver cot g 4 ( 2 x ) dx
Solucin:
(
I = (cot g
))
I = cot g 2 ( 2 x ) cos ec 2 ( 2 x ) 1 dx
2
( 2 x ) cos ec 2 ( 2 x ) dx cot g 2 ( 2 x ) dx
I =
cot g 3 ( 2 x )
cot g 3 ( 2 x )
cos ec 2 ( 2 x ) 1 dx =
cos ec 2 ( 2 x )dx + dx =
6
6
I =
cot g 3 ( 2 x ) cot g( 2 x )
+
+ x+C
6
2
3. Resolver tg 5 ( 3 x ) dx
Solucin:
I = tg 5 ( 3 x ) dx = tg 3 ( 3 x ) tg 2 ( 3 x ) dx = tg 3 ( 3 x ) sec 2 ( 3 x ) 1 dx
I = tg 3 ( 3 x ) sec 2 ( 3 x )dx tg 3 ( 3 x )dx
1 4
tg ( 3 x ) tg ( 3 x ) sec 2 ( 3 x ) 1 dx
12
1
I = tg 4 ( 3 x ) tg ( 3 x ) sec 2 ( 3 x ) dx + tg ( 3 x )dx
12
1
1
1
I = tg 4 ( 3 x ) Tg 2 ( 3 x ) Ln cos( 3 x ) + C
12
6
3
I =
Ctg (2 x)(Csc
5. Resolver tg 5 ( x )dx
Solucin:
I = tg 5 ( x )dx = tg 3 ( x ) sec 2 ( x ) 1 dx
I = tg 3 ( x ) sec 2 ( x )dx tg 3 ( x ) dx
I=
1 4
tg ( x ) + tg ( x ) sec 2 ( x ) 1 dx
4
13
Calculo Integral
1 4
tg ( x ) + tg ( x ) sec 2 ( x )dx tg ( x )dx
4
1
1
I = tg 4 ( x ) + tg 2 ( x ) + Ln cos( x ) + C
4
2
I=
6. Resolver tg 3 ( x )dx
Solucin:
tg
2
sec ( x )tg( x )dx tg( x )dx =
tg 2 ( x )
Ln cos x + C
2
cot g 2 ( 2 x ) Ln sen( 2 x )
+C
4
2
I=
( x ) sen( x ) dx
sen 4 ( x ) sen 6 ( x )
+C
4
6
I=
sen 6 3 x sen 8 3 x
+C
18
24
Este mtodo consiste en reemplazar el elemento de integracin f (x ).dx por otro elemento de
integracin que estar expresado en trminos de las funciones trigonomtricas como seno,
coseno, tangente, cotangente, secante y cosecante.
Cuando la integral tenga una expresin como los tipos siguientes:
I)
f(
a 2 + x 2 .dx
II)
f(
a 2 x 2 .dx
III)
f(
x 2 a 2 .dx
14
Calculo Integral
Para
Para
Para comenzar a resolver los problemas, es necesario recordar las siguientes propiedades
trigonomtricas:
sen 2 t + cos 2 t = 1
sec t = 1 + tg t
cos ec 2 t = 1 + c tg 2 t
Adems recordemos que:
( )
d (cos t ) = sent dt
d (tg t ) = sec 2 t dt
d (c tg t ) = cos ec t dt
d (sec t ) = sec t tg t dt
d (cos ec t ) = cos ect cot g t dt
d sen t = cos t dt
3.1
PROBLEMAS RESUELTOS
x 3 dx
3x 2 5
Solucin:
I =
x 3 dx
3x 2 5
x 3 .dx
3. x 2 5
3
Aqu vemos estamos en el tercer caso, entonces hacemos:
3
3
I =
5 5 sec 4 t. tg t
5 5
5 5
.dt =
sec 4 t.dt =
3
tg t
3
3
(1 + tg t ). sec
2
t.dt
15
Calculo Integral
[ sec
I=
5 5
3
I=
tg 3 t
5 5
tg t +
+C
3
3
5 5
3
[ d (tg t ) + tg
t.d (tg t )
(3x
5 5 3x 2 5
I=
+
3
5
2. Resolver
3
2
5
+ C = 5 3x 5 +
3
3 .5 5
(3x
3x 2 5
:
5
+C
x 3 dx
x 2 + 2x + 5
Solucin:
x 3 dx
I =
x 2 + 2x + 5
x 3 dx
(x + 1)2 + 2 2
x dx
I =
x 2 + 2x + 5
(t 1)
dt
t 2 + 22
I=
(t 1)3 dt
t 2 + 22
dt = 2 sec 2 d
dx = dt
tg + 1
2
sec 3
8 sec + 6 sec 12 sec 2 1d (sec ) sec d
3
8 sec 3
2 sec 12 sec 2 1d (sec ) sec d
3
8 sec 3
sec u
12
2 sec 12
sec 2 u 1 + Ln sec u + sec 2 u 1 Ln sec u + tgu + C
3
2
2
3
8 sec
I=
2 sec 6 sec u.tgu + 6 Ln sec u + tgu Ln sec u + tgu + C
3
I=
I=
8 sec 3
2 sec 6 sec u.tgu + 5 Ln sec u + tgu + C
3
t2 +4
u
Ing. Victor Yujra Ccuno
16
Calculo Integral
Como
t
= tgu
2
t2 +4
2
t2 +4
8
2
t2 +4
t2 +4 t
t2 +4 t
I=
2
6
. + 5 Ln
+ +C
3
2
2
2
2
2
Como x +1 = t
I=
(x + 1)2 + 4
(x
I=
+ 2x + 5
x 2 + 2x + 5
3. Resolver
(x + 1)2 + 4
I=
I =
x +1
+C
2
2
3
(x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 5 + 5Ln x + 2 x + 5 + x + 1 + C
2
2
2 sec = x 2 Sec Tg d = dx
x 4
2
1
sen
cos d =
=
4
4
4. Resolver
(x + 1)2 + 4
x2 4
dx
2
x +1
.
+ 5 Ln
2
dx
Solucin:
Reemplazamos por:
tenemos :
(x + 1)2 + 4
2 sec Tg d
(2 sec )
2Tg
sec
1
1
d =
d
2
4 sec
4 sec
x2 4
+C
4x
9 x2
dx
x2
Solucin:
Reemplazamos por: 3 sen = x 3 cos d = dx
Tenemos: I =
3 cos .3 cos d
9 x2
cos 2
dx
=
=
d = ctg 2 d
2
2
x
9 sen
sen
I = ctg =
5. Resolver
9 x2
x
arcsen + C
x
3
a2 x2
dx
x2
Solucin:
Reemplazamos por: asen = x a cos d = dx
17
Calculo Integral
I =
I=
a cos a cos d
a2 x2
cos 2
dx
=
=
d = ctg 2 d = ctg
2
2
2
2
x
a sen
sen
a2 x2
x
arcsen + C
x
a
6. Resolver
x 2 16
dx
x
Solucin:
Reemplazamos por: x = 4 sec dx = 4 sec tg d
4tg 4 sec tg d
x 2 16
dx =
= 4 tg 2 d
x
4 sec
Tenemos: I =
x
I = 4 (tg ) = x 2 + 16 4 arc sec + C
4
7. Resolver
( x + 1 )dx
9x
Solucin:
I =
( x + 1 )dx
9x
32 x 2
( x + 1 )dx
32 x 2
x
3
( 3 sen + 1 )3 cos
d = 3 send + d = 3 cos + + C
3 cos
3 9 x2
x
x
+ arcsen + C = 9 x 2 + arcsen + C
3
3
3
8. Resolver
9 x1
dx
x2
Solucin:
9 x1
dx
x2
Haciendo sustitucin trigonomtrica:
x = 3 sen dx = 3 cos d
I =
2
2
x
Adems: = arcsen ; 3 cos = 3 x
3
I =
I =
32 x 2
9 x1
3 cos 3 cos d
dx =
2
x
9 sen 2
cos 2
d = tag 2d = tg + C
sen 2
18
Calculo Integral
x
arcsen + C
3
9 x2
x
I=
9. Resolver
(4
(3 x )
x6
3
2 2
dx
4
Solucin:
Adems: sen =
4 cos = 4 2 (3 x )
3x
;
4
3x
4
4
sen = x dx = cos d
3
3
Hacemos la sustitucin:
42 (3x )
Reemplazando
4 3 cos 3 4 cos d
3 5 .4 3 cos 3 .4 cos d 3 5
3
I =
=
= 2
6
3.4 6 sen 6
4
4
6
sen
3
cos 4
sen 6 d
243
243 cot g 5
4
2
cot
g
.
cos
ec
=
+C
16
16
5
243 16 9 x
I=
80
x5
10. Resolver
+C
1+ x2 +1
( x +1)
2
3
2
dx
Solucin:
Haciendo la sustitucin: tag = x dx = sec 2 d
x 2 +1
Adems: sec = x 2 + 1
I =
I =
1+ x +1
2
( x2 +1)
1+ x +1
2
( x 2 + 1 )3
(1 + Sec )Sec 2 d
Sec
3
I=
3
2
x2 +1
1
d + d = sen + + C
Sec
+ arctagx + C
11. Resolver
(x
dx
2
+5
dx
2
Solucin:
I =
(x
dx
2
+5
(x
dx
2
Haciendo la sustitucion:
Adems:
+ 52
5tg = x dx = 5 sec 2 d
5 sec = x 2 + 5 2
19
Calculo Integral
I =
I=
5 sec 2 d
5 sec
x
5 x2 + 5
5 sec 2 d
5 5 sec
3
1 d
1
sen
= cos d =
+C
5 sec 5
5
+C
12. Resolver
(a
x 2 dx
2
x2
dx
2
Solucin:
I =
(a
x 2 dx
2
dx =
x 2 dx
( a 2 x 2 )3
dx
x
a
Reemplazamos en la ecuacin I:
I =
(a
sen 2
a cos d = tag 2 d = tag + C
3
3
a cos
2
x
arcsen + C
a
a x
x
I=
13. Resolver
x 3 dx
4 x2
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin: 2 sen = x dx = 2 cos d
x
Adems = asrsen y 2 cos = 2 2 x 2
2
Reemplazamos:
I =
x 3 dx
4 x2
22 x2
8 sen 3 2 cos d
= 8 ( 1 cos 2 )sen d
2 cos
cos 3
+C
3
4 x2 4 x2
12 4 x 2 8 4 x 2 4 x 2
=
3
3
I = 4 4 x 2 + 8
I =
4 x 2 ( 12 32 + 8 x 2 )
4 x2
=
( 8 x 2 20 ) + C
3
3
14. Resolver
x 2 dx
( 4 x 2 )5 / 2
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin: 2 sen = x dx = 2 cos d
Adems: = ascen
x
y 2 cos = 2 2 x 2
2
22 x 2
Ing. Victor Yujra Ccuno
20
Calculo Integral
Reemplazamos en I:
x 2 dx
I =
I=
( 4 x 2 )5
1
1 tag 3
1
x3
2
2
tag
sec
=
=
4
4 3
12 ( 2 2 x 2 )3
3
( x 2 25 ) 2
15. Resolver
dx
x6
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin: 5 sec = x dx = 5 sec tag d
x
x2 52
x
Adems: = arc sec y 5tg = x 2 5 2
5
( x 2 5 2 )3
=
d
=
sen
cos
=
+C
25 sec 5
25 1
25
25 5
cos 5
Reemplazamos: I =
I=
1
125
(x
52
x5
16. Resolver
+C
dx
x 2 2x + 5
(x 1)2 + 22
Solucin:
I =
dx
2x + 5 )
((x 1)
dx
2
dx =
+ 22
3/ 2
x 1
x 1
Adems: = arctg
2
Reemplazando:
2 sec 2 d 1 d
1
1
1
x 1
I =
=
= cos d = sen + C =
+C
3
4 sec 4
4
4 ( x 1 )2 + 2 2
8 sec
17. Resolver
25 x 2
dx
x
Solucin:
Haciendo la sustitucin: x = 5 sen dx = 5 cos d
Reemplazando la sustitucin en la integral I:
I =
25 25 sen 2
25 x 2
dx =
x
5 sen
25 x 2
5 cos d
21
Calculo Integral
I =
cos 2 d
5 cos 2
d
sen 2
5 cos d = 5
= 5
5
d = 5 Ln tg 5( cos ) + C
5 sen
sen
sen
sen
2
5 25 x 2
+ 25 x 2 + C
x
I = 5 Ln
18. Resolver
x2 +1
dx
x
x2 +1
Solucin:
x
1
Adems: tg = ; sec = x 2 + 1
1
2
sec
2
cos sec 2 d = 1 tg d
sec
=
tg
sen
sen
cos
I =
tg 2 d
d
sen
d (cos )
= csc d
d = csc d +
2
sen
sen
cos
cos 2
19. Resolver
x2 +1
+C
x
dx
2
x2 + 5
Solucin:
Haciendo la sustitucin y reemplazando:
5tg = x 5 sec 2 d = dx
Adems: tg = x
x2 +
I =
5 sec 2 d
5tg
5 sec 2
1 sec 2 d
1 sec d
=
2
5 tg . sec 5
tg 2
1 cos
1 d (sen ) 1
d =
= cos ec + C =
2
5 sen
5 sen 2
5
I=
20. Resolver
( 5)
x
5
x2 + 5
+C
5x
x 2 dx
1 x2
Solucin:
Reemplazamos por: x = sen dx = cos d
Tenemos: I =
1 x2
sen 2
sen 2
cos d = sen 2 d =
+C
cos
2
4
sen cos 1
= arcsenx x 1 x 2 + C
2
2
2
dx
21. Resolver
x2 1+ x2
Solucin:
I=
x 2 dx
22
Calculo Integral
dx
x2 1+ x2
sec 2 d
sec
cos
= 2 d =
d
2
tg sec
tg
sen 2
d (sen )
1+ x2
=
cos
ec
+
C
=
+C
x
sen 2
22. Resolver
dx
x2 1
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin sec = x sec tg = dx
Reemplazando tenemos:
dx
I =
sec tg
d
sen2
d =
= cos 2 d = +
+C
3
2
2
4
sec tg
sec
4 x2
dx
x2
x x 1
1
x2 1
I = arc sec +
+C
2
x
3
23. Resolver
Solucin:
Hacemos la sustitucin: 2 sen = x 2 cos d = dx
Reemplazando tenemos:
4 x2
2 cos 2 cos d
4 x2
cos 2
2
dx
=
=
4 sen 2
sen 2 d = ctg d
x2
I =
4 x2
x
arcsen + C
x
2
I = ctg + C =
24. Resolver
dx
2
16 + 9 x 2
Solucin:
Reemplazamos 4tg = x 4 sec 2 d = dx
3
Tenemos: I =
I=
3
16
3.2
dx
x
9 x 2 + 16
16 + 9 x
4
sec 2 d
3 sec
3 cos
3
=
=
d =
d
16 2
16 tg 2
16 sen 2
tg 4 sec
9
3x
d (sen )
1
3 16 + 9 x 2
=
+C =
+C
2
sen
16
3x
sen
PROBLEMAS:
1)
dx
4 + x2
2)
dx
2
4 + x2
23
Calculo Integral
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
dx
4 x2
x 2 dx
14)
9 + 4x
4 x2
dx
x2
9 4x2
dx
x
x2 a2
dx
x
x2 9
dx
x
20)
2x 2 5
dx
x
21)
25 x dx
1 x dx
x 4 x dx
16)
x 2 dx
2x
17)
dx
9+ x
18)
dx
x 2 25
19)
2dx
x 5
2
x 3 dx
x 3 dx
22)
2 x2
23)
x
x
x 1
2
dx
2
x 2 +1
dx
1 x2
dx
2
x 2 dx
15)
x2 4
x 2 dx
24)
4 x2
(x
dx
2
+ a2
1 x2
24