1.

1 Everything is made of particles

Diffusion happens when particles mix by colliding against each other and bouncing off in all
directions.
Examples of diffusion in the lab:

Placing a crystal of potassium manganite in a beaker of water will cause the colour to
spread across the water and mix with it.
Placing an open gas jar upside down on an open gas jar containing a few drops of
bromine will cause the (yellowish orange) colour to spread upwards.

Evidence of diffusion outside the lab:

Cooking smells spreading everywhere

Dust and smoke dancing in the air, in bright sunlight

1.2, 1.3 Solid, Liquids and gases

Solids:

Particles arranged in fixed pattern called lattice

Strong forces hold the particles together, so they cannot leave their positions
But they do move a bit, because they vibrate

Liquids:

The particles can move about and slide past each other
The particles are quite closed to each other, but not arrange in a lattice
The forces that hold the particles together are weaker than solids

Gases:

The particles are very far apart

They move about very quickly. Almost no forces holding them together
They collide with each other and bounce of in all directions

The state of matter can be changed by altering the temperatures.

Melting:

Changing of state from a solid to a liquid

When a solid is heated the particles gain energy, so they vibrate more making the solid
expand.
The particles vibrate so much that they break away from their positions, turning into a
liquid

Boiling:

Changing of state from a liquid to gas

When a liquid is heated the particles gain energy, and move faster, causing them to
bump against each other and bounce further apart, making the liquid expand
The particles gain enough energy to overcome the forces between them, so they break
away to form a gas

Freezing

Liqui
d

Solid
Melting

Condensati
on

Gas
Boiling

Sublimatio
n

Heating curves

In those red parts, the particles are using the energy to break the bonds between them. Time is
always on the X axis and temperature is always on the Y axis.

1.4 A closer look at gases

Gas pressure depends on 2 things:

Temperature of the gas (When you heat a gas without altering the volume, its pressure
increases.)
The volume (When a gas is compressed into a smaller space, its pressure increases.)

The rate of diffusion depends on two things:

The mass of the particles (the lower the mass of its particle, the faster a gas will diffuse.)
The temperature (the higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse.)