DRY

Submitted By:
BATTERY
CHARGER
XII Non-Medical
Board Roll No.:

Submitted To:

INDEX
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)

Acknowledgement
Certificate
Aim of the Project
Components
Theory
Ni-Cd Battery Charger
Chemical Reactions
Circuit Diagram

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to offer my gratitude and indebtedness
to my principal _______for providing the best of
facilities and environment to bring out our spirit of
inquiry and innovation through this venture.
I would to thank my teacher _____(H.O.D. PHYSICS)
for sincere encouragement, creative guidance,
constructive criticism and valuable suggestions
during the preparation of the project.
I wish to thank my parents for their undivided
support which inspired me and encouraged me to
go my own way. At last I would like to thank my
friends who appreciated me for my work.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
of XII
Non-Medical has submitted project titled Dry
Battery Charger along with a working project
on the same following all the given
instructions and procedures.

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To Create/Assemble a Dry
Battery Charger using
transformer and diode.

Description: The Step-Down

Transformer transforms 220v AC as input
into 6v AC as output. The Diode converts
the received 6v AC into DC. The LED along
with a 56 resistance connected in parallel
indicates the charging of dry battery
placed in the holder.

COMPONENTS
o Step-Down Transformer (220 -- 6-0-6)
o Two Diodes (p-n junction)
o Light Emitting Diode (LED)
o Two Cells (1.2v each)
o Two Ohmic Resistances (56 each)
o Mains Cord
o Connecting Wires

THEORY
The cell is a device by which electrical energy is
obtained from the chemical energy stored due to
chemical reactions taking place in the cell. The
combination of two or more cells is called a
battery.

Electrochemical cells are of two types:

1. PRIMARY

CELL: These can be used just once

i.e. once the cell gets discharged it cannot be

charged completely. The most common
example is the portable form of Lechlanche
Cell, Voltaic cell, Daniel cell.
2. SECONDARY CELL: These cell can be recharge
by applying a potential greater than the emf of
the battery in the opposite direction i.e. from
positive to negative. Examples Acid/Lead
Battery (Not dry), Ni-Cd Cell.

Ni-Cd BATTERY CHARGER

The nickel-cadmium battery is a popular type of
rechargeable battery for portable electronics and
toys using the metals nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd)
as the active chemicals. They are sometimes used
as a replacement for primary cells, being available
in many of the same sizes.

Ni-Cd batteries usually have a metal case with a

sealing plate equipped with a self-sealing safety
valve. The positive and negative electrode plates,
isolated from each other by the separator, are
rolled in a spiral shape inside the case.

In the project, two AA size Li-Cd cells as battery

are which is commonly available and can be used in
many appliances. This circuit can also recharge
common dry cell battery for fewer times at certain
level.

Ni-Cd cells have potential of 1.2 V. So Ni-Cd

batteries come in multiple of 1.2v but it maintains
constant voltage throughout its service life and
about 0.81v when discharged.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The chemical reactions during discharge are:
At the cadmium electrode i.e. Cathode:


Cd ( OH )2 +2 e
Cd +2O H

At the nickel electrode i.e. Anode:

(
2 OH )2+2 O H
2 NiO ( OH )+2 H 2 O+ 2e

The net reaction which occurs in a Ni-Cd battery is:

2 NiO ( OH )+Cd +2 H 2 O 2 ( OH )2 +Cd ( OH )2

While charging, reaction take place in the opposite

direction because of the applied potential across
the cells.

For the simple dry primary cells as used in

the project, the recharging can be done but
the charging is never complete thus the
battery is not charged 100%.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Here is a simple and slow charger for better life of small
Ni-Cd battery. Charge it for 6-12 hrs using this circuit.

The same can be used for Primary Leclanche Dry Cells for
experimental purpose.

Bibliography
o Wikipedia.org
o Batterystuff.com
o Rechargebatteries.org
o Images.google.com
o Batteryuniversity.com
o Circuiteasy.com