CONECTORS are words that are used to join words or sentences.

11. REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH is when you tell or report someones words (what somebody said before).
You have 2 ways to do this: DIRECT SPEECH with quotation marks I made a mistake or
REPORTED SPEECH: He said he had made a mistake.
Use a reporting verb: say, tell. If its in present, we
dont change the tense. She says: I like golf She
says she likes golf.
If reporting verb is in PAST, we change the tense of
BEFORE
the Reported Speech (backshift)
PRESENT SIMPLE/CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE/
CONTINOUS
PAST SIMPLE/ CONTINOUS PAST PERFECT S /
CONTINOUS
FOLLOWING
YEAR PAST PERFECT.
PRESENT PERFECT
You often have to change PRONOUNS, PLACES,
DEMOSTRATIVES AND TIME EXPRESIONS.
Modal Verbs dont normally change (CAN/ WILL
BEFORE

DIRECT
INDIRECT
TODAY
THAT DAY
NOW
THEN
YESTERDAY THE DAY
HERE
THERE
THIS
THAT
THESE
THOSE
NEXT YEAR THE
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY
LAST WEEK THE WEEK

11.1 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE IN DIRECT OR INDIRECT SPEECH

FORQUESTIONS USE: WHERE, WHEN,

1) She said _______________________

WHAT, HOW or IF / WHETHER.
2)He said ________________________
1) Marta loves watching films, ____________ she always falls asleep in the first hour.
3)She said _______________________
1) I like hamburgers
AND
BUT
4)He said ________________________
2) Im living in Madrid
2) The food at this restaurant is quite delicious. _____________, the service isnt very
5)My mom said ____________________
3) Marion studied very hard
good.
6)I told my mom __________________
4) Billy was studying at home
IN
ADDITION
HOWEVER
______________________________
5) My mom said: Your uncle is coming
7)David said
interested
sports ______________
in ______________________
History.
6) I said:3)
I David
haventisseen
him forinages.
8)SheAS
told me, __________________
DESPITE
AS WELL
7) David said: I can
do it
9)She askedhaving
me ___________________
4) me
Shes
been
Canada ________________
an aunt there.
8) She told
not never
to write
thetoletter.
10) ____________________ she said.
DESPITE
NEVERTHELESS
9) Where is the teacher
11) I asked:
How
muchwon
_____________
5)CONTRAST,
Marion
aCAUSE
great
coach.
_______________
her team
hasnt
any match.
10) She said
that
she is
had
read the
flyer.
11) I asked about the
price of a course.
HOWEVER

cost?
MOREOVER

IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE/ THOUGH/ ALTHOUGH/

12) I asked Mr. Green if he lived in the
12) I asked Mr. Green, _____________ in
EVEN THOUGH/ HOWEVER / EVEN SO/
castleOF/
when
he was young.
the castle when you were young?
BECAUSE
BECAUSE/
DUE TO/ IN ORDER
TO/be
SOlate
AS TO
13)
I wont
George said
CORRELATIVE
13) CONJ.
George said that _______________.

12. CONECTORS

EITHEROR / BOTH..AND/ NEITHER..NOR/ NOT ONLY

1) JANE MOVED TO BARCELONA.
HER SISTER STAYED IN MADRID.
BUT ALSO
Jane moved to Barcelona; __________________________ stayed in Madrid.
2) I COULDNT SLEEP ALTHOUGH I WAS TIRED. (DESPITE)
I couldnt __________________________________________.
3) THEY HAD TO POSTPONE THE TOUR BECAUSE IT WAS RAINING.
They had to postpone the tour _____________________________.

nCOORDINATING CONJ.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNTION

AND, BUT , OR
AFTER, IF, THAT, TILL
BECAUSE, THOUGH, ALTHOUGH,
BEFORE, UNLESS

12.1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT CONNECTOR

12.2. REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING.

4) DESPITE ITS OLD AGE THE CAR GOES VERY FAST.

____________________________________ it goes very fast.
5) ALTHOUGH HES GOT AN ENGLISH NAME, HES SPANISH. (DESPITE)
_____________________________________, hes Spanish.
6) ALTHOUGH THE WEATHER WAS HORRIBLE, WE WENT HIKING
___________________________ horrible weather, we went hiking.
7) I DECIDED TO GO ON HOLIDAYS ALTHOUGH THE TICKET WAS EXPENSIVE.
I decided to go on holidays ________________________ the expensive ticket.
8) HE SEEMS WELL-EDUCATED, HOWEVER HES NOT VERY BRIGHT. (ALTHOUGH)
_____________________________ person, hes not very bright.
9) HE DRANK A CUP OF COFFEE. HE FELT DIZZY AFTERWARDS. (AFTER)
__________________________, he felt dizzy.
10) ALTHOUGH SHE FELT SICK, SHE WENT TO WORK (EVEN THOUGH)
__________________________, she felt sick.
11) ALTHOUGH SHE FELT SICK, SHE WENT TO WORK (BUT)
She felt sick __________________________________.
12) LIONS LIVE IN THE JUNGLE. DOLPHINS LIVE IN THE SEE (WHEREAS)
Lions live in the jungle __________________________________________.
13) WE DIDNT GO TO THE CINEMA. WE WENT TO THE THEATRE. (INSTEAD)
In the end, we didnt go to the cinema, we went _______________________________.
14) JIM WORKS VERY HARD TO HELP AT HOME. HES ALSO A GOOD STUDENT. (IN
ADDITION.
Jim works very hard to help at home. ______________________________________.
15) MARY BOOKED A BABYSITTER BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO GO OUT WITH HER
HUSBAND. (IN ORDER TO)
Mary booked a babysitter _____________________________________ her husband.

GOOD LUCK!!!

ANSWER KEY:
EXERCISE 11.1
1) (THAT) SHE LIKED HAMBURGUERS
WAS
2) (THAT) HE WAS LIVING IN MADRID
FLYER.
3) (THAT) MARION HAD STUDIED VERY HARD.
4) (THAT) BILLY HAD BEEN STUDYING AT HOME.
5) (THAT) MY UNCLE WAS COMING.
LATE
6) (THAT) I HADNT SEEN HIM FOR AGES.
7) (THAT) HE COULD DO IT
8) DONT WRITE THE LETTER

9) WHERE THE TEACHER

10) I HAVE READ THE
11) DOES A COURSE
12) DID YOU LIVE
13) HE WOULDNT BE

EXERCISE 12.1
1) BUT
2) HOWEVER
3) AS WELL AS

4) DESPITE
5) HOWEVER

EXERCISE 12.2
1) HOWEVER HER SISTER.
2) SLEEP DESPITE BEING TIRED.
3) BECAUSE OF THE RAIN.
4) EVEN THOUGH THE CAR IS OLD
5) DESPITE HAVING AN ENGLISH NAME / DESPITE HIS ENGLISH NAME.
6) IN SPITE OF THE HORRIBLE
7) IN SPITE OF THE
8) ALTHOUGH HE SEEMS A WELL-EDUCATED
9) AFTER HE DRANK A CUPO OF COFFEE
10)
EVEN THOUGH SHE WENT TO WORK
11)
BUT SHE WENT TO WORK
12)
WHEREAS DOLPHINS LIVE IN THE SEA.
13)
TO THE THEATRE INSTEAD.
14)
IN ADDITION HES A GOOD STUDENT.
15)
iN ORDER TO GO OUT WITH HER HUSBAND.