America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Pre-1900

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 1: Politics in the Gilded Age

The Growth of Big Business
Populism
Theme 2: Conflict With Native Americans
The World of Jim Crow
The Changing Role of Women
Theme 3: Ideas for Reform
Theme 4: The Pressure to Expand
The Spanish-American War
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 1
Government and the People

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Growth of Big Business

Chapter 13, Section 2

Why were American industrialists of the late 1800s

called both robber barons and captains of
industry?
How did Social Darwinism affect Americans views on
big business?
In what ways did big businesses differ from smaller
businesses?
How did industrialists gain a competitive edge over
their rivals?

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

Chapter 13, Section 2

Robber Barons
Business leaders built their
fortunes by stealing from the
public.
They drained the country of
its natural resources.
They persuaded public
officials to interpret laws in
their favor.
They ruthlessly drove their
competitors to ruin.
They paid their workers
meager wages and forced
them to toil under dangerous
and unhealthful conditions.

Captains of Industry
The business leaders served
their nation in a positive way.
They increased the supply of
goods by building factories.
They raised productivity and
expanded markets.
They created jobs that
enabled many Americans to
buy new goods and raise
their standard of living.
They also created museums,
libraries, and universities,
many of which still serve the
public today.

Social Darwinism
Chapter 13, Section 2

According to Charles Darwin all animal life had evolved by

natural selection, a process in which only the fittest survived to
reproduce.
Social Darwinism applied Darwins theory to society as a whole. It
held that society and government should not interfere with
relations between workers and employers and should stay out of
affairs of business.
Those who were most fit in business would succeed and
become rich.
Society as a whole would benefit from the success of the fit and
the weeding out of the unfit.
Most Americans believed that government should not interfere
with private businesses. As a result, the government neither taxed
profits nor regulated their relations with workers.

Business on a Larger Scale

Chapter 14, Section 2

Many factors combined to make a new kind of business in the United States.

Larger pools of capital Entrepreneurs had to invest massive amounts of

capital or borrow from investors.
Wider geographic span Railroads and the telegraph aided in the
geographic expansion of businesses.
Broader range of operations Big businesses often combined multiple
operations and were responsible for all stages of production.
Revised role of ownership Owners had less connection to all aspects of
their businesses because the businesses were too large. Professional
managers were hired to run their business.
New methods of management Innovations were also necessary for
controlling resources. Big businesses developed new systems of formal,
written rules and created specialized departments.

Gaining a Competitive Edge

Chapter 14, Section 2

New Market Structures

An oligopoly is an industry that is dominated by only a few large,
profitable firms.
Some companies set out to gain a monopoly, or complete control
of a product or service.
Some industrialists prospered by taking steps to limit
competition with other firms. One way was to form a cartela
loose association of businesses that make the same product.
Companies such as Carnegie Steel were able to maintain very low
production costs. One reason Carnegie Steel could charge less
for its product was a phenomenon known as economies of scale.
That is, as production increases, the cost of each item produced
is lower. As Carnegie Steel expanded, its cost per item went down.

Horizontal and Vertical Consolidation

Chapter 13, Section 2
Coke fields
purchased
by
Carnegie

Iron ore deposits

purchased
by
Rockefellar

purchased
by
Carnegie

Steel mills
purchased
by
Carnegie

Ships

Independent Oil refineries

Standard Oil Company

purchased
by
Carnegie

Railroads
purchased
by
Carnegie

The Government Response

Chapter 13, Section 2

Many Americans who were skeptical of trusts and other

large corporations began to demand government action to
break up the industrial giants.
Despite questions about the practices of the robber
barons many government officials did not want to interfere
with the captains of industry and their contribution to the
countrys rising levels of wealth.
However, in 1890, Congress passed a law to limit the
amount of control a business could have over an industry.
The Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed any combination of
companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
This law was vague in its wording and was often used in the
courts to aid big business when applied against labor
unions.

The Growth of Big Business-Assessment

Chapter 13, Section 2

How did the theory of Social Darwinism affect the relationship between the
government and big businesses?
(A) Social Darwinism allowed for much government intervention.
(B) The concept of Social Darwinism benefited workers rights.
(C) Social Darwinists believed that government should not interfere with
private business.
(D) Social Darwinists encouraged Congress to pass the Sherman
Antitrust Act.
A loose association of businesses that make the same product is a(n):
(A) cartel.
(B) oligopoly.
(C) monopoly.
(D) horizontal consolidation.

The Growth of Big Business-Assessment

Chapter 13, Section 2

How did the theory of Social Darwinism affect the relationship between the
government and big businesses?
(A) Social Darwinism allowed for much government intervention.
(B) The concept of Social Darwinism benefited workers rights.
(C) Social Darwinists believed that government should not interfere with
private business.
(D) Social Darwinists encouraged Congress to pass the Sherman
Antitrust Act.
A loose association of businesses that make the same product is a(n):
(A) cartel.
(B) oligopoly.
(C) monopoly.
(D) horizontal consolidation.

Politics in the Gilded Age

Chapter 15, Section 1

How did business influence politics during the Gilded

Age?
In what ways did government reform the spoils
system and regulate railroads?
What effect did the transition from depression to
prosperity have on politics in the 1890s?

The Business of Politics

Chapter 15, Section 1

The Gilded Age suggests that there was a glittering layer of

prosperity that covered the poverty and corruption that
existed in much of society. This term was coined by Mark
Twain.
In the late 1800s businesses operated without much
government regulation. This is known as laissez-faire
economics. Laissez-faire means allow to be in French.
Although people accepted laissez-faire economics in
theory, they supported government involvement when it
benefited them. For example, American businesses
accepted land grants and subsidies. A subsidy is a
payment made by the government to encourage the
development of certain key industries, such as railroads.

The Spoils System

Chapter 15, Section 1

Under the Spoils System, candidates for political office would

offer potential jobs in exchange for votes. The spoils system also
gave supporters access to money and political favors.
During the Gilded Age, the Republicans and Democrats had
roughly the same number of supporters. To keep party members
loyal, candidates rewarded supporters and tried to avoid
controversial issues.
The Republicans appealed to the industrialists, bankers, and
eastern farmers. They favored the gold standard, high tariffs, and
the enforcement of blue laws, regulations that prohibited certain
activities people considered immoral.
The Democratic party attracted the less privileged groups such as
northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, and
western farmers.

Reforming the Spoils System

Chapter 15, Section 1

President Rutherford B. Hayes

Elected in 1877
Hayes began to reform the civil
service, the governments
nonelected workers, by
appointing qualified political
independents instead of giving
positions to supporters.
He did not have the support of
Congress or his own Republican
party.
Hayes did not seek a second
term.

President James A. Garfield

Before the 1880 presidential
election the Republican party was
split into three factions.
The Stalwarts defended the
spoils system.
The Half-Breeds hoped to
reform the system.
The Independents opposed
the spoils system.
Garfield wanted to reform the
system. His running-mate was
Chester Arthur, a Stalwart.
On July 2, 1881 Garfield was
assassinated by a Stalwart who
wanted Arthur as president.

Arthur Reforms the Civil Service

Chapter 15, Section 1

After the assassination, President Arthur was able get congressional

support for the Pendleton Civil Service Act. This act created a
commission which classified government jobs.

Politics in the Gilded AgeAssessment

Chapter 15, Section 1

What did Mark Twain mean by the phrase The Gilded Age?
A) Everything was wonderful because it was covered with gold.
B) He supported the economics of the gold standard .
C) It was a prosperous time for all people.
D) There was a glittering layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and
corruption that existed in much of society.
What did Rutherford B. Hayes do to ensure that he wouldnt be reelected?
A) He regulated the railroad industry.
B) He appointed qualified people to civil service positions.
C) He supported laissez-faire economics.
D) He supported the enforcement of blue laws.

Politics in the Gilded AgeAssessment

Chapter 15, Section 1

What did Mark Twain mean by the phrase The Gilded Age?
A) Everything was wonderful because it was covered with gold.
B) He supported the economics of the gold standard .
C) It was a prosperous time for all people.
D) There was a glittering layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and
corruption that existed in much of society.
What did Rutherford B. Hayes do to ensure that he wouldnt be reelected?
A) He regulated the railroad industry.
B) He appointed qualified people to civil service positions.
C) He supported laissez-faire economics.
D) He supported the enforcement of blue laws.

Populism
Chapter 14, Section 4

Why did farmers complain about the federal post-Civil

War economic policies?
How did the government respond to organized
protests by farmers?
What were the Populists key goals?
What was the main point of William Jennings Bryans
Cross of Gold speech?
What was the legacy of Populism?

The Farmers Complaint

Chapter 14, Section 4

Farmers and
Tariffs

Tariffs helped farmers by protecting them against competition from farm imports.
But, they also hurt farmers because they raised the prices of manufactured goods,
such as farm machinery, and kept foreigners from earning U.S. money with which to
buy American crops.

The Money
Issue

Farmers wanted an increase in the money supply, the amount of money in the
national economy. As a result, the value of every dollar drops, leading to a
widespread rise in prices, or inflation. This trend would benefit people who borrow
money (farmers), but it would not be good for money lenders (banks). A decrease in
the money supply would cause deflation.
Monetary policy, the federal governments plan for the makeup and quantity of the
nations money supply, thus emerged as a major political issue.

Gold Bugs

Before 1873 U.S. currency was on a bimetallic standard, consisting of gold and
silver. Then Congress put the currency on a gold standard which decreased the
money supply. Gold bugs (big lenders) were pleased.

Silverites
Chapter 14, Section 4

The Bland-Allison Act of 1878

The move to a gold standard enraged

the silverites, mostly silver-mining
interest and western farmers.
Silverites called for free silver, the
unlimited coining of silver dollars to
increase the money supply.

Required the federal government to

purchase and coin more silver,
thereby increasing the money supply
and causing inflation

Vetoed by President Hayes because

he opposed the inflation that it would
cause

Congress overrode the veto.

The Treasury Department refused to

buy more than the minimum amount of
silver required by the act. The act had
limited effect.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Increased the amount of silver that the

government was required to purchase
every month

The law required the Treasury to buy

the silver with notes that could be
redeemed for either silver or gold.

Many people turned in their silver

Treasury notes for gold dollars, thus
depleting the gold reserves.

In 1893, President Cleveland repealed

the Silver Purchase Act.

Organizing Farmer Protests

Chapter 14, Section 4

The
Grange

Organized in 1867 in response to farmers isolation, it helped farmers

form cooperatives which bought goods in large quantities at lower
prices. The Grange also pressured government to regulate businesses
on which farmers depended.

Farmers
Alliance

Another powerful political group, the Farmers Alliance called actions that
many farmers could support. The alliances won support for womens
rights. The African Americans worked through a separate but parallel
Colored Farmers Alliance.

Government
In 1887 President Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act. It
Response regulated prices that railroads charged to move freight between states. It
also set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce laws.

Bryans Cross of Gold

Chapter 14, Section 4

Populist presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, a

former silverite Congressman, faced off against moderate
Republican William McKinley.
During the 1896 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Bryan
closed the debate over party platform with his Cross of
Gold speech.
Using images from the Bible, he stood with his head bowed
and arms outstretched and cried out:
You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this
crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a
cross of gold!
So impressive was his speech that both Democrats and
Populists nominated him for President.

PopulismAssessment
Chapter 14, Section 4

Which of these economic policies was not beneficial for farmers?

(A) An increase in money supply
(B) A decrease in money supply
(C) Free silver
(D) The gold standard
Which one of these proposals was not a part of the Populist platform?
(A) The eight-hour work day
(B) A progressive income tax
(C) Government ownership of communications and transportation
systems
(D) Increased tariffs on imported goods

PopulismAssessment
Chapter 14, Section 4

Which of these economic policies was not beneficial for farmers?

(A) An increase in money supply
(B) A decrease in money supply
(C) Free silver
(D) The gold standard
Which one of these proposals was not a part of the Populist platform?
(A) The eight-hour work day
(B) A progressive income tax
(C) Government ownership of communications and transportation
systems
(D) Increased tariffs on imported goods

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 2
Who are the Americans

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Conflict With Native Americans

Chapter 14, Section 2

What caused changes in the life of Plains Indians?

How did government policies and battlefield
challenges affect the Indian wars?
What changes occurred in federal Indian policies by
1900?

The Life of the Plains Indians

Chapter 14, Section 2

Before the eastern settlers arrived, changes had affected the lives
of Native Americans on the Great Plains, the vast grassland
between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
Relations with the French and American fur traders allowed the
Plains Indians to trade buffalo hides for guns. Guns made hunting
for buffalo easier.
The introduction of the horse brought upheaval. Warfare among
Indian nations rose to new intensity when waged on horseback.
Many Native Americans continued to live as farmers, hunters, and
gatherers. Others became nomads, people who travel from place
to place following available food sources, instead of settling in
one location.
The rise of warrior societies led to a decline in village life, as
nomadic Native Americans raided more settled groups.

Indian Wars and Government Policy

Chapter 14, Section 2

Before the Civil War, Native Americans west of the Mississippi

continued to inhabit their traditional lands.
Settlers views of land use contrasted with Native American
traditions. Settlers felt justified in taking the land because they
would use it more productively. Native Americans viewed them as
invaders.
Government treaties tried to restrict movement of Native
Americans by restricting them to reservations, federal lands set
aside for them.
Some federal agents negotiated honestly; others did not.
Many settlers disregarded the negotiations entirely and stole land,
killed buffalo, diverted water supplies, and attacked Indian camps.
Acts of violence on both sides set off cycles of revenge.

Key Events in the Indian Wars, 1861-1890

Chapter 14, Section 2

Attempts to Change Native American Culture

Chapter 14, Section 2

Many people believed that Native Americans needed to give up

their traditions and culture, learn English, become Christians,
adopt white dress and customs, and support themselves by
farming and trades.
This policy is called assimilation, the process by which one
society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by
adopting its culture.
In 1887 the Dawes Act divided reservation land into individual
plots. Each family headed by a man received 160 acres.
Many Native Americans did not believe in the concept of
individual property, nor did they want to farm the land. For some,
the practices of farming went against their notion of ecology.
Some had no experience in agriculture.
Between 1887 and 1932, some two thirds of this land became
white owned.

The Opening of Indian Territory

Chapter 14, Section 2

Fifty five Indian nations were forced into Indian Territory, the
largest unsettled farmland in the United States.
During the 1880s, squatters overran the land, and Congress
agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the region.
On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at
the territorys borders to stake claims on the land.
By sundown, settlers called boomers had staked claims on almost
2 million acres.
Many boomers discovered that some of the best lands had been
grabbed by sooners, people who had sneaked past the
government officials earlier to mark their claims.
Under continued pressure from settlers, Congress created
Oklahoma Territory in 1890. In the following years, the remainder
of Indian Territory was open to settlement.

Conflict With Native AmericansAssessment

Chapter 14, Section 2

What changed the lives of the Plains Indians before the arrival of the eastern
settlers?
(A) The introduction of farming and ranching.
(B) The introduction of horses and guns.
(C) The introduction of slavery and land ownership.
(D) The introduction of mining and railroads.
Why didnt Native Americans appreciate the land granted to them by the Dawes
Act?
(A) They thought they were entitled to more land.
(B) They wanted to combine individual plots to build a town.
(C) They did not believe in the notion of individual property and were not
interested in farming.
(D) They wanted to sell their land to speculators.

Conflict With Native AmericansAssessment

Chapter 14, Section 2

What changed the lives of the Plains Indians before the arrival of the eastern
settlers?
(A) The introduction of farming and ranching.
(B) The introduction of horses and guns.
(C) The introduction of slavery and land ownership.
(D) The introduction of mining and railroads.
Why didnt Native Americans appreciate the land granted to them by the Dawes
Act?
(A) They thought they were entitled to more land.
(B) They wanted to combine individual plots to build a town.
(C) They did not believe in the notion of individual property and were not
interested in farming.
(D) They wanted to sell their land to speculators.

The World of Jim Crow

Chapter 16, Section 3

How were African Americans discriminated against

after Reconstruction?
How did African Americans resist this discrimination?

Voting Restrictions for African Americans in

the South, 1889-1908
Chapter 16, Section 3

Post-Reconstruction Discrimination
Chapter 16, Section 3

During this period, many states also instituted a system of legal

segregation. Segregation means separation of people by race. When
this separation is a result of custom it is called de facto segregation.
In the South, segregation was required by statutes called Jim Crow
laws.
One of the greatest setbacks to African American equality was the
Supreme Courts establishment of the separate-but-equal doctrine
in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.
Violence or the threat of violence was a way that whites kept African
Americans in their place. The worst form of violence was lynching,
or the murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.
Many African Americans moved to the North to escape violence and
legal segregation. However, they found de facto segregation in
housing, education, and employment.

Resisting Discrimination
Chapter 16, Section 3

As conditions deteriorated for African Americans, black leaders began to

seek new solutions.
Bishop Henry Turner advocated black pride and emigration to Africa.
Booker T. Washington supported legal cases against segregation and
gave financial support to civil rights and black businesses.
W.E.B. Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement. Participants in this
movement insisted on equality and vowed never to accept inferiority
nor bow to oppression.
Ida B. Wells refused to leave a segregated railroad car and filed a
lawsuit against the railroad company. She initially won the lawsuit,
but it was overturned by the Tennessee Supreme Court. She began an
editorial campaign and speaking tour against lynching.
The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People) formed in 1909 and works to abolish segregation and
discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African
Americans.

The World of Jim CrowAssessment

Chapter 16, Section 3

Radical Segregation as a result of custom is called ____________.

(A) de jure
(B) de facto
(C) apartheid
(D) Jim Crow Laws
Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court decision that established the
doctrine of ________________.
(A) universal integration
(B) separate but equal
(C) separate but unequal
(D) universal suffrage

The World of Jim CrowAssessment

Chapter 16, Section 3

Radical Segregation as a result of custom is called ____________.

(A) de jure
(B) de facto
(C) apartheid
(D) Jim Crow Laws
Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court decision that established the
doctrine of ________________.
(A) universal integration
(B) separate but equal
(C) separate but unequal
(D) universal suffrage

The Changing Roles of Women

Chapter 16, Section 4

What were the issues in the debate over womens

equality?
How did womens work in the home change at the
turn of the century?
How did stores and catalogs serve womens new role
as consumers?
What kind of work did women do outside the home?

Womens Equality and Womens Work

Chapter 16, Section 4

Womens Equality
Women wanted to be able to vote.
Women wanted to be able to
control their own property and
income.
Women wanted access to higher
education and professional jobs.

Womens Work in the Home

Women continued to perform
most of the jobs in the home.
The washing machine cut down
on the full day formerly needed to
do the family laundry.
It was estimated that between 18
and 27 hours a week were
required just to keep the house
clean.
Fewer urban women were making
their own bread or butchering
and preserving meat.
Fewer women were making
clothing for the family.

From Producer to Consumer

Chapter 16, Section 4

As more and more ready-made goods became available, women

began spending more time purchasing food, clothing, and
furnishings than they did producing these items.
Transportation, electric lighting, and an abundance of ready-made
goods contributed to the development of department stores.
These were large retail stores that divided their merchandise into
departments.
Department stores and chain stores such as Woolworths
popularized the use of brand names.
Families in the rural areas of the Midwest wanted access to
manufactured goods at low prices. The U.S. Post Office began
offering rural free delivery (RFD) in 1896.
RFD gave farm families access to big-city goods through mailorder catalogs.

Working Outside the Home

Chapter 16, Section 4

In 1870, nearly one out of every eight females over the age
of ten worked outside the home.
Domestic work, teaching, nursing, clerical, and telephone
work were important sources of income for many women.
Women rarely received supervisory jobs or advanced
training. Women earned an average of 30 to 60 percent less
than men.
Volunteer service and womens groups provided
opportunities for women to discuss issues including
suffrage and political reform.

New Women, New Ideas

Chapter 16, Section 4

By the early 1900s, the woman question had grown to

include a number of issues besides economic and political
rights.
As more women entered the work force and went to college,
they began to work toward a freer society.
Young women wore shorter hairstyles and shorter hemlines
to suit their new independent activities.
The divorce rates rose as womens growing independence
led them to have higher expectations of fulfillment in
marriage.
Although most women still saw domestic fulfillment as their
chief goal, a majority also wanted more societal rights.

The Changing Role of Women

Chapter 16, Section 4

How did an abundance of ready-made goods change the role of women?

(A) As consumers women had less work to do.
(B) Becoming consumers opened more professional opportunities for
women.
(C) Ready-made goods changed the role of women from producer to
consumer.
(D) Consumer goods gave women the right to vote.
The concept of equality for women included which demands?
(A) The right to vote
(B) The right to control their own property and income
(C) Access to higher education and professional jobs
(D) All of the above

The Changing Role of Women

Chapter 16, Section 4

How did an abundance of ready-made goods change the role of women?

(A) As consumers women had less work to do.
(B) Becoming consumers opened more professional opportunities for
women.
(C) Ready-made goods changed the role of women from producer to
consumer.
(D) Consumer goods gave women the right to vote.
The concept of equality for women included which demands?
(A) The right to vote
(B) The right to control their own property and income
(C) Access to higher education and professional jobs
(D) All of the above

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 3
Economic and Social Change

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Ideas for Reform

Chapter 15, Section 4

How did different movements help the needy?

How and where did sociology develop?
What efforts were made to control immigration and
personal behavior in the late 1800s?

Helping the Needy

Chapter 15, Section 4

The Charity Organization Movement

Kept detailed files on people who

received their help
Decided who was worthy of help
Wanted immigrants to adopt American,
middle-class standards.

The Social Gospel Movement

Sought to apply the gospel teachings of

charity and justice to societys problems.

The Settlement Movement

Moved into poor communities

Their settlement houses served as
community centers and social service
agencies.
Hull House, a model settlement house in
Chicago, offered cultural events,
classes, childcare, employment
assistance, and health-care clinics.

The Development of Sociology

Chapter 15, Section 4

Philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term

sociology to describe the study of how people
interact with one another in a society.
Sociology is a social science. A sociologist collects
data on societies and measures the data against
theories of human behavior.
Sociology provided a scientific counterpart to the
settlement houses practical experience.
Sociologists studied cultures around the world to
learn what institutions and practices define a society.
In the late nineteenth century, many sociologists
studied the effects of industrialization and
urbanization on established communities.

Controlling Immigration and Behavior

Chapter 15, Section 4

Many Americans linked the problems of the cities to the new

immigrants. By controlling immigrants, they hoped to restore what
they believed was a past of purity and virtue.
Groups were formed to pursue this goal. Some sought to keep
immigrants out of the United States. Others wanted to change
their behavior.
Many people were Nativists, who believed in nativism, or favoring
native-born Americans over immigrants.
In the 1850s, the Know-Nothing Party had gained many followers
by vowing to restrict immigration. The rise of immigrants to
positions of power in the cities during the late 1800s provoked a
new wave of antiforeign bias.
Several groups, such as the American Protective Association,
tried to make it more difficult for immigrants to assimilate to
American culture or to even come into this country at all.

Prohibition and Purity Crusaders

Chapter 15, Section 4

Prohibition
The temperance movement, an
organized campaign to
eliminate alcohol consumption
saw a revival in the late 1800s.
Three major groups led the
movement and supported
prohibition, a ban on the
manufacture and sale of
alcoholic beverages.
These groups believed that
drinking led to personal
tragedies, and they also saw a
link among saloons,
immigrants, and political
bosses.

Purity Crusaders
As cities grew, drugs,
gambling, prostitution, and
other forms of vice (immoral or
corrupt behavior) became big
business.
Many residents fought to rid
their communities of these
activities.
Purity crusaders led the way.
They fought against such
things as the sending of
obscene materials through the
mail, information about birth
control, and political machines.

Ideas for ReformAssessment

Chapter 15, Section 4

Hull House grew out of which movement?

A) The settlement movement
B) The purity crusader movement
C) The social gospel movement
D) The charity organization movement
What explains the revivals of nativism and the temperance movement in the
late 1800s?
A) A rise in the amount of people drinking alcoholic beverages
B) Conclusions reached by sociologists
C) The organization of Native American rights advocates
D) The belief that the problems of the cities were linked to the new
immigrants

Ideas for ReformAssessment

Chapter 15, Section 4

Hull House grew out of which movement?

A) The settlement movement
B) The purity crusader movement
C) The social gospel movement
D) The charity organization movement
What explains the revivals of nativism and the temperance movement in the
late 1800s?
A) A rise in the amount of people drinking alcoholic beverages
B) Conclusions reached by sociologists
C) The organization of Native American rights advocates
D) The belief that the problems of the cities were linked to the new
immigrants

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 4
The U.S.A. and the World

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Pressure to Expand

Chapter 17, Section 1

What factors led to the growth of imperialism around

the world?
In what ways did the United States begin to expand its
interests abroad in the late 1800s?
What arguments were made in favor of United States
expansion in the 1890s?

Growth of Imperialism
Chapter 17, Section 1

Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by

dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European
imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.
Several factors account for the growth of imperialism.
Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need for
natural resources.
Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for large
empires was the result of a rise in nationalismor devotion to ones
own nation.
Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it
needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.
Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to
spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries.
By 1890, the United States was eager to join the competition for new
territory. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to
annex foreign lands. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing
country.) Yet annexation did take place.

Expanding U.S. Interests

Chapter 17, Section 1

The
Monroe
Doctrine

Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in

European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western
Hemisphere.
Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to
protect the interests of the United States.

Sewards
Folly

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.

Midway
Islands

Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing

and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.

Latin
America
and Hawaii

The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active
role in protecting Latin America.

Arguments for U.S. Expansion

Chapter 17, Section 1

Promoting
Economic
Growth

The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries.

The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in
some Central American nations. These nations were called banana
republics.

Protecting
American
Security

An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S.
Interests. By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful
navies in the world.

Preserving
American
Spirit

Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and

modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a
noble pursuit.

States Exports
Chapter 17, Section 1

The Pressure to Expand-Assessment

Chapter 17, Section 1

What was Sewards Folly?

(A) A vaudeville show
(B) Negotiating a treaty with Hawaii
(C) The purchase of Alaska
(D) Promoting economic growth in other countries
Which of the following was not an argument for U.S. expansion?
(A) Preserving the American spirit
(B) Protecting the U.S. from a domestic attack
(C) Promoting economic growth
(D) Protecting the security of American investments

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The Pressure to Expand-Assessment

Chapter 17, Section 1

What was Sewards Folly?

(A) A vaudeville show
(B) Negotiating a treaty with Hawaii
(C) The purchase of Alaska
(D) Promoting economic growth in other countries
Which of the following was not an argument for U.S. expansion?
(A) Preserving the American spirit
(B) Protecting the U.S. from a domestic attack
(C) Promoting economic growth
(D) Protecting the security of American investments

The Spanish-American War

Chapter 17, Section 2

How did the activities of the United States in Latin

America set the stage for war with Spain?
What were the events leading up to and following the
Spanish-American War?
What challenges did the United States face after the
war?
Why did the United States seek to gain influence in
the Pacific?

Setting the Stage for War

Chapter 17, Section 2

By demanding that a dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain be

sent to arbitration, the United States defended the validity of the
Monroe Doctrine. (Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by a
person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
decision.) The British government backed down because it needed to
stay on friendly terms with the United States.
The United States became involved in the Cuban rebellion against
Spain, to protect American business interests.
In competition for readership, two New York newspapers wrote
exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion. This yellow
journalism sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well:
It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban
rebels.
It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive
foreign policy, which became known as jingoism.

The Spanish-American War

Chapter 17, Section 2

Steps to War

A Splendid
Little War

May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in

Manila Bay and destroyed Spains entire Pacific fleet in seven
hours.
July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.
July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.

The Treaty of
Paris

The Spanish government recognized Cubas independence.

Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return
for $20 million. The island nations then became unincorporated
territories of the United States.

The USS Maine was stationed in Havana harbor.

Spanish Ambassador de Lme insulted President McKinley.
The USS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.
Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force
against Spain.

The Spanish-American War

Chapter 17, Section 2

United States Acquisitions and Annexations

1857-1904
Chapter 17, Section 2

Other Gains in the Pacific

Chapter 17, Section 2

The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at

the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. This
intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the
United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.
Hawaii became increasingly important to United States business interests.
Hawaii also leased Pearl Harbor to the United States as a fueling and
repair station for naval vessels. In 1898, Congress approved the
annexation of Hawaii.
The Polynesian islands of Samoa and their harbor at Pago Pago were also
important to the United States. A year after the annexation of Hawaii, the
United States acquired the harbor at Pago Pago as well.
Chinas huge population and its vast markets became very important to
American trade. President McKinleys Secretary of State, John Hay, wrote
notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep an
open door to China. He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy
that the United States would have equal access to Chinas millions of
consumers.

The Spanish-American War-Assessment

Chapter 17, Section 2

Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation
of the Philippines?
(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.
(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.
(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own
it.
(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his
public image.
How did the United States defend the Monroe Doctrine?
(A) By forcing the British to go to arbitration over their dispute with
Venezuela
(B) By demolishing Spains navy
(C) By annexing the Philippines
(D) By winning the Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War-Assessment

Chapter 17, Section 2

Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation
of the Philippines?
(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.
(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.
(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own
it.
(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his
public image.
How did the United States defend the Monroe Doctrine?
(A) By forcing the British to go to arbitration over their dispute with
Venezuela
(B) By demolishing Spains navy
(C) By annexing the Philippines
(D) By winning the Spanish-American War