3.

044 MATERIALS PROCESSING

LECTURE 3

We will often be comparing heat transfer steps/processes:

When can we neglect one and focus on the other?

Resistance:
10 >

LA
kA

> 0.1

LB
kB

10 : Bconducts fast, cannot sustain a

gradient
0.1 : Aconducts fast, cannot sustain a
gradient

Reduce Dimensionality:
T
= 2T : T (t, x, y, z)
x
1. Steady State
T
t =
0
2. No Thermal Gradients
T = 0, T = T (t) ONLY
T
= ....

Date: February 15th, 2012.

1

LECTURE 3

In general, for solid / fluid interfaces: T2 = Tf

- constant T, B.C. is not appropriate
- fluid cannot always remove heat at the rate it is delivered
How is heat transferred / removed in the fluid?
- conduction: heat moves, atoms sit still
- convection: atoms flow away, carrying heat with them
1. natural convection (T interacts w/ gravity)
2. forced convection (mechanically driven flow)
- radiation: photons carries heat away
What are the proper B.C.?

1. T2 = Tf
2. @ x = L, specify flux:
W
heat[
]
m2
x s
h (T2 Tf ) the hotter the material is with
q =
respect
sx
to the fluid, the faster heat will
flow
W
heat transfer coeff.
[
]
2
m K
2T
= 0 =
t
x2

Step 1:
Solve

T T1
T T2 T1= xL, where
=

is unknown

Step 2:
B.C.

@ x= L
qcond =
qconv
T
= h(T2 Tf )
k
Step 3:
for T

Solve

T T1
x
T2 T1 = L

T = T1 +
(T2 Tf )
L
T
T T1
= 2
Plug into: k T = h(T2
Tf )

T2 T1

= h(T2 Tf )

L
.
.
kT1
hT + = h + k
L
L
f

k
T
Lf
=
T2
h + Lk

Plug into: T = T
L1 +

(T2 Tf )

.
.
k
T1 + hTf
x
L
T = T1 +
T1
k
L
h
+
.
.L
x h (T f T 1 )
T T1 =
T T1
Tf T1

hL
h
k
k
l

L
k
1
h

hL
Biot Number:
k

h + L.k
L .
hL
x
k

L 1 + hLx

.
.
= 1 h+k L

hLxL
where is conductive resistance
1 k
and is convective resistance
h
dimensionless, ratio of resistances

Three Important Cases:

Generalize:
Imperfect
1. interfaces:

qin = qout
= h(T + T ),
2

1
where
resistance
h

= interface

Geometry:
2.

hL

What is L?
volume
L
, a characteristic dimension
surface area

Examples:
1. plate heated on one side: L = thickness
2. plate heated on both sides: L = half thickness
2
3. cylinder: R l = R
L=
2Rl
2
4
3
R R
4. sphere (or other 3D shape): L = 3
=
2
4R
3

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

3.044 Materials Processing

Spring 2013

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