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f nfh 'Dru
dk a&pD
ukd tm;BudK;rmefwuf ouf0ifajymqkdcJhol wpfa,mufjzpfonf/
okUd &mwGif jynfov
l x
l u
k uRepf w
d 0f ifNy;D tmPm&So
d nfo
h u
l dk azmfvH
zm;jcif;? zdESdyfOf;yef;rnfukd pkd;&drfjcif;rsm; aMumifh tkyfcsKyfolajymorQ
rvGefqefbJ tm;vkH;wnDwGwfwnf; axmufcHonf qkdjcif;rsdK;onf
owdtxm;oifhqkH; 'Drkdua&pD\axmifacsmufjzpfonf[k oluqkdcJh
onf/
,ckajymcJhonfhtwdkif; 'Drkdua&pDwGif ykHpH(2)rsdK;&Sdaomfvnf;
rnfonfhykHpHjzpfjzpf EkdifiHa&;tmPmonf jynfolvlxk\ vufwGif&Sd
onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;rl0g'ukd aemufqkH;tqifhqkH;jzwfol
onf jynfolvlxkyifjzpf&rnf/

'Drkdua&pD

11

xkdUaMumifh ppfrSefonfh 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm jynfolwpf&yfvkH;?

,kwfpGtqkH; rJqE&Siftrsm;pk\qEudk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf
taocsmqkH;enf;vrf;onf jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfpGma&G;aumuf
wifajrm ufxm;onfh ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u jynfov
l x
l q
k ;Hk jzwfxm;onfh
EkdifiHa&;rl0g'rsm;ukd vufawGUtaumiftxnf azmfjcif;jzpfonf/
,if;okUd vky&f mrSm jynfov
l x
l \
k pdwcf sr;f omaysm&f iT rf EI iS hf tusKd ;pD;yGm;
rsm; qwufxrf;ykd;wkd;wufap&rnfh EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufjzpf&rnf
qkdjcif;? wpfenf;tm;jzifh Ekid if aH &;\udpt
00onf trsm;jynfot
l usKd ;
twGujf zpfonfqjdk cif;wkUd onf ajymp&mrvkad y? tDb&m[ifvifueG ;f u
,if;tajccHoabmxm;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wkdwkdwkwfwkwfjzifh
]]'Dru
dk a&pDqw
dk m jynfoal wGu jynfoal wGeUJ jynfoal wG twGuv
f yk w
f hJ
EkdifiHa&;jzpfw,f}}}[k ajymcJhonf/
oabmw&m;oufoufEiS hf qk&d ygrl tmPm&Sirf sm;? ]]apwem&Sd
onfh tmPmcsKyu
f ikd x
f m;ol}}rsm;u jynforl sm;tay:? trsm;tusKd ;ESihf
ukdufnDonfh EkdifiHa&;ukdvkyfaqmifjcif;qkdonf jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifay
onf/ okUd &mwGif tmPm&Sipf epfatmuf jynforl sm;twGuf Ekid if aH &;
tmrcHcsufukd arQmfvifhxm;cJhonfrsm;onf tNrJwrf;qkH;IH;rIESifh
tqkH;owfc&hJ Ny;D rnfonfah cwfyifjzpfap rSm;,Gi;f onfh vky&f yfjzpfonf
qkjd cif;onf taotcsmyifjzpfonf/ ordkif;uay;aeaom oifcef;pm
rsm;t& vltcsKdUudkom EkdifiHa&;tmPmukd csKyfudkifcGifhay;vkdufrnf
qkyd gu tmPm&Sipf epfrvGJraoGay:vmrnfjzpfouJhokdU? tmPm&Sif
pepfjzpfvmvQif ppfyrJG sm;jzpf&efyv
dk ,
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f al yonf/ xkUd aMumifh jynfol
rsm;twGuf Ekid if aH &;ukv
d ufawGU taumiftxnfazmf&ef wpfcw
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aocsmonfhvrf;onf EkdifiHa&;onf jynfolrsm;\EkdifiHa&;jzpf&ef?
jynfolrsm;yg0ifonfh Ekid if aH &;ukd vkyaf qmif&efyif jzpfonf/ Ekid if aH &;ukd
jynforl sm;ykdifqkdifxm;rnfqydk gu vlwpfO;D csi;f pD\ tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ukd
umuG,Nf y;D ? pm;? 0wf? aea&;b0rsm;ukd ykNd y;D tqifjh rifah prnfh enf;vrf;

12

'Drkdua&pD

taejzifh jynforl sm;u tok;H jyKvmMurnfjzpfonf/ jynforl sm;twGuf

r[kwo
f nfh Ekid if aH &;ukd jynforl sm;u a&ikEH w
I yf w
d Nf y;D vufyu
dk Mf unfah eonf
qko
d nfrSm vlUusifh0wft& jzpfEkdifp&mtaMumif;r&Sday/
EkdifiHutmPmcsKyfukdifonfh wpfygwDpepf\xl;jcm;csufonf
vlwpfOD;csif;xuf EkdifiHukdtav;xm;onfqkdonfhtcsufjzpfonf/
avmuwpfcv
k ;Hk txGwt
f jrwfq;Hk t&monf tiftm;awmihw
f if;onfh
EkdifiHjzpfNyD; vlwpfOD;csif;onf EkdifiHukdBuD;us,ftm;aumif;ap&ef
wefqmyvmwpfco
k mjzpfonf[k rSw,
f o
l nf/ ,if;twGut
f mPm&Sif
taejzifh vkdtyfrnfqkdygu vlwpfOD;csif;ukd paw;onfqkdvQifvnf;
jyemr&Sd[kcH,lonf/ xkdrQru jynfolrsm;uopmrcHygu tvkyf
rjzpfEkdifjcif;aMumifh tmPm&Sif[kac:onfh olrsm;onf EkdifiHom
tif t m;awmif h w if ; rnf q k d y gu jynf o l r sm;\b0onf v nf ;
jrifhrm;vmrnf[k uwdjyKMuonf/ aemufykdif;wGif ,if;uwdukd
rxde;f odr;f Ekid o
f nfw
h ikd f taMumif;jycsurf sm; ay;csiw
f idk ;f ay;&onf/
aemifig;ESpf? r[kwfao;? aemufq,fESpfqkdtm;vkH;tqifajyrnf[k
ajymrnf/ ,ckacwf jynforl sm;onf &ifaoG;rsm;\ tem*wfom,m
ap&ef ,cktepfemcHrS jzpfrnf[ak jymrnf/ tmPm&Sirf sm;\tmPm
rufarmrIonf tawmrowf yk d r k d B uD ; rm;vmonf / aemuf q k H ;
trdEidk if u
H dk tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;\&efuae umuG,Mf uqko
d nfrsKd ;? Ekid if yH Ndk y;D
t"GefU&SnfatmifvkyfMu&rnfqkdonfrsdK;ajymNyD; ppfyGJrsm;ukdpwkdufMu
onf/
tESpfcsKyfqkd&ygrl EkdifiHutmPmtm;vkH;ukd csKyfukdifxm;onfh
pepfrSm EkdifiHpnfyifvmonfESifhtrQ jynfolrsm;vnf; <u,f0vmrnf
[kajymonf/ ,if;aemufppfyGJqkdonfh tavmif;tpm;ukdvkyfNyD;
t&if;ygrusefqkH;IH;rIrsm; MuHK&onf/
4if;ESifhajymif;jyefjzpfaom'Drkdua&pDrSm jynfolrsm;<u,f0
csrf;omonfESifhtrQ EkdifiHvnf;pnfyifrnfqkdonfh t,ltqukd

'Drkdua&pD

13

OD;pm;ay;onf/ 'Drkdua&pDqkdonf vlwpfOD;csif;ukd vpfvsLIonfrsdK;?

tav;rxm;onfh oabmxm;rsdK; vkH;0r&Sday? vlwpfOD;csif;\wefzkd;
ESifh ta&;ygrIrsm;tay: eufeufeeJ aJ v;pm;rIrsm;ukd tajccHxm;ayonf/
tm;vkH;aom vlrsm;u olwkdUrSm&Sdonfhtaumif;qkH; t&nftaoG;ukd
at;at;aq;aq;ysdK;axmifEkdifonfh omwlnDrQtcGifhta&;rsm;&Ekdif
jcif;tm;jzifh jynfow
l pf&yfv;Hk todOmPfynmrsm;? uk,
d u
f siw
hf &m;rsm;
jrifrh m;vmNy;D pD;yGm;a&;aumif;vmonfh Ekid if o
H nfrvGrJ aoGpnfyifvm
rnf/ Ekid if pH nfyifvmjcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh jynforl sm;\ vlom;wpfa,muf
taejzifh pdw"f mwfBuchH idk jf rifrh m;rIrsm;rS&&SEd idk o
f nfh t&mjzpfonf/
vGwfvyfrIESifhomwlnDrQrI
'Drkdua&pDwGif jynfolrsm;ukdwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;taejzifh
av;pm;onf/ xkdUaMumifh 'Drkdua&pDrSm vlUabmifavmuat;csrf;
om,ma&;ESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd ;pD;yGm;ESprf sKd ;pvk;H xde;f xm;Ekid o
f nfh
taetxm;txd wpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f \ vGwfvyfrIukdwwfEkdiforQ
us,fus,fjyefUjyefUcGifhjyKonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;b0ukd
wnfaqmuf&if; pdwfcsrf;omaysmf&TifrI&atmif vkyfaqmifjcif;onf
tjcm;olrsm;\vufxJukd vTJajymif;ay;tyfr&aom obm0tcGifh
ta&;jzpfonf[k cH,layonf/
ukdif;uRef;rSD? uRef;ukdif;rSDqkdonfh tjyeftvSefrSDckdaeonfh
avmuwG i f vG w f v yf r I r sm;? tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ES i f h wygwnf ;
vl U abmif a vmuom; wpf a ,muf t aejzif h xd e f ; od r f ; &rnf h
0w & m;rsm;vnf ; &S d j cif ; onf obm0usonf / 'D r k d u a&pD w G i f
wpfOD;csif;pD\vGwfvyfrIukd us,fus,fjyefUjyefU todtrSwfjyKxm;
aomfvnf; xifwkdif;usJpdwfwkdif;us tokH;csrnfqkdygu tBuD;tus,f
rSm;rnfjzpfayonf/ vufawGUtm;jzifh 'Dru
dk a&pDwiG f tjcm;olrsm;\
tcGit
hf a&;ukd rxdcu
dk o
f rQ vlwpfO;D csi;f u rdrEd pS o
f uf&m pdwcf sr;f om

14

'Drkdua&pD

aysmf&TifrI&atmifcGifhjyKxm;NyD; ,if;ukdtm;ay;ulnDonf/ rdrdwkdU

ESpfoufonfh bmomw&m;ukdukd;uG,fonf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDukda&G;cs,f
onf/ pmrsm;ukad &;om;onf/ ,if;wkUd ukd EIwu
f aezGi[
hf ajymqko
d nf/
okdU&mwGif rdrdwkdUtaejzifh ,ckuJhokdU vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaysmf&TifrIukd
cHpm;&onfESifhtrQ tNrJrjywfukd,fhteD;tem;rSvlrsm; ykdtus,f
qk d & ygrl jynf o l w pf & yf v k H ; \ tvm;wl v G w f v yf r I & S d v mygu
&SdvmonfESifhtrQ ,if;vGwfvyfrIukdtokH;jyK avmuBuD;twGuf
tusdK;&Sdatmifvkyfaqmif&rnfh0w&m;vnf; &SdvmonfqkdonfrSm
d nfh vGwv
f yfrI
'Dru
dk a&pD\ tajccHtawG;tac:yifjzpfonf/ rdr&d &So
ukd vlUabmifavmutrsm;tusKd ;twGuf taumif;qk;H tok;H csrnf qko
d nfh
cH,lcsufr&Sdygu rnfonfhvGwfvyfrIrsdK;rqdk tv[ tusdK;rJhjzpf
oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
'Dru
dk a&pDtav;xm;onfh vGwv
f yfrrI sm;xJrS t"dutusq;Hk udk
az:xkw&f rnfqdkygu vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdcGifhyifjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh
owif;pmrsm;onf tjzpfrSefukda&;om;Mu&ef? a&'D,kdrsm;u tjzpfrSef
ukd aMunmMu&efwm0ef&Sdayonf/ jynfolrsm;onf tjzpfrSeftay:
tajccHNy;D pdwaf umif;apwemaumif;ESihf ok;H oyfq;Hk jzwfNy;D rdrw
d t
Ykd ,l
tqrsm;ukd tjcm;olrsm;ESifh pdwfaumif;apwemaumif;xm;um
vGwfvyfpGmzvS,fMuonf/ okdUvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh taMumif;
udprsm;ukd a0zefokH;oyf MunfhjrifwwfvmNyD; EkdifiHa&;ESifh ywfouf
trSm;trSefcGJjcm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;&nfwkd;wufvm&ef tavhtusi&hf ay
onf/ tu,f tjzpfreS rf sm;ESihf ywfoufNy;D tjrifrsm;ukd wufwuf
<u<uESifh pum;ppfxkd;apNyD; rJcGJqkH;jzwfjcif;jzifhwn
l o
D nfh oabmxm;
uk&d mS azGonf/ ,ciftawGUtMuKH rsm;ESihf csed x
f ;dk Ny;D tqk;H tjzwftrSm;rsm;
ukd jyifqifoGm;onf/ ]]omrefvlawmfokH;a,mufpkaygif;&if ynm&Sd
wpfa,mufpm A[kokwpkw
H ,f}} qko
d nfph um;onf *syefjynf ajymqkd
aeMuonf/ tawGUtMuKH rsm;onfh jynforl sm;tm;vk;H uom vGwv
f w
G f

'Drkdua&pD

15

vyfvyfESifhajymqkdaqG;aEG;rIukdtajccHNyD; wlnDonfhtrSefw&m;ukd
awGU&Sd&ef ravsmhaom ZGJ? vkHUvjzifh vkyfaqmifoGm;Murnfqkdygu
udpt00\rSefuefonfhvrf;aMumif;ukd azmfxkwfEkdifrnfrvGJay/
jynforl sm;u &SmazGazmfxw
k v
f u
dk o
f nfh rSeu
f efonfv
h rf;aMumif;omvQif
jynfolrsm;\vlaerIb0twGuf EkdifiHa&;ukdyJhukdifEkdifrnfh oHvkduf
tdrfajrmifjzpfayonf/
,if;ESifh qefUusifbuftmPm&SifpepfrSm tmPm&SiftwGuf
tqifajyrnfhta&;ukd aMumfjim0g'jzefUrIaMumifh jynfolrsm;\ em;?
rsufpdrsm;wGif trSefw&m;ukd rMum;rjrifatmif zkH;uG,f&efom
tav;xm;onf/ trSerf sm;ukw
d ifjyonfh owif;Xmeonf wm;qD;cH&?
ydwfyifcH&onf/ ,if;aemuf tmPm&Sifoabmusrnfh t,ltqu
vGJNyD; tjcm;rnfokdUajymqkdaqG;aEG;rIrsdK;rqkd ydwfyif&onf/ Oyrm
taejzifh vSnf;qGJonfhjrif;ukdMunfhvQif jrif;vSnf;orm;onf jrif;u
ab;bDrjrif&atmif rsufpdzkH;xm;onfhtmPmukd ay;wyfxm;onf/
vSn;f orm;\tvkt
d wkid ;f rajy;vQif oem;mwmrIr&Sb
d ?J Burd Ef iS hf kduf
onf/ jrif;ae&mwGif vljzpfaernfqkdygvQif.../ ukd,fykdift,ltq?
udk,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufESifh b0ukdxlaxmifroGm;Ekdifonfh ae&mwGif
'Drkdua&pDrxGef;um;Ekdifay/
vGwfvyfrIESifh,SOfNyD; 'Drkdua&pDusifhoHk;&mwGif tav;xm;
&qkH;tcsufrSm vlom;rsm;\ omwlnDrQrIjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pDonf
jynfoltm;vkH;ukd vlom;wpfOD;pDtjzpftav;xm;onf/ vlom;wkdif;
onf av;pm;&rnfo
h rl sm;tjzpf rSw,
f x
l m;onft
h wGuf vltrsm;Mum;
wGif tqifhcGJjcm;jcif;rsdK;udk rlvuyif rvGJraoGz,f&Sm;xm;&rnfjzpf
onf/ 'Drkdua&pDrxGef;um;ciftxd vlom;rsm;onf vlUavmuxJokdU
pwifa&mufvmcsdefrSpNyD; tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;cH&onf/ [kdvlu rif;rsdK;
rif;EG,f? 'Dvlu aqGBuD;rsdK;BuD;[kqkdNyD; cGJjcm;qufqHMuonf/ rnfrQ
awmf o nf h o l j zpf a p atmuf a jcvl w ef ; pm;rS arG ; zG m ;vmcJ h v Qif

16

'Drkdua&pD

wpfoufv;Hk atmufajcrSmom BudwfrSdwfae&onf/ rw&m;rIxuf

ydkaom tajctaer&SdEdkif? rnfonft
h wef;tpm;uarG;arG; vlUtouf
wpfacsmif;tjzpfwefzkd;xm;&rnfrSm twlwlyifjzpfonf/ ukd,fykdif
tusifhpkdufukd tav;xm;&mwGifvnf; tuefUtowfr&Sday/
vlwpfa,muf\wefz;dk onf rsdK;kd;tqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh qkH;jzwfr&ay/
xkdUaMumifh ppfrSefonfh 'Drkdua&pDvlUabmifavmuxJwGif aqGawmf
rsdK;awmf aqGrsdK;qkdonfr&Sday/ vlrsdK;tqifhtwef;? "etiftm;rsm;
aMumifjh zpfonfh tqift
h wef;cGjJ cm;rI aysmufomG ;ayrnf/ vlom;tm;vk;H
onf wlno
D nfh vlom;rsm;tjzpf todynmukdjrifhrm;atmif? pGrf;&nf
xufjrufatmifvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh wlnDaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
&Ekdifjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pD\ jrifhjrwfonfh &nfrSef;csufyifjzpfayonf/
okUd &mwGif vlom;wkid ;f uko
d mwlnrD Q oabmxm;onfqjdkcif;onf
tawG;tac:taejzifh rSefuefonf[kqkdkHrQruay/ uJhokdU
vkyaf qmifjcif;onf vlaerIb0twGuf vufawGUtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
ukdvnf;&aponf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf rnfolrqkdrdrd\ tpGrf;
tpukd wkd;wufjrifhrm;ap&ef omwlnDrQtcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd &Ekdifrnf
qkv
d Qi?f ,if;ukt
d aMumif;jyKNy;D todynmrsm;? vlom;\rsm;jym;vSaom
pGrf;&nfrsm;ay:xGufvmapNyD; jynfolwpf&yfvkH; pD;yGm;a&;t&?
,Ofaus;rIt& <u,f0vmrnfjzpfonf/ &SdwfpyD;,m;onf qif;&Jonfh
tom;a&mif ; ol E S i f h rd r d t rnf u d k y if r a&;wwf o nf h trsd K ;orD ;
wpfa,muf\ om;tjzpfarG;zGm;vmcJhonf/ *Dwynm&Sif I;bwf\
zcifonf v,form;BuD;jzpfNyD; rdcifonf tdrfaxmifrusciftxd
tdrfazmfwpfa,mufjzpfcJhonf/ odyHynm&SifBuD; rkdufu,fzm&ma';
onf *kad 'gifwu
J av;rSm arG;zGm;cJNh y;D zcifua&m*gonf yef;yJorm;?
rdcifu omreftvkyform; wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ ,if;wkdUonf 'Drkdua&pD
rzG H U Nzd K ;ao;onf h a cwf w G i f arG ; zG m ;cJ h N yD ; toD ; oD ; ol r wl a tmif
pGrf;aqmifcJhMuayonf/ tu,f vlom;tm;vkH;wlnDrQ ynm

'Drkdua&pD

17

oifMum;&ef tcGifhta&;om&Sdrnfqkdygu jynfolrsm;xJrS vlawmfrsm;

rnfrQavmuftxd ay:xGuv
f mrnfenf;/ ,cktcsed t
f xd edru
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ynm&Sif rm&DusL&DuJhokdU vlrsm;wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,mufay:xGufcJh
rnfrmS rvGaJ y/ urmBu;D onf yGiv
hf if;om,mNy;D jynforl sm;\ b0rsm;
onfvnf; jrifhrm;vmayrnf/
vltcsif;csif;omwlnDrQqkdonf vlom;tm;vkH;todynmESifh
pGrf;&nfrsm;ukd jrifhrm;xufjrufatmifvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh wlnDonfh
tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd zefwD;ay;jcif;yif/ ,ckuJhodkY tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
wpfOD;csif;urnfrQavmufokH;pGJNyD; rdrd\pGrf;&nfrsm;ukd rnfrQjrifhwif
azmfxkwfoGm;rnfenf;qkdjcif;onf vlwpfOD;csif;\ vkHUv? 0D&d,ESifh
arG;&mygpGr;f &nfrsm;tay:rlwnfNy;D tqk;H tjzwfay;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
vlwpfO;D csi;f \pGr;f &nf? vkUH v? 0D&,
d rsm;ESih f uku
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h wef;rsm;
&Sv
d monf/ ,if;onfobm0usonf/ xkUd aMumifh 'Dru
dk a&pDonf vlt
csi;f csi;f omwlnrD Qru
I dk tav;xm;onfqo
dk jzifh avmuxJwiG f vlwidk ;f
vlwidk ;f wlno
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tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&SdaprnfqkdvQif rSefuefonfh vlUabmifavmu jzpfp&m
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18

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

19

rnf/ ,if;ukdvkdvm;awmihfw? jrwfEkd;tav;xm;? pm;0wfaea&;

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20

'Drkdua&pD

pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ywfoufonfh 'Drkdua&pDuJhokdUyif vlrIa&;ESifh

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'Drkdua&pD

21

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22

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

23

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24

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

25

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vTwfawmfukd rzsufodrf;cJhMuay/ vTwfawmfukdqufxm;NyD; aumif;pGm
tokH;cs&efvkyfcJhMuonf/ bk&ifrsm;onf vTwfawmf\ axmufcHrI&,l
jcif;tm;jzifh bk&if\tvkdqEukd jynfolrsm;\tvkdqE[k xifjrif
apjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif vkyf&ukdif& tqifajyonf[k awG;cJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/
t*FvefwGif vTwfawmfay:aygufvmcJhonfhtpykdif;wGif
jynfolrsm;\ uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf zGUJ pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwaf y/ t*Fvef
vTwaf wmfonf vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfxm;onfph epfjzpfNy;D NrKd Upm; e,fpm;
vTwaf wmfEiS fh omrefjynfolrsm;\ vTwfawmfrsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf
qk d a omf v nf ; Nrd K Upm;e,f p m;vT w f a wmf (House of Lords) onf
tpuwnf;u NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;u NrKd Upm;e,fpm;rsm;twGuf zGUJ pnf;
xm;onft
h zGUJ tpnf;jzpfNy;D omrefjynfolrsm;\ vTwfawmf (House of
Commons)onf trnfEi
S t
hf nD omrefjynforl sm;\ vTwaf wmfjzpfco
hJ nf
r[kwfay? tom;a&mif;onfh aps;onf aygif r k e f U a&mif ; onf h o l ?

26

'Drkdua&pD

v,form;rsm;vkd omrefjynforl sm;qk[

d kqdkvdkonfhtrnf r[kwb
f ?J NrKd U&Gm
(Commune)qkdonfhpum;rS ,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKU&Gmrsm;tvkduf
xif&Sm;onfh olaX;BuD;rsm;? aus;vufrsm;u aiG&SifaMu;&Sifrsm;ESifh
vTwaf wmfudk zGUJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf bk&ifu b@maiG&&ef
vTwaf wmfwiG f uk,
d pf m;vS,jf zpfEidk o
f nfh olUt0ef;t0kid ;f ukd wk;d csUJ vko
d nfh
&nf&,
G cf su&f o
dS nfqjdk cif;ukd wGuq
f Munfrh nfqydk gu vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l
oabmaygufEidk f rnfjzpfonf/
t*Fvef'rD u
dk a&pDEidk if aH &;zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufro
I nf tkycf sKyo
f rl sm;\
twavmbaMumifh ykdNyD;tm;aumif;vmonf[laom jzpfpOfonf
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfh tjzpfrSefjzpfonf/ Oyrm bk&if*Ref\
tokH;tpGJBuD;rI? avmbBuD;rIrsm;aMumifh b@maiGukdtwif;tMuyf
awmif;cH&if; NrKd Upm;e,fpm;rsm;ukzd Ed ydS o
f nfh rw&m;tkycf sKyrf jI zpfvmcJNh y;D
aemufq;Hk r*emumwmpmcsKyfBuD;ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;vkduf&onf/
yxr tuf'0yfbk&ifonf NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;xHrS tcGefaumufcHjcif;
jzifh rvkaH vmuf[ak wG;Ny;D tcGeu
f cdk sr;f omonfh omrefjynforl sm;xHryS g
ykdNyD;us,fus,f jyefUjyefUaumuf&efvyk cf &hJ mrS vTwaf wmfw;dk wufatmif
uln&D m a&mufco
hJ nf/ yxr*sdrf;pfbk&ifonf bk&ifhtmPmukdykdNyD;
ckid rf map&ef olUuk,
d o
f b
l &k m;ocifEiS hf wpfwef;wnf;xm;Ny;D bk&ifonf
bk&m;ocif\ tvkad wmfEiS t
hf nD tkycf sKyaf ejcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqku
d m
twif;tMuyf tkyfcsKyfcJhjcif;aMumifh 1649 ckESpfwGif x<uawmfvSefrI
rsm;jzpf c J h N yD ; ol U ae&mquf c H c J h o nf h yxrcsm;vf p f bk & if o nf
aemufqkH; vTwfawmf\qkH;jzwfcsufjzifh towfcHcJh&ayonf/
okdUjzifh vTwfawmfonfykdrkdNyD;tm;aumif;vmcJhaomfvnf;
wkd;wufrIorkdif;aMumif;wGif ta&;ygonfhacwfukda&muf&SdapcJhonf
uawmh tcGit
hf a&;rsm;qkid &f mOya'Murf; (Bill of Rights) yifjzpfayonf/
tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&mOya'Murf; twnfjzpfcJhjcif; 1688 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufco
hJ nfh *kPo
f u
d m awmfveS af &; (Glorious Revolution)\ &v'fyif
jzpfonf/

'Drkdua&pD

27

bk&ifonf Oya'uk&d yfpjJ cif;? zsuo

f rd ;f jcif;rsm;ukd vTwaf wmf\
oabmwlnrD rI &bJ vkyaf qmifr&awmhay/ xkUd jyif vTwaf wmftrwf
a&G;aumufyu
JG dk vGwv
f w
G fvyfvyfvyk af qmif&rnf/ vTwaf wmftrwf
rsm;\a[majymrI? a0zefajymqkrd rI sm;ESihf ywfoufvnf; tjynfht0
vGwfvyfrI&Sdonf/ vTwfawmfukdrMumrMumusif;y&rnfponfh tajccH
pnf;rsOf;trsdK;rsdK;ukd jy|mef;cJhonf/ ,if;onf bk&if\tmPmukd
xdef;csKyfNyD;vTwfawmf\ vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnfrIukd ykdrdk&SdvmapNyD;
jynforl sm;twGuf vGwv
f yfrt
I m;yk
d tmrcHay;cJo
h nfh tajccH Oya'
qefaom pnf;rsOf;yifjzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh tcGifhta&;qkdif&m
Oya'Murf;ukd aemufyidk ;f wGif tar&duefEiS fh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;\ tajccH
Oya'a&;qGJolrsm;u ukd;um;cJhMuonf/
wpfzufwiG f tkycf sKyaf &;pepftaejzifh yxrwGit
f wkid yf ifcaH umifpD
(Privy Council) ukdxm;&SdcJhonf/ twkdifyifcHaumifpDukd bk&ifonf
tkycf sKyaf &;vkyaf qmif&mwGif tBuOH mPf&,lwidk yf if&ef zGUJ pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf
onf/ aemufyikd ;f aumifpx
D rJ S vlwcsKd Uukb
d &k ifu xyfqifah &G;cs,Nf y;D
ta&;ygonfh tkycf sKyaf &;qkid &f mudpr sm;ESihyf wfoufNy;D ,if;vlrsm;\
tBuHOmPfukdar;jref;um vTwfawmftay:vTrf;rkd;rI&Sdonfh olwkdU\
pGrf;tm;rsm;ukdtokH;cs&if; bk&if\tvkdusOya'rsm;ukd vTwfawmfu
twnfjyKcsuf&atmifvkyfaqmifcJhayonf/ ,if;onf t*FvefwGif
tpk;d &tzGUJ pwifay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ yxrykid ;f wGif bk&ifonf
tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm wufa&mufcJhNyD;OD;aqmifcJhaomfvnf;
aemufyidk ;f wGif tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufrIenf;yg;vmNyD; EkdifiHa&;ESifh
ywfouf 0efBuD;rsm;\vufxJrSmyJ vTt
J yfvmcJah yonf/ okUd jzifh
bk&iftpm;tpk;d &\ A[kcd sut
f jzpf tpnf;ta0;ukd OD;aqmifusif;y
wm0ef,lcJhonfholay:vmNyD; ,if;ukd0efBuD;csKyf[k ac:vmcJhMuonf/
,if;tcsdefbk&ifonf rdrdtvkdqEESifhukdufnDonfh olrsm;ukd
a&G;cs,Nf y;D tpk;d &ukd zGUJ pnf;cJah yonf/ ,if;ESiw
hf pfNyKd iw
f nf;vTwaf wmfudk
enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh em;csodrf;oGif;NyD;? tpkd;&tzGJUukdvTwfawmfu

28

'Drkdua&pD

axmufcaH pcJjh cif;onf xk;H pHjzpfaeayonf/ xkUd aMumifEh idk if u

H dk tkycf sKyf
jcif;onf bk&ifESifhol\ 0efBuD;rsm;\tvkyf[l ,lqNyD;vTwfawmfu
EkdifiH\A[kdcsufjzpfvm&eftxdrSm rsm;pGmtvSrf;a0;aeao;onf/
vTwfawmfonf 0efBuD;rsm;u tultnDawmif;vmonfh Oya'rlMurf;
rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;twGufvkdtyfonfht&mtjzpf rltm;jzifhoabm
wlonf/ okUd &mwGif jynforl sm;tay:rawmfrw&m;Ekid if aH &;zdEydS rf rI sm;?
jynfolrsm;\b@ma&;0efxkyf0efykd;rsm;ukd tvGeftuRHjzpfaprnfh
Oya'rl M urf ; rsm;uk d qef U usif u ef U uG u f j cif ; ? jyif q if j cif ; rsm;uk d
vkyaf qmifcJhayonf/ ,if;onf vTwfawmf\ t"duwm0efrsm;yif
jzpfayonf/
ok d U jzif h 1721 ck E S p f w G i f 0ef B uD ; csKyf j zpf c J h o nf h
a0gvfaygvfonf bk&if\tpGrf;jzifh vTwfawmfukdcsKyfukdifxm;NyD;
wpfzufwGif enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh trwfrsm;ukdBudK;ukdifum omref
jynforl sm;\vTwfawmfwGif rdrdtay:axmufcHonfh trsm;pktiftm;
&SdonfhtzGJUukdzGJUpnf;? ,if;ukdtkwfjrpftaejzifhxm;&SdNyD; EkdifiHa&;ukd
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ 1742 ckESpfwGif a0gvfaygvftpkd;&tzGJUtay:
vTwfawmfu t,kHtMunf uif;rJo
h mG ;onft
h csed w
f iG f bk&ifu 4if;ukd
wm0efvTJtyfygaomfvnf; &mxl;uEk wfxGufcJhayonf/ t*Fvef\
,aeUacwf Ekid if aH &;tponf ,if;upcJo
h nf[k ajym&rnfjzpfayonf/
t*Fvefvw
T af wmfwiG f 17 &mpkuyif bmoma&;t,ltq
uGjJ ym;onfh jyemrsm;ukdtaMumif;jyKNyD; wkd&D (Tory) ESifh 0Spf (Whig)
qkdonfh ygwDESpfzGJU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;ygwDrsm;onfaemifwGif uGefqm
aA;wpfESifh vpfb&,fygwDrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf/ ,if;tcsdefapmapm
ykdif;ujzpfcJhonfh &mxl;rSEkwfxGufoGm;onfhudpjzpfcJhNyD; tpkd;&onf
vTwaf wmfwiG f trsm;pk\twnfjyKru
I dk tajccH&rnf[k pOf;pm;vmMu
onf/ vTwfawmftrwftrsm;pk tiftm;&SdaomygwDqkdonf tcsdK;
nDonfrh q
J E&iS t
f rsm;pk\ ,kMH unfrEI iS hf tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyK
onf[k ,lqMuayonf/ xkUd aMumifh tpk;d &onfvw
T af wmfwiG f trsm;pk

'Drkdua&pD

29

tiftm;&Sdonfh ygwDukdtajccHNyD;tkyfcsKyfoifhNyD; omrefjynfolrsm;\

vTwaf wmfwiG f trsm;pkaxmufcrH u
I dk qk;H I;H onft
h cg tpk;d &onf &mxl;rS
EkwfxGufum a&G;aumufyGJtopfukdusif;yjcif;onf obm0usonf
qkdonfh tawG;tac: wjznf;jznf;ykdrkdtm;aumif; vmcJhayonf/
okdU&mwGif ,if;okdUaom ygwDtpkd;&pepfonf trSefwu,f
jynfolrsm;\ tpkd;&jzpfvm&efrSm rJay;cGifht0ef;t0kdif;ukd csJUxGif&ef
vkdtyfonf/ okdUaomtaetxm;wGif tcGifhtmPmrsm;pGmykdifxm;
onfh NrdKUpm;e,fpm;vTwfawmfonf rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fESifh "e&Sifrsm;ukd
ukd,fpm;jyKaejcif;jzpfNyD; omrefjynfolrsm;\ vTwfawmfrStrwfrsm;
onfvnf; tm;vk;H eD;yg; tv,fwef;tvTm\ tay:,H vlwef;pm;rsm;
yifjzpfonf/ *kPfodumawmfvSefa&;jzpfyGm;NyD;onfh aemufEpS af ygif;
150 avmufxd ,if;uJo
h Udk aom vlrsm;onftmPmukd awmufavQmuf
csKyfudkif xm;cJhMuayonf/ tmPmcsKyfukdifrIonf 1832 ckESpf
a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'jyifqifonfhtcgrSom tqkH;owfcJhayonf/
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;ajym&rnfqykd gu <u,f0csrf;omvmonhf vlwef;pm;
topfxJrS vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fay:vmEkdifcJhjcif;onf Oya'
jyifqifvkdufjcif;aMumifyh ifjzpfonf/ xkUd jyif 1867 ckEpS f 'kw,
d tBurd f
a&G;aumufyOJG ya'jyifqifrIt& atmufajcjynfoltqifhvlwef;pm;ESifh
NrdKUaetvkyform;rsm;vnf; rJay;cGifh&vmNyD; 1884 ckESpf wwd,
tBudrfOya'jyifqifrIt& rJay;cGifh&Sdolt0ef;t0kdif;onf owKwGif;
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef; tvkyo
f rm;rsm;txd us,jf yefU
vmcJhayonf/ xkdUaemuf yxrurm ppfNyD;qkH;oGm;onfh 1918
ckESpfwGif touf(20)ausmf trsdK;om;tm;vkH;ESifh touf (30)ausmf
trsdK;orD;rsm;xJrS owfrSwfxm;onfh yrmPtwkid ;f twm wpfct
k xd
aiGaMu;Opmykdifqkdif olrsm;onf rJay;cGifh&&SdNyD; 1928 ckESpf wGif
usm;^rwef;wl tcGifhta&;&Sdonfh NyD;jynfhpkHaom omrefrJay;pepfukd
usifhokH;vmEdkifchJonf/

30

'Drkdua&pD

rJay;cGifhus,fjyefUvmaomfvnf; rJay;a&G;cs,fEkdifrIrSm omref

jynfolrsm;\ vTwfawmftrwfrsm;uko
d mjzpfonf/ wpfzufwiG f NrKd Upm;
e,fpm;rsm;\ vTwfawmfrStkyfpkrsm; tm;aumif;aeonfhtcsdefwGif
vTwfawmfonf jynfolrsm;\wu,fhqEoabmxm;rsm;ukd ukd,fpm;
jyKonf[ak jymr&Ekid af y/ vTwaf wmfonf jynforl sm;u vkyaf qmifonfh
EkdifiHa&;tcsuftcsmtjzpf ykdNyD;ta&;ygvmonfESihftrQ omref
jynfolrsm;\ vTwfawmfESifh NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;\ vTwfawmftMum;
tm;NydKifrIrsm; ykdjyif;xefvmjcif;onfrqef;ay/
jynfolrsm;\vTwfawmfwGif vpfb&,fygwD\wkd;wufrI
OD;pm;ay;0g'ESifh uGefqmaA;wpfygwD\ a&S;kd;pGJ0g'rsm;NydKifqkdifrI&Sd
onf/ wpfzufwGif NrdKUpm;e,fpm;vTwfawmf\ taetxm;onf
a&S;k;d pG0J g' qefqef&adS eonfudk ajymp&mrvkad y/ xkUd aMumifh vpfb&,f
ygwDonf jynfolUvTwfawmfwGif trsm;pktiftm;jzpfNyD; tpkd;&zGJUpnf;
Ekdifonfhtcg tm;NydKifrIrsm;ykd jyif;xefvmonf/ 1909 ckESpfwGif
vpfb&,fygwDtpkd;&onf csrf;omonfhvlwef;pm;rsm;tay: tcGef
rsm;pG m wkd;aumufcH&eftwGuf b@ma&;qkH;jzwfcsufrlMurf;ukd
vTwfawmfwGifwifjyonfhtcg NrdKUpm;vTwfawmfuy,fcscJhonfukd
taMumif;jyKNy;D 1911 ckEpS fwiG f vTwaf wmf Oya'ukdjy|mef;&efjzpfvmcJh
ayonf/ ,if;Oya't& NrdKUpm;e,fpm;vTwfawmfonf Oya'rlMurf;
rsm;uk d jyifqifjcif;? y,fzsufjcif;rsm;ukdvkyf r&awmhkHomru
Oya'rlMurf;wpf&yfudk omrefjynfolrsm;\vTwfawmfwGif vTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0; (3) Budrfqufwu
dk t
f wnfjyKc&H rnfqydk gu ,if;rlMurf;onf
NrKd Upm;e,fpm;vTwaf wmfuy,fcscJhonfhwkdif Oya'tjzpfESifh touf0if
onfqkdonfh tajccHrlukdcsrSwfcJhayonf/ onfrSm NrdKUpm;e,fpm;
vTwfawmftxufwGif omrefjynfolrsm;\vTwfawmfu &yfwnf
aeonfhtaetxm;ukd &,lvkdufjcif;yifjzpfayonf/ xkdtcsdefrSp
omrefjynforl sm;\vTwfawmfonf *kPfodumt&a&m vufawGUrSmyg
vTwaf wmf\ t"duae&mjzpfvmNy;D t*FvefonfEidk if aH &; tzGUJ tpnf;
tm;vkH;\ A[kdcsufrvnf; jzpfvmcJhayonf/

'Drkdua&pD

31

t*Fvef\vTwaf wmfOya'ay:aygufvmonfh orkid ;f aMumif;ukd

Munf h v Qif v nf ; 'D r k d u a&pD p epf u k d atmif a tmif j rif j rif E S i f h
wnfaqmuf&mwGif rnfrQtcsdef,l&onf? rnfrQonf;cHBudK;pm;&onf
qkdonfukd od&SdEkdifayonf/ acwfopf'Drkdua&pD\ yifra&pD;aMumif;
jzpfonfh t*Fvefonftpykid ;f tmPmcsKyu
f ik d x
f m;onfh bk&iftyk cf sKyo
f nfh
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfcJhayonf/ bk&ifwpfOD;wnf;\ vufxJwGif
armifykdifpD;xm;onfhtmPmonf NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;vuf0,f cGJa0
a&muf&SdvmNyD; NrdKUjyukefonfBuD;rsm;ESifh e,frsm;uajr&Sifrsm;u
rQa0Muonf/ wjznf;jznf;omrefNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;? pufkHtvkyfkH
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;vufxJukd tmPmcsKyfukdifrI
A[kdcsufuajymif;a&TUus,fjyefUvmcJhonf/ ,if;okdUajymif;vJvmwkdif;
jynforl sm;\tcGit
hf a&;ESihf vGwv
f yfrrI sm;uku
d muG,&f ef jyif;xefonfh
wku
d yf rJG sm;jzpfco
hJ nf/ 20 &mpkEpS af &mufonfh tcsdefrSpNyD; tvkyform;
rsm;\tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd ud,
k pf m;jyKonfah vbmygwDu omrefjynforl sm;\
vTwaf wmfwiG f tm;aumif;vmNy;D aemufq;Hk avbmygwD wpfenf;
tm;jzifh tvkyform;ygwD tpkd;&vnf;&Sdvmonfh acwfukda&mufcJh
ayonf/
]]a&mruk d w pf a eUwnf ; ES i f h w nf a xmif v k d U r&yg}}
r&yg}}qk d o nf h
pum;&SdcJhonf/ t*Fvefu 'Drkdua&pDonf ESpfaygif; 900 wkdif
tcsdefMumjrifhpGm jynfolrsm;BudK;yrf;cJh&mrSp ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ a&mronf tifyg,mbk&ifpepfusqkH;cJhojzifh ysuo
f Ok ;f cJ&h
ayonf/ ckdifrmonfh 'Drkdua&pDpepfqkdonf tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ukd
ausmfvTm;NyD; vlom;rsm;\uHMurmukdarQmfvifhcsufqErsm;? om,m0
ajymrIrsm;jynfhonfh vrf;ay:ac:aqmifoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ orkdif;pOf
rsm;rS avhvmerlem,lMu&rnfjzpfayonf/

32

'Drkdua&pD

tar&duefwGif 'Drkdua&pDay:aygufvmjcif;
tar&duwkdufwGif ukdvkdeDacwfvufatmufcHe,fajrukd
wnfaxmifcJhonfh Oa&myrSvlrsm;xJwGif pydefonfOD;qkH;jzpfonf/
pydev
f rl sKd ;rsm;u tar&duukd vTrf;rkd;tkyfcsKyfrIonf umv&SnfMum
aomf v nf ; ? ,if ; acwf u pNyD ; pyd e f e ,f a jropf [ k ac:Muonf h
e,fajrwGif 'Drkdua&pD\tpyifray:aygufcJhay/ a&T&Sm&efyifv,f
ork'& mukd jzwfNy;D a&mufvmcJhonfh pydefvlrsdK;rsm;u a'ocHvlrsdK;pk
rsm;\ vkyftm;toD;tyGifhrsm;ukd odrf;usKH;pfxkwf&,lNyD; pydefEkdifiH
pnfyifom,mapa&; oufoufuo
dk mvkyaf qmifco
hJ nfh tkycf sKyrf o
I m
jzpfonf/ pydeaf jropfudk tkycf sKycf MhJ uolrsm;onf tv,facwfOa&my\
NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;ESifhtvm;wl t<uif;rJhtmPmukdcsKyfukdifxm;NyD;
us,fjyefUonfhajr,mrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifMuonf/
,if;ae&mukd ykdifqkdifMuonfh a'ocHvlrsdK;pkrsm;tm; tdrfarG;
wd&dpmefrsm;uJhokdU oabmxm;NyD;ckdif;apcJhonf/ okdUjzifh e,fajr
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36

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40

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'Drkdua&pD

41

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'Dru
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aus;vufaev,form;rsm;omru NrdKUjywGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfukdifae

42

'Drkdua&pD

Muonfh NrdKUaevlwef;pm;rsm;vnf; tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf

&Sdaeonfhtcsdefumvukd MumjrifhpGmaevmcJhMuonf/
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'Drkdua&pD

43

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44

'Drkdua&pD

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vlUtcGit
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bk&ifv;l 0pf (16) ukd ao'Pfcsrw
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tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf jyifopfawmfvSefa&;\*,ufrsm; ,if;wkdUEkdifiH

'Drkdua&pD

45

kdufcwfvmrnfukdpkd;&drfNyD; zdtm;ay;vmMuonfhtwGuf awmfvSefa&;

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ay:vmcJNh y;D tm;r&Sad wmhonfh awmfveS af &;tpk;d &ukd jzKwv
f ?JS tmPm&Sif
tpkd;&ukdacgif;aqmif&if; 1804 ckESpfwGif jynfolUqEcH,lyGJ usif;yNyD;
{u&mZfbk&if jzpfvmcJhonf/
rMumcif eykdvD,Heef;usNyD; abmfbGef;rif;quf\ vl0pf (18)
bk&ifjzpfvmNyD; pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfukdusihfokH;onf/ ,if;onfvnf;
tcsdefrsm;pGm rwnfwHhcJhay/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ,cifu jzpfysufrI
rsm;ukd wefjyefonfhqefUusifbufykHpHjzpfvGef;aeaom tpkd;&onf
omrefjynfolrsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;uaez,fxkwf&efBudK;pm;cJhjcif;aMumifh
jynfolrsm;\rauseyfrI ykdrkdjyif;xefvmcJhjzpfayonf/
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hf rQ us,jf yefUonfh
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qkdcJhMuonf/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktopfrsm;u 1848 ckESpfukda&muf
onfhtcg azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;[k vlodrsm;Muaom vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;
pwifcJhonf/ bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;NydKvJNyD; orwEkdifiH (jynfolUtpkd;&)
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tm;NydKifrIjzpfcJhNyD; tvkyform;rsm;u qkd&S,fvpf0g' orwEkid if u
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ZGeaf wmfveS af &;[k vlord sm;onf/ xkt
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tajccHOya'ukd jyKpka&;qGJcJhonf/ Oya'jyKtmPm&Sdaom jynfolU
vTwaf wmfESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm&Sdaom orwqkdNyD;tmPmukd cGJjcm;

46

'Drkdua&pD

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54

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

55

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56

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58

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'Drkdua&pD

69

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'Drkdua&pD

71

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'Drkdua&pD

73

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'Drkdua&pD
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'Drkdua&pD

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76

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'Drkdua&pD

77

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78

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'Drkdua&pD

79

toHk;jyKaeMuonf/ rJqEe,fwpfckrS trwfwpfOD; odkUr[kwf ESpfOD;

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80

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

81

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82

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91

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94

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

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96

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'Drkdua&pD

99

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100

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'Drkdua&pD

101

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102

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'Drkdua&pD

103

NyD; a&SUudkqufNyD; wdk;wufatmifvkyfMunfhonfh enf;vrf;wpfckom

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104

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

105

rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkif&dwfodrf;&,lEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,ckuJhodkY thJ'Dvdk

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'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

111

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112

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ajym&rnfjzpfonf/

'Drkdua&pD

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uae ykHpHaygif;pkHESifh xGufay:vmaeonfh 0g'jzefUaMumfjimrIrsm;ukd
od y H e nf ; uspOf ; pm;ok H ; oyf N yD ; ,if ; wd k Y t xJ r S rS e f u ef r I u k d & S m azG
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k &f ef
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128

'Drkdua&pD

(2)

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yxrqkH;ajcvSrf;jzpfonf/
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'Drkdua&pD

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129
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zwfNyD; ,if;ESpfz ufajymaeonfhpum;wGif
rnfolrSefonfqkdjcif;ukdqkH;jzwf&ef/

'Drkdua&pD

130
(*)

(4)

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dk af tmifvyk f
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aqmif&Guf&ef/
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twG i f ; wGif a&;xm;onfh tcsuftvuf?
taMumif;t&mrsm;uk,
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taMumif ; t&mES i f h vk d u f z uf r I r &S d o nf h
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rsm;&So
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avmfbo
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owif;pmyJ jzpfonf/
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H um
jyemrsm; taMumif;tNrJvkdvkdMum;odae&onf/

'Drkdua&pD

(5)

131
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onfh qufET,frIrsm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHwumu
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f efuef
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ykdrkdjyif;xefNyD; ykdrkdxufjrufonfh enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
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rsuEf mS pmwpfzufEiS hf ywfoufNy;D rnfoUdk jrifoenf;

132

'Drkdua&pD

qkdjcif;ukdvnf; od&efvdkonf/0g'jzefUaMumfjimrI
wpfckukd MunfhIem;axmifkHomrubJ rdrdbufu
vnf; oHo,ar;cGef;trsdK;rsdK;ukd awG;qxm;&rnf
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vkyu
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f &m;ukd cspjf rwfE;dk

133
'Drkdua&pD
pdwfESifh awGU&Sdxm;onfhtrSefw&m;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufvkdpdwf?
rSefuefonfhvrf;aMumif;ukd wm0ef,lpdwftjynfhESifh aqmif&GufoGm;
Ek d i f o nf h pG r f ; aqmif & nf ? ,ck u J h o d k Y p G r f ; &nf r sm;&S d o l r sm;tMum;
tjyef tvSefav;pm;rI ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIwkdUonf BuD;us,f
crf;em;aom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHukd wnfaqmuf&eftwGufvkdtyfonfh
yifrtiftm;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;tiftm;rsm;onf txufwGif
ajymcJhonfh pdwf"mwf? pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;tay:wGif rlwnfjcif;jzpfNyD;
tjcm;wGif&SmazGr&Ekdifyg/

134

'Drkdua&pD

tcef; (7)
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'Drkdua&pDonf a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonfhtcsdefwGif rJxnfh,kH
rQomjzpfaom EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifrIwpfckr[kwfbJ ykdrkdus,fjyefU
ykrd Bdk u;D rm;onfh ta&;udpj zpfonfqjdk cif;ukd a&SUykid ;f wGif a&;om;azmfjyNyD;
jzpfonf/ ,if;uJo
h Ydk 'Dru
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vkdtyfonfqkdjcif;onf taotcsmjzpfonf/ ynma&;? wkd;wuf
us,jf yefUvm&efjzpfap? vrf;yef;qufo,
G af &;aumif;rGev
f m&efjzpfap?
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tusdK;oufa&mufrIBuD;rm;onf/ ,if;uJhodkY ta&;ygonfh EkdifiHa&;ukd
tjcm;olrsm;vuf0uGuftyfjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ rdrdukd,fwkdif\tvkyf
taeESihf vkyfukdifrnfh pdwf"mwfuom 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHu
EkdifiHom;rsm;\tav;xm;qkH; todpdwf"mwfjzpfae&rnf/
ta&SUwkid ;f wGif a&S;,cifuyif]]trdeUf twkid ;f vku
d ef mapzkUd om
vkdw,f/ &Sif;jyaezkdUrvkdbl;}}[k ajymavh&SdMuonf/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfonfh
olu vlrsm;ukd trdefUtwkdif;vkdufemckdif;&efrjzpfEkdifay? EkdifiHa&;\
tajccH&nf&G,fcsufukd &Sif;jyjcif;rsdK;rvkyfoifh[kqkdonfh t"dym,fjzpf

'Drkdua&pD

135

onf/ EkdifiHa&;\&nf&G,fcsufukd today;vkdufrnfqdkygu trsdK;rsdK;

tjypfwifa0zefonfholrsm;&SdvmNyD; EkdifiHa&;ukd &nfrSef;xm;onfh
twkid ;f taumiftxnfaz:r&awmhbJ jzpfomG ;Ekid o
f nf/ *syefEidk if H
u EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; tcsdefumvMumjrifhpGm ,ckuJhodkY
jyKrIvkyfaqmifvmcJhonfhtwGuf EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESifh EkdifiHa&;ukd
tjcm;olrsm; vuf0uGut
f yfxm;vku
d Nf y;D wu,fwrf;uk,
d w
f idk u
f kd,fus
]]Ek d i f i H a &;vk y f r nf } }qk d o nf h tawG ; tac:uk d umvtwef M um
usifhom;r&Muyg/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf EkdifiHom;rsm;xHrSm&Sdonf
qkad omfvnf; rnfonfuq
dk v
dk jdk cif;ukd aumif;pGmem;rvnfMu? Za0Z0g
jzpfaerIrsm; umvMumjrifhpGmraysmufoGm;Muyg/ EkdifiHa&;ukdolrsm;
vuf0uGuftyfjcif;qkdonfhtjyKtrlonf ,if;up t&if;cHvmjcif;
jzpfonf/
ok d U &mwG i f trS e f w u,f E k d i f i H a &;uk d ol r sm;vuf 0 uG u f
tyfjcif;onf aumif;ygovm;/ EkdifiHom;rsm;rodvkduf&bJ EkdifiHa&;
orm;rsm;u ppfwkduf&eftpDtpOfqGJ? cifyGef;onfESifh om;rsm;ukd
ppfwyfoGwfoGif;jcif;cH&? aemufqkH;wGif tdrfawGrD;IdUcH&? ykdifqkdifrIrsm;
ukdqkH;IH;&? pm;&efaomuf&efyifr&Sd? 0rf;enf;aMuuGJp&mtajctaeukd
a&muf o G m ;cJ h & jcif ; wd k Y o nf rMumaomumvutjzpf t ysuf r sm;
r[kwfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;t&vkyfaqmifrIraumif;jcif;aMumifh
'kuta&muf&qkH;olrsm;rSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/ EkdifiHom;rsm;yifjzpfonf/
wpfzufwGif EkdifiHa&;vkyfykHudkifykHrsm;aumif;ygu ,if;\tusdK;aus;Zl;
ukd ukd,fwkdifcHpm;Mu&rnfholrsm;rSmvnf; EkdifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf/
EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESihf EkdifiHa&;ukd em;rvnfrjzpfyg/ EkdifiHa&;ukd
eufeufdIif;dIif; pdwf0ifpm;&efvkdtyfonf/ EkdifiHom;rsm;\ tpGrf;
tpESihf Edik if aH &;ukad umif;rGeaf p&ef vkyaf qmifrnfqo
dk nfh ckid rf monfh
qkH;jzwfcsuf&Sd&rnf/ EkdifiHa&;\taumif;tqkd;ukd udk,fwkdifudk,fus
cHpm;NyD; em;vnfoabm aygufEkdifjcif;onf EkdifiHom;rsm;jzpfonfh

136

'Drkdua&pD

twGuf EkdifiHom;rsm;ukd,fwkdif EkdifiHa&;vkyf&efqkdjcif;onf aumif;rGef

onfh EkdifiHa&;ukdzefwD;&ef wpfckwnf;aom aocsmonfhenf;vrf;
jzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pDenf;usonfh Ekid if aH &;\tajccHoabmw&m;onf
okUd yif Ekid if o
H m;rsm;taeESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdonf rdrdtvkyf[k,lqNyD;
EkdifiHa&;\aomhcsufukd aumif;aumif;em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;onf
EkdifiHa&;&v'frsm;wkd;wufvmap&efjzpfonfhtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyf
onf/ EkdifiHa&;qkdonf tpkd;&uomvkyfr&yg/ aumif;rGefaom
Ekid if aH &;OD;wnfcsurf sm;ukad &;qGaJ omfvnf; EkdifiHom;rsm;wGif ,if;ukd
taumiftxnfazmfvdkaompdwfESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdygu
&v'faumif;rsm;xGufay:vmrnfr[kwfyg/
tpkd;&u ckdifrmonfhrl0g'rsm;ukdcsrSwfNyD; EkdifiHom;rsm;u
,if;ukd rdrdtvkyf[koabmxm;um yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu
obm0ab;tE&m,fukd wm;qD;Ekdif&efjzpfEkdifacs&Sdonf/ awmifrsm;?
jrpfrsm;uae a&tvG,fwul&onfh tajctaerSm&Sdrnfqkdaomfvnf;
rkd;enf;onfh &moDa&mufonfhtcgwGif qkd;&Gm;onfha&rvkHavmufrI
rsm;jzpf v mEk d i f o nf / vQyf p pf " mwf t m;xk w f v k y f r I u sqif ; NyD ;
a&ay;a0rIrsm;vnf; &yfwefUukefjcif;rsdK;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ rnfokdU
vkyfygu ,if;uJhokdU tajctaersdK;ukd aumif;rGefvmatmifrnfodkY
jyKjyifEkdifrnfenf;? ,if;ukd jynfolrsm;upOf;pm;NyD; tpkd;&ukd oifh
awmfonfrh 0l g'rsm;csrw
S af pNy;D jynforl sm;taeESihf wufwuf<u<uESihf
yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f o G m ;Mujcif ; u ]]jynf o l r sm;vk y f a qmif a om?
jynfolUtwGufEkdifiHa&;}} jzpfonf/
obm0ab;tE&m,fukdumuG,fjcif; obm0t&if;tjrpf
rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;rsm;wGifvnf; jynfolrsm;\yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
rIonf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf/ vlom;rsm;aexkdifonfh vlUavmuBuD;ukd
aumif;rGefatmifvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf jynfolrsm;wGif vkyfcsifpdwf&Sd
jcif;onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfhtcsufjzpfonf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI\

'Drkdua&pD

137

aMumuf p &maumif ; onf h t csuf r sm;uk d vl w k d i f ; od a eMuonf /

xkwfukefukdwkd;jrifhrSjzpfrnfqkdjcif;vnf; tm;vkH;uodxm;Muonf/
okdU&mwGif ,if;wkdUtwGuf rnfokdUaomrl0g'ukd csrSwfvkyfaqmif
onf j zpf a p? jynf o l r sm;u taumif t xnf a zmf v d k p d w f r &S d y gu
&v'fuwkd;wufvmrnfr[kwf/ tjcm;olrsm;vuf0uGuf tyfonfh
Ekid if aH &;wGif jynforl sm;onfu,
G &f m tpk;d &\raumif;aMumif;ajymkH
avmufomvkyfNyD; ukd,fwkdifwm0ef ,lcsifpdwfr&Sdyg/ aemufqkH;
vnfonfo
h rl sm;omtusKd ;tjrwf&Ny;D k;d om;onfo
h rl sm;u epfem&rIrsm;
jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ ,if;odkYqdkygu avmuBuD;u ykdrkdqkd;vm&ef&Sdonf/
EkdifiHa&;ukd aumif;rGefatmifvkyf&efqkdygu jynfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf
csif; wm0efr,lrjzpfyg/ wm0efrJholrsm; tcGifhta&;,lr&aom
Ekid if aH &;ukd vkyaf qmif&ygvdrrhf nf/ ,if;ukd rnfov
l yk af qmifrnfenf;/
EkdifiHom;rsm;jynfolrsm;omjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHa&;qkdonf
jynforl sm;uk,
d w
f idk \
f tvky?f jynforl sm;\wm0efomjzpfonf/ xkad Mumifh
'Dru
dk a&pDqo
dk nf ]]jynforl sm;\Ekid if aH &;}} jzpfae&ygrnf/
a'otvkduftkyfcsKyfa&;
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d t
hf vky}f }[k oabm
rxm;rjzpfjcif;onf rnfoUdk aMumifq
h jdk cif;ukd oabmaygufygvdrrhf nf/
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;qkdjcif;rSm us,fjyefUonf/ jyemrsm;
uvnf; IyfaxG;onf/ jzpfvmEkdifacsrsm;ukd cefUrSef;&efvnf;cufcJ
onf/ ,if;wkdYukd rnfokdUrnfykH ]]ukd,fhtvkyf}} jzpfatmif vkyfaqmif&
rnfudk tvG,fwulrSef;q&efrvG,f[k ,lqaumif;,lqEkdifonf/
okUd &mwGif Ekid if aH &;[kq&dk mwGif wkid ;f jynfwpfcv
k ;Hk \ yifrae&mrsm;wGif
om&Sdonf[k ajymr&yg/ ykdao;i,fonfh ykdvufvSrf;rDS&efcufcJ
onfhae&mrsm;wGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;&Sdonf/ wkdif;jynf\EkdifiHa&;onf
cufcJem;rvnf[k ajymEdkifaomfvnf; NrdKU\EkdifiHa&;? &Gm\EkdifiHa&;

138

'Drkdua&pD

qkdygu rnfolrqkdem;vnfv,
G o
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fh vky}f } [k
pOf;pm;jcif;onf 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHa&;\ yxrajcvSrf;jzpfonf/
*syefEkdifiHonf(wkdusdK)NrdKU? (a[mhukdif'kd;)ckdif? (usdKwkd)ckdif?
(tkd;pu) ckdiftjyif ckdif 42 ck ESifh zGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/ ,if;cdkifrsm;
wGif NrdKUrsm;? &yfuGufrsm;? NrdKUe,frsm;? &Gmrsm;yg&Sdonf/ ,if;wkdUukd
a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;[kac:onf/ ar*sdzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif
A[kdtpkd;&\tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ukd wkdufkdufcefUtyfNyD;
a'oE & tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J U rsm;uk d Bud K ;uk d i f c J h M uonf / ok d U jzif h
NrdKU&Gmrsm;\tajctaeESifh rudkufnDrIrsm;ukd twif;tusyfapckdif;cJh
onf/ vuf&SdzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif uJhodkYjyKvkyfr&yg/
a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;wGif ukd,fykdifpD&ifqkH;jzwfonfhtzGJUrsm;
tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGJUrsm;&SdNyD; if;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif
rnfholrsm;ukd a'ocHrsm;u a&G;aumufwifajrmufMuonf/ ckdif
aumifpD0ifrsm;? NrdKUaumifpD0ifrsm;? &GmaumifpD0ifrsm;ponfwkdUukd
a&G ; aumufwifajrmufjcif;onf taxGtxl;ajym&ef rvkdouJ h o d k Y
ckdifaumifpD? NrdKUaumifpD? &GmaumifpDrsm;wG i f qkH;jzwfvkdufonfh
udp&yfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfrnfh ck d i f t k y f c sKyf a &;rS L ;rsm;?
NrKd U0efrsm;? &GmolBu;D rsm;ukv
d nf; a&G;aumufyu
JG si;f yNy;D a&G;cs,Mf uonf/
rnfolUukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf a&G;cs,frnfenf;? a&G;cs,fvkdufonfh
acgif ; aqmif u k d rnf o k d U aomEk d i f i H a &;rsd K ;vk y f a qmif a prnf e nf ; ?
acgif;aqmifrsm;u ckdifol? ckdifom;? NrdKUolNrKd Uom;? &Gmol ? &Gmom;rsm;
arQmv
f ifx
h m;onfh Ekid if aH &;ukv
d yk af qmifaeovm;? rvkyfaqmifygu
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Ekid if aH &;onftm;vk;H twGuf ]]ukd,fhtvkyf}}jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ if;onf
cufcJonfhudpwpfckvnf; r[kwfouJhodkY tvG,fwulodMujcif;
vnf;r&Sdyg/
Oyrm - &Gmwpf&GmwGif ajrkdif;wpfuGuf&SdonfqkdMuygpkdU/
a&qif ; raumif ; onf h t wG u f xG e f , uf p k d u f y sd K ;&ef r oif h a wmf /

'Drkdua&pD

139

,if;ae&mwGif xGe,
f ufpu
dk yf sKd ;&eftwGuf aiGaMu;vnf;ukeu
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tm;xnf&h efvnf;vkt
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,cifuwnf;u ,cktwdkif;&SdaecJhonf/ okdU&mwGif if;twkdif;
xm;jcif;onfaumif;rnfvm;/ wpfenf;enf;eJU aiGacs;? tm;vkH;twl
yl;aygif;NyD; ae&mukd &Sif;vif;onfh enf;vrf;r&SdEkdifygovm;/
jrpf a csmif ; rsm;\a&uk d w m;qD ; NyD; a&qif;aumif;atmifvkyf y gu
[ufwmtenf;i,f&Sdonfh v,fuGif;rsm;uk d & &S d E k d i f r nf j zpf o nf /
a&umwmESifh wm;qD;vkdufonfha&rsm;u v,f,mrsm;ukda&ay;&ef
vnf; toHk;0ifvmEkdifonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u ,if;uJhokdU tqif
ajyap&ef vkyfaqmifNyD;vufawGU taumiftxnfazmfEkdifpGrf;&Sd
olrsm;ukd &GmaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm; &GmolBuD;rsm;tjzpfa&G;cs,f ,if;
pDru
H ed ;f ukd taumiftxnfazmfvu
dk Mf uonfqydk gpkUd / ESpEf pS ?f ok;H ESpcf efU
&Gm\bwf*su&f iS ;f wrf;wGif tI;H ay:Ekid o
f nf/ okUd &mwGif ESpEf Spfajrmuf
wGif pkdufysdK;xm;rIrsm;uae aumufyJoD;ESHtenf;i,f&dwfodrf;
&Ek d i f o nf / ig;ES p f a jrmuf a qmif ; OD ; &moD w G i f a&T a &mif p yg;rsm;
a0a0qmqmoD;aejcif;ukd jrifawGUEkdifonf/ rnfonft
h &myifjzpfap
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h nf;
qef U usif o l r sm;&S d E k d i f a yonf / qef U usif o l r sm;buf w G i f v nf ;
taMumif;jycsufrsm;&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdUukd tm;vkH;twlwuG
pOf;pm;Mu&ygrnf/ ,if;uJhokdY vkyfaqmifNyD; axmufcHoltrsm;
tjym;&rnfqydk gu prf;oyfvyk af qmif&efjzpfonf/ &Gmuwk;d wufvmNy;D
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\ vlaerIb0rsm;tqifajyvmrnf/ &Gm\EkdifiHa&;
qk d j cif ; onf okdU yif jzpf onf / pmoif ausmif ;aqmufv ky fj cif; ?
trsm;jynf o l o k H ; cef ; ruk d crf ; crf ; em;em;jzpf a tmif j yif q if j cif ; ?
vrf;jyifjcif;ponfwdkYonf oabmxm;jcif;wlnDMuonfomjzpfonf/
&Gmom;rsm;twGuf ,if;tvkyfrsm;onf]]olrsm;vuf0uGuftyfxm;
onfhtvkyf}}qkdygu rnfokdUrQ&v'fraumif;Edkifyg/ rdom;pkwpfpkvkH;

140

'Drkdua&pD

wnDwGwfwnf;yl;aygif;NyD; xGef,ufonfhv,f,mvkyfief;onf
,if ; rd o m;pk t wG u f ]]ud k , f h t vk y f } } jzpf o uh J o k d Y tm;vk H ; onf
&Gmom;rsm;twGuf ]]ukd,fhtvkyf}} jzpfae&ygrnf/ avmuBuD;wGif
Ekid if rH sm;? a'orsm;? NrKd Ursm;? &Gmrsm;? tm;vk;H wGif cufco
J nfjh yemrsm;
trsm;tjym;&SdaeMuonf/ a'oqkdif&mjyemrsm;? NrdKU\jyemrsm;?
&Gm\jyemrsm;ukd ,if;a'owGif aexkdifonfholrsm;? if;NrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ukd,fwkdifpOf;pm;NyD; ukd,fwkdifajz&Sif;&ef
BudK;pm;oGm;&rnf/ *syefpum;wGif]]ukd,fhukd,fukd,fu,fwifolukd
aumif ; uif b k H u u,f w if o nf } }[k t qk d & S d o nf / &G m uck d i f \
taxmuftyHhukd&,ljcif;? &yf&Gma'orsm;u EkdifiHawmf\taxmuf
tyHhukd&,ljcif;rsm;onf aemifrSomjzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/ EkdifiHom;
tm;vkH;u twwfEkdifqkH;BudK;pm;NyD; rwwfEkdifonfhtajctaerSom
EkdifiHjcm;\tultnDrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;ukd arQmfvifhonf
qkdjcif;onfvnf; tvm;wloabmaqmifonf/
a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;\jyemukd &yfol&Gmom;rsm;\
tiftm;ESifh ajz&Sif;rnf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf
ukd,fpDukd,fpDtvkyftudkifrsm;&SdMuojzifh NrdKU\EkdifiHa&;? &Gm\EkdifiHa&;
rsm;ud k o m vk y f a e&ef r jzpf E k d i f y g/ tm;vk H ; tm;uk d , f p m;jyKonf h
olukda&G;cs,fNyD; EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mtvkyfrsm;ukdvkyfaponf/ okdU&mwGif
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fvkdufjcif;aMumifh aemufykdif;udprsm;
tm;vk;H ukd ,if;vlrsm;ukdom vTJtyfxm;vkduf&ifNyD;NyDqkdonfh ykHpHrsdK;
qkv
d Qiv
f nf;rjzpfjyefyg/ NrKd U0efrsm;? &GmolBu;D rsm;u rnfoUdk rnfonfrsm;
vkyfaeMuoenf;/ NrdKUaumifpD0ifrsm;? &GmaumifpD0ifrsm;u rnfokdU
aqG;aEG;aeMuoenf;/ cHpm;csufukdOD;pm;ay;jcif;rsdK;? ygwDrsm;tMum;
,SOfNydKifrIrsm;wdkYukdom tmkHpkdufaeMurIrsm;&Sdaeovm;/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;
rsm;? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf ,if;uJhokdUaom jzpfpOfrsm;ukdowdxm;
udk,fa&G;cs,fxm;onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;\ vkyfaqmifaerIrsm;udk

'Drkdua&pD

141

wif;wif;MuyfMuyfa0zef? owday;p&m&So
d nfudk tusKd ;taMumif;ckid cf idk f
vkHvkHESifh axmufjyNyD;? twlwuGrSefuefaumif;rGefonfh NrdKU\EkdifiHa&;?
&Gm\EkdifiHa&;ukdwnfaxmifMuonf/
EkdifiHa&;onf rnfolUtwGufrqkd]]ukd,fhtvkyf}}jzpfoifhonf/
okdU&mwGif rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl EdkifiHa&;&mudprsm;udk rSefuefpGm
vkyfukdifa y;rnf h uk d , f p m;vS , f u k d & &S d & ef ta&;BuD ; qk H ; jzpf o nf /
xkdUaMumifh wm0ef,laqmif&GufEdkifonf[k,lqolrsm;taejzifh NrdKU0ef?
&Gmaumifp0D iftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHoifo
h nf/ uk,
d u
f uk,
d pf m;vS,f
jzpf&efroifhawmfygu wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&ef pdwftm;xufoefrI
&Sdolrsm;rSjzpfoifholtm; tav;teufa&G;aumufwifajrmufoifh
onf/
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f mkaH xGjym;Ny;D wnfwnfNird Nf ird Ef iS hf qk;H jzwf
csufcsEkdifpGrf;r&SdvQifvnf;rjzpfay/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhokdY
EkdifiHrsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJqkdonf EkdifiHom;rsm; tifwkduftm;wkduf
vkyfaqmifMuonfh yGJwpfckjzpfojzifh wpfcgw&HwGif aw;*Dwrsm;
xnfhNyD; vkyfaqmifMuonfvnf;&Sdonf/ vlrsm;tmkHpkdufatmif?
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h aetxm;jzpfatmif wD;0kid ;f rsm;iSm;Ny;D
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avmif;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ aysmf&Tifp&maumif;onfh tajctaeu
qGaJ qmifjcif;tm;jzifh rrSefuefonfh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;ukdrJay;rdNyD;
xifxifay:ay:r&So
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h ,
dk pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ukd I;H edrhf
apjcif;rsKd ;&SdvmEkdifayonf/ *syefEidk if w
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,HrJqG,frIrsm;aemufvkdufrdNyD; a&G;cs,foifholukd ra&G;cs,frdonfh
&v'f r sd K ;jzpf o G m ;jcif ; rsm;vnf ; renf ; vS a y/ Ek d i f i H a &;qk d o nf r S m
bk&m;ukdtm;ukd;NyD; ajz&Sif;r&yg/ aumif;rGefonfhEkdifiHa&;twGuf
t&nftcsif;&SdonfhtpGr;f tpukd tm;ruk;d r&yg/ xkad Mumifh ewfb&k m;

142

'Drkdua&pD

rsm;ukyd al Zmfyoonfyh aJG wmfxufyNdk y;D a&G;aumufyu

JG dk tifwu
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vkyaf qmifonft
h xdrvkt
d yfaomfvnf; tqefrygonfrh q
J ,
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r,kHrdap&ef owdxm;&rnfqkdjcif;onf ta&;BuD;vSonf/
wkdif;jynfEkdifiHa&;
&Gm\EkdifiHa&;ukd &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\tiftm;ESifh NrdKU\EkdifiHa&;
ukd NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;\todpdwfESifh cdkifrsm;\EkdifiHa&;ukd ckdifol
ckdifom;rsm;\yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh vkyfaqmifoGm;jcif;onf
'Drkdua&pDenf;usonfh a'otvkduftkyfcsKyfa&;\ tajccHrl0g'
jzpfonf/ okdU&mwGif &Gmwpf&Gm\EkdifiHa&;qkdonf ,if;&Gmwpf&Gm
wnf;u ajz&Sif;r&yg/ a'owpfck\jyemukd ,if;a'owpfck
wnf;u ajz&Sif;r&Ekdifyg/ xkdYaMumifh &GmtwGufpOf;pm;onfhtcg
a'owpfckvkH;twGuf pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/ a'owpfck\jyemukd
ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf wpfwkdif;wpfjynfvkH;\ EkdifiHa&;ukdpOf;pm;oGm;&
rnf/ tpykid ;f wGif wkid ;f jynf\Ekid if aH &;qdo
k nf Iyaf xG;Ny;D us,jf yefUvGe;f
onfhtwGuf em;rvnfEdkif[k xifaumif;xifEdkifygonf/ okdU&mwGif
uJhokdUrsdK; a'otoD;oD;twGuf tav;teufpOf;pm;oGm;&if;ESifh
BuD;rm;onfhEkdifiHBuD;wpfckvkH;\EkdifiHa&;jyemESifh ywfoufvnf;
wjznf;jznf;em;vnfvmNyD; csifhcsdefEdkifpGrf;rsm;vnf; wkd;wufjrifhrm;
vmrnfjzpfonf/
vuf&Sd*syefEkdifiHwGif ta&;tBuD;qkH;jyemwpfcku pm;eyf
&dumqkdif&m jyemjzpfonfudk taxGtxl;ajymp&mvkdrnfrxifyg/
,if;pm;eyf&dumrsm;xkwfvkyfrItwGuf ta&;ygonfhv,f,mpkdufysdK;
a&;vkyfonfh&Gmrsm;onf wpfESpfywfvkH;em;&ufr&Sd yifyifyef;yef;
tvkyfvkyfae&onf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhodkYEdkifiHwGif v,f,m
pkdufysdK;a&;ukd pufrIykHpHajymif;vJ&ef tBuD;tus,fvkyfaqmifaeonf/
v,fxGefjcif;? rsdK;aphBuJjcif;? &dwfodrf;jcif;? pyg;avSUjcif;rsm;wGif

'Drkdua&pD

143

pufrsm;ukdokH;vkyfaeMuonf/ av,mOfysHESifh a0[ifuae rsdK;aphBuJ

jcif;rsdK;ukdyifvkyfaeonf/ *syefuJhokdU ajrae&musOf;aompkdufuGif;
rsm;&SdonfhEkdifiHwGif tqdkygenf;vrf;twdkif; twk,lNyD;vkyf&efrjzpfEkdif
aomfvnf; tenf;qkH;vQyfppf"mwftm;ESifh wd&dpmrsm;\pGrf;tm;ukdyif
,ck x uf y k d xd a&muf p G m ok H ; Ek d i f v mrnf q k d y gu v,f , mxG u f
ukefrsm;\ txGufEIef;rnfrQwkd;wufvmrnfenf;/ ,ckuJhokdY wkd;wuf
vmonfhtwGuf v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;vkyfonfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvnf;
,Ofaus;rIESifh ynma&;wGif ykdNyD;tm;oGefcGefpkdufvkyf&eftcsdef&vm
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atmifvkyfaqmif&efvkdonf/ ausmufrD;aoG;ukdvnf; ykdrdkxkwfvkyf&
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144

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'Drkdua&pD

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146

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'Drkdua&pD

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148

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

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150

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vkyfaqmifoifhygenf;/

'Drkdua&pD

151

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152

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

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tcsif;&SdNyD; tawGUtBuKHrsm;onfholrsm;u vcaumif;aumif;ESifh

156

'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD

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158

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tm;vk H ; u vl o m;wpf a ,muf t aeES i f h tod w &m;&d S N yD ; ]]rd r d u k d
vkyfay;apcsifonfh twdkif;olrsm;ukdvnf; vkyfay;jcif;}}uvGJNyD;
aysmf&Tifp&maumif;NyD; aexkdifpzG,fjzpfonfh vlrI0ef;usifukd zefwD;
oGm;Ekdifrnfhenf;vrf;r&Sday/
vlom;wkid ;f onf touf&iS cf iG &hf o
dS nf/ vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f aysm&f iT f
zG,fb0ukd zefwD;ykdifcGifh&Sdonf/ vltrsm;aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrh&efqkdonfrSm
vlrI0ef;usif\pHjzpfonf/
ajr&Siyf a'o&mZf vlr0I ef;usiw
f iG f vlenf;pktcGix
hf ;l cHvw
l ef;
pm;rsm;\ csrf;omaysmf&TifrItwGuf vltrsm;\aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrIrsm;ukd
paw;cJ&h onf/ tmPm&Sipf epfwiG f tmPm&Siu
f pdww
f idk ;f rusonfEiS hf
opm&Sdonfh vufatmufi,fom;rsm;? jynfolvlaumif;rsm;onf
ykd;aumifrsm;uJhodkY owfjzwfjcif;cHcJhMu&onf/
tmPm&SifEkdifiHa&;pepfBuD;pkd;aeonfhtcgwGif tmPm&Sifu
pDpOfonfhppfyGJtwGuf oef;ESifhcsDonfh vlrsm;\toufrsm;qkH;IH;&
onf/ vlUtoufonf t&m&mxufwefzkd;&Sdonf/ vlrsm;\csrf;om
aysm&f iT rf o
I nf yef;O,smOfvv
dk yS onf/ vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f onf wef;wlnrD Q
aysm&f iT cf sr;f ajrrh rI sm;ukd twlwuGcpH m;? pHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf/ 'Dru
dk a&pDonf
ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfukdNzdKzsuf? tmPm&Sifpepfukd tjrpfjzwfNyD;
tmPm&Sifpepfukd wkdufckdufcJhonf/ rdrd\aoG;? acR;? rsuf&nfrsm;ESifh

'Drkdua&pD

159

&if;NyD; wkdufckduf&,lcJhonfh twkr&Sdonfh&wemwpfyg;jzpfjcif;aMumifh

taemufwkdif;u 'Drkdua&pDzGHUNzdK;onfhEkdifiHrsm;rS jynfolrsm;onf
vlom;rsm;\vGwfvyfcGifhESifh wpfOD;csif;pD\tcGifhta&;ukd tpGrf;ukef
xdef;odrf;oGm;rnfqkdonfhjyif;jyonfh pdwf"mwf&SdMuonf/
vlom;rsm;tm;vk;H onf wef;wlnrD Qaysm&f iT cf sr;f ajrrh u
I dk awmihf
wcGifh&Sdonf/ aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrIqkdonf rkd;ay:uusvmonfht&mrsdK;
r[kwfouJhokdU ajrBuD;xJuxGufay:vmonfh t&mrsm;vnf;r[kwf/
aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrIqkdjcif;onf vlrsm;\vkyftm;? BudK;yrf;rIrsm;ESifh wnf
aqmufoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh vlrI0ef;usifwGif aexkdifMuol
wkid ;f &J&&J if&h ifEh iS hf vkyaf qmif&rnf/ uk,
d w
f idk v
f yk af qmifjcif;rS &&So
d nfh
0rf;omrIucdk pH m;&if;jzifh tjcm;vlrsm;\ezl;uacR;ajcusatmif BuKd ;pm;
xm;onfhvkyftm;ukdvnf; wefzkd;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/
vlUavmuwGif 0da&m"djzpfrIrsm;&Sdjcif;onf trSefwu,fjzpf
onf/ 'Drkdua&pDukdusifhokH;onfhtcgwGif tvkyfvkyfonfh vlrsm;\
pm;0wfaea&;u tqifrajyMuaomfvnf; tvkyfrvkyfonfholrsm;\
tdyfaxmifxJodkY aiGrsm;pD;0ifjcif;rsdK;jzpfonfrSm renf;ay/ t"du
tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fu 'Drkdua&pDa&;&m jyemjzpfonf/
vmrnfhtcef;wGif avhvmMurnf/
pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\jyemukdacwxm;NyD; vlom;
rsm;taeESifh vlwpfOD;csif;tay:av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onfhpdwf"mwfrsdK;
vltrsm;wGif&Sdaeygu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh qufET,faeonfh tawG;tac:
rsm;u vlrI0ef;usiftwGif; eufeufIdif;Idif;tjrpfwG,faejcif;\
&v'f t aejzif h ol w pf y g;\vk y f t m;aMumif h &&S d v monf h t usd K ;
tjrwfukd tvkyfrvkyfonfhvlrsm;u acgif;ykHjzwf,lonfhvkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;yifjzpfonfudk odjrifEdkifonf/ 'eduynm&Sif Immanuel
kantm u ]]uk d , f ukd,fwkdifE S i f h tjcm;olr sm;tay: rnf o l Y u d k r qd k
wlnDaom&nfrSef;csuftjzpfqufqHoifhNyD; rdrd&nfrSef;csufjynfh&ef

160

'Drkdua&pD

enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf tokH;jyKwmrsdK;rjzpfoifhyg}}[k ajymcJhonf/

tjcm;vlrsm;\&nfrSef;csuftwGuf enf;vrf;wpfckoufouftjzpf
tok;H csc&H onfhoo
l nf tckdif;tapomjzpfonf/ ukd,fhtusdK;tjrwf
twGuf ypnf;wpfct
k aejzift
h ok;H jyKjcif;onf vlrsm;\*kPo
f u
d m ukd
eif;acszsuq
f ;D onfh jypfrIwpfckyifjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pDonf vlYtodkif;
t0kdif;twGif;rS tckdif;taptrsdK;rsdK;ukd yaysmufoGm;ap&ef vkyfaqmif
&rnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\acR;jzifh BudK;pm;ykHazmfxm;jcif;rsm;ukd
vuftpkdjzifhqyfjymrIefUrsm;ukdukdifouJhokdU &,laeonfhjypfrIrsm;ukd
ESifxkwfypf&rnfjzpfonf/
vlwdkif;aumif;pm;a&;0g'
vl o m;rsm;uk d wpf O D ; csif ; tay:av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;onf h
&yfwnfrIonf vlwdkif;aumif;pm;a&;pepfjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD0g'\
tajccHpdwf"mwfqo
dk nf wpfO;D csi;f aumif;rGerf Itay:&yfwnfaejcif;
jzpfonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDonf vlrI0ef;usif\e,fy,f
trsdK;rsdK;\ wpfpdwfwpfykdif;jzpfonf/ vlwpfOD;csif;jynfhpkHrIuom
vlr0I ef;usiw
f ;dk wufr\
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d ufco
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t&G,fa&mufolrsm;jzpfvmrnfqkdygu avmuBuD;onf tvkdvkd
aumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pD\ pm;? 0wf?
aea&;wkd;wufygu <u,f0csrf;omNyD;aysmf&TifzG,faumif;onfh vlrI
0ef;usifonf tvkdvkdjzpfay:vmrnf/ av;pm;wefzkd;xm;oifhonfrSm
]]vlwpfp}k }r[kw?f ]]uk,
d w
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dS nf]h ]vlwidk ;f }}
jzpfonf/
'Drkdua&pD0g'ESifh qefUusifaejcif;onf tmPm&Sif0g'jzpf
onf/ tmPm&Sif0g'onf wpfOD;wpfa,mufaumif;pm;onfhpepfukd
y,fcsjcif;jzpfonf[kqkd trsm;aumif;pm;a&;0g'ukd tckdiftrm
ukdifpGJajymqkdonf/

'Drkdua&pD

161

,if ; od k Y a jymqd k a om trsm;aumif ; pm;a&;0g'qk d o nf r S m

wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDukd av;pm;wefzkd;xm;jcif;r[kwf? wpfOD;csif;
ukdausmfvGefNyD; vlrI0ef;usifwpfckvkH;ukd av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onf/
vlrsKd ;pkwpfcv
k ;Hk qkjd cif;rsKd ;? Ekid if w
H pf0ef;vk;H qkjd cif;rsKd ;ukd wefz;dk t&Sq
d ;Hk [k
,lqjcif;jzpfonf/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;? EkdifiHrsm;qkdonf vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf
csif;qkdonfukdausmfvGefumtm;vkH;ukdNcKHNyD; t&mwpfcktaejzifh
ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;NyD; ,if;wpfckvHk;u wkd;wufoGm;onf[k,lqjcif;
jzpfonf/
vlr0I ef;usit
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dk nfrmS wpfO;D
csif;pD\wefzkd;ukd todtrSwfrjyK? wpfOD;csif;pDonf wpfckvkH;twGuf
tepfemcH&rnf[k oifxm;onf/
vlrsKd ;pkEidk if q
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h &mjzpfonfudk vufc&H
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vQif vlrsdK;pkwpfckvkH;\BuD;yGm;wkd;wufrIqkdjcif;onf rnfodkY&SdEkdif
rnfenf;/ Ekid if o
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I dk
onfrSm tjcm;r[kwf/ EkdifiHwGif&Sdonfh vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pD\
wk;d wufatmifjrifryI ifjzpfonf/ vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f pD\wefz;dk ukd
vufrcHbJ vlrI0ef;usifwpfckvkH;ukdwefzkd;&Sdonfht&mqkdum acgif;xJ
kdufoGif;jcif;onf tmPm&Sifpepf\vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/
tmPm&Sifonfjynfolrsm;tm; ,if;uJhokdUajymqkdTefMum;NyD;
jynforl sm;u pGeUf vTwt
f epfemcH&ef wGeUf qkwrf aeapa&;twGuBf uzH ef
onf/ jynfolrsm;twGuf[kqdkum ]]trsm;aumif;zkdU ukd,fusdK;pGefU}}
...qkdonfh rl0g'ukdtwif;tusyfvkyfaqmifonf/

162

'Drkdua&pD

trsm;aumif;pm;a&;0g'onf 'Dru
dk a&pD0g'ukd Iwcf s&eftwGuf
'Dru
dk a&pDonf wpfu,
dk af umif;qefonf0h g'jzpfjcif;aMumifh 'Dru
dk a&pD
EkdifiHu jynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHtay:apwemenf;NyD; EkdifiHcspfpdwf"mwf
enf;yg;onf[kqkdonf/
'Dru
dk a&pD0g'onf Ekid if \
H tav;xm;&rnft
h &mukd ESv;Hk oGi;f
xm;onf/ ukd,fhEkdifiH\cspfjrwfEkd;&rnfht&monf rnfonfqkdjcif;ukd
od x m;onf / Ek d i f i H t wG u f [ k q k d u m Ek d i f i H o m;wpf O D ; wpf a ,muf
taejzifh &oifhonfhvGwfvyfcGifhESifh &ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd paw;ypf&rnfukd
tqkH;pGefqefUusifonf/ EkdifiHonf vlrI0ef;usif\zGJUpnf;ykHpepfukd
xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; jynfolrsm;\aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrI? wkd;wufrIrsm;jym;
vmap&eftwGuf vkdtyfonfhtjzpfudkom tav;xm;oifhonf/
jynfolrsm;u twlwuGBudK;yrf;vkyfaqmif? tjyeftvSefaz;rulnDNyD;
pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;ESifh wnfaqmufxm;onfh EkdifiHawmfjzpfrSom cspfjrwf
Ekd;avmufonfht&mjzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD0g'wGif tav;
xm;qkH;t&monf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pD\pm;0wfaea&;jynfhpkHrI
jzpfNyD; wpfOD;csif;pD\pnf;vkH;nDGwfrI? yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIaMumifh
vltm;vkH;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmonfh vlrI0ef;usiftwGif;u pm;0wf
aea&;yifjzpfonf/ EkdifiHonf vlrI0ef;usiftwGif; pm;0wfaea&;
ykdrkdaumif;rGefwkd;wufatmifxdef;odrf;NyD; wkd;wufa&;twGufwnf&Sd
onfh EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfckyifjzpfonf/
trsm;aumif ; pm;a&;0g'\pOf ; pm;yk H o nf jynf w G i f ; wG i f
Ekid if o
H m;wpfa,mufcsif;pD\tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pm;0wfaea&;
ukd eif;acszsufqD;rIwpfckwnf;aMumifh tE&m,f&Sdonfr[kwfay/
jynfyukdOD;wnf tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;\tusdK;tjrwfrsm;ukd xdckduf
zsuf q D ; &ef 0ef r av;onf h t jyKtrl j zpf o nf / trsm;aumif ; pm;
a&;0g'onf Ekid if t
H m;vk;H \tcsKyt
f jcmtmPmESihf vkNH cKaH &;ukd wef;wl
tav;xm;&mwGif rdrw
d pfEidk if w
H nf;uom urmay:wGif twk;d wuf

'Drkdua&pD

163

qk;H ? av;pm;p&mtaumif;qkH;EkdifiHjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf/ tjcm;

EkdifiHrsm;rnfokdUyifjzpfapumrl rdrdEkdifiHom;tm;aumif;vmrnfqkdygu
NyD;onf[kpOf;pm;onf/ xGufay:vmonfhqkH;jzwfcsufrSm rdrdEkdifiH
tiftm;aumif;&eftwGuf rnfonfhtvkyrf qkv
d yk rf nfqo
dk nfh Ekid if H
wpfEidk if t
H aejzifh wpfu,
dk af umif;qefonfh0g'jzpfNyD; EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynf
rsm;ukdvufeufESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? tiftm;okH; tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiH\
e,fajrukd odrf;ykdufjcif;rsm;vkyfonfh usL;ausmfonfh0g'jzpfonf/
trsm;aumif;pm;a&;0g'onf ppf\ab;tE&m,frsm;ukd zdwfac:&m
a&mufEidk o
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xyfrjzpf&eftwGuf trsm;aumif;pm;a&;0g'qkdonfh trSm;BuD;ukd
aemufwpfBudrfxyfrvkyfoifhay/
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dk a&pD0g'onf wpfO;D csi;f pD\wefz;dk ESihf *kPo
f u
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EkdifiHom;rsm;ukd av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onfomru tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;
u EkdifiHom;rsm;ukdvnf; wef;wlnDrQvlom;rsm;taejzifh av;pm;
wefzkd;xm;onf/ rdrdEdkifiH<u,f0csrf;omjcif;ESifh wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;vnf; twlwuG<u,f0csr;f omapcsio
f nf/ xGuaf y:
vmjcif;u [efaqmifrIuif;rJhonfh EkdifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
qkdonfh tjyKtrljzpfNy;D t&nftaoG;jrifrh m;onfu
h rmh Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd
tumtuG,fay;onfh pdwf"mwfyifjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD0g'ESifhom
urmonf wpfjznf;jznf;wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;jzpfvmayrnf/ EkdifiH
toD;oD;u olwUdk \xl;jcm;csuu
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dk ok;H jyKNy;D uk,
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cHpm;EkdifrnfhurmBuD; wjznf;jznf;ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfonf/

164

'Drkdua&pD

tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0w&m;
vlwdkif;aumif;pm;a&;pepfonf rdro
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rdrdukd,fukd av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onfqkdjcif;onf rdrd\pkdufvuPm
ukdwefzkd;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD; rdrd\rSefuefonfhtcGifhta&;ukd tum
tuG,fay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ pku
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rdrdtusifhpkdufukd aumif;rGefatmifBudK;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/ rrSefuef
onfhtcGifhta&;ukd axmufjyajymqkdonfholonf tvm;wlolwpfyg;
\ rSefuefonfhtcGifhta&;ukdvnf; tav;xm;&rnf/ rdrd\tusifh
pku
d rf aumif;bJ? olwpfyg;\av;pm;rIudk vkcd si
f r&yg/ tjcm;olrsm;
\&yfwnfrIukd tav;rxm;bJ/ rdrd\&yfwnfrIukd vufcHckdif;r&yg/
vlwdkif;aumif;pm;a&;pepfonf wpfOD;csif;pD\tcGifhta&;ukd tav;
xm;NyD; wpfOD;csif;pD\wm0efukdvnf; tav;xm;onf/ wpfOD;
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vIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH; tqifajyajyacsmacsmarGUarGUvkyfaqmif E k d i f & ef
arQmfvifh&rnfjzpfonf/
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vkyfaqmifrItm;vkH;ukd wm0ef,l&onf/ wpfckckvkyfMunfhtqifajy
oGm;onfhtcg &ydkifcGifhrsm;ukdtBuD;tus,ftckdiftrmajymqkdNyD;
usIH;oGm;onfhtcg csufcsif;tjcm;vlukd tjypfajymjcif;uJhodkYaom
vkyef nf;vky[
f efrsm;onf ol&aJ bmtaMumifq;Hk aomvky&f yfjzpfonf/
vlwkdif;rdrdwm0efukdxdef;odrf;? rdrdxl;jcm;csufukd aumif;rGefpGmtokH;
csNyD; wm0ef,lpdwftjynfhESifh rdrdwm0efukdxrf;aqmifjcif;r[kwfygu
vlrI0ef;usifwkd;wuf&efarQmfvifhr&ay/
abhpfabmukdMunfhygu ypfoluabmvkH;udkypf? zrf;olu
abmvkH;ukdzrf;onf/ Shortstop rSm&SdolxHodkY abmvkH;a&mufvmonfh
tcg olucsufcsif;zrf;NyD; Second base u vlxHypf? Second base

'Drkdua&pD

165

uaecsufcsif; First base ukdypfNyD; double play jzpfatmifvkyfrnf/

right field ESifh center field Mum;xJusonfh abmvkH;ukd ESpfOD;NydKifNyD;
zrf;&efajy;oGm;onfhtcg right field u upm;orm;u ajcwpfvSrf;
apmaeonfqkdygu center field u tm;upm;orm;u tNydKifrvkbJ
aemufqkwfay;rnf/ abhpfabmwGif ukd;OD;pvkH;u toD;oD;rwlonfh
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh ukd,fhxl;jcm;csufukdaumif;aumif;tokH;cs&if;ESifh
vl w pf a ,muf w nf ; u ajcrsm;vuf r sm;uk d vI y f & S m ;aeouJ h o k d U
tm;vkH;u wnDwGwfwnf;jzpfNyD; tm;vkH;twlwuG&nfrSef;csuq
f D
OD;wnf tyfcsnw
f pfrQipf mrQyifrvGaJ pbJ yl;aygif;vkyaf qmifonf/
'Drkdua&pD0g'\vlrI0ef;usiftwGif;u b0onfvnf; emrnfausmf
abhpfabmvftoif; upm;onfhtwkdif; jzpfrnfqdkygu tvGef
aumif;rGefrnfjzpfonf/
vl r I 0 ef ; usif b 0onf tvG e f a wmf o nf h t m;upm;orm;
ukd;OD;ESifh upm;onfhabhpfabmESifhrwlyg/ &Gmwpf&Gmwnf;rSmyif
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172

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183

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186

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194

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195

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'Drkdua&pD

197

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198

'Drkdua&pD

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200

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'Drkdua&pD

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'Drkdua&pD
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206

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'Drkdua&pD

207

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208

'Drkdua&pD

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210

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'Drkdua&pD

211

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212

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'Drkdua&pD

213

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214

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'Drkdua&pD

215

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216

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230

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232
'Drkdua&pD
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xl ; cRef o nf h t awG ; tjrif & S d a om vl w k d U \pOf ; pm;awG ; ac:rI o nf
vlenf;pkjzpfonf[kqdkvsifvspfvsLIcH&Edkifonf/ onfrSm ]]ta&
twGuf EdkifiHa&;jzpfNyD; ynmrJY? vlrkduftkyfpkEkdifiHa&;}}jzpfonf[k
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tmPm&Sipf epfyifjzpfonf/ trsm;pk\qEEiS v
hf yk af qmifonfh 'Dru
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pku vTr;f rk;d rItpm;Pfynmtjynfq
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tmPm&Sifpepf EkdifiHa&;tay:jynfolvlxk\a0zefrIrsm;ukd ydwfyif
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EkdifiHa&;udkvufrcHbJ t<uif;rJYtcG ifYtmPmukdcsKyfudkifxm;onfh

233
'Drkdua&pD
tmPm&Siftay:tvkH;pkHtm;ukd;tm;xm;jyKonf/ wpfckwnf;aom
rl0g'ukyd if wpkdufrwfrwfvkyfaqmifonf/
tmPm&Sipf epf\'Dru
dk a&pDtay:xk;d ESuaf 0zefonfh tcsuf
wpfcsufrSm ]]wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;udk OD;pm;ay;onfht,ltq}}
yifjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDwGif vlom;wdkif;onf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;
taeESifhomwlnDrQNyD; tjcm;olwkdU\vGwfvyfrIudk rxdyg;oa&GU
wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;\vGwfvyfrIudktmrcHonf/ okdU&mwGif tmPm
&Si0f g'Drsm;onf vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f pD olwUkd \tcGit
hf a&;twGuf
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rnfrSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsi;f r[kwb
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tmPm&Sif0g'}} udkqkyfudkifonf/ tmPm&Sit
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toufudkyg0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESifh ay;qyf&rnfqo
kd nfrmS t<uif;rJh
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tmPm&Sifpepfonf 'Drkdua&pDokH;pGJaeonfh trsm;pk\qE
oabmxm;ESifh qkH;jzwfonfudk a0zef&SKwfcsonf/ trsm;\qE
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jzpfonf/ okdU&mwGif tmPm&SifwkdU\qkH;jzwfcsufqkdygu jynfol

234
'Drkdua&pD
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trsm;pk\Ekid if aH &;}} [kqv
dk Qif tmPm&SiEf idk if aH &;onf wpfMurd w
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EkdifiHa&;}} yifjzpfonf/
vlwkdUonf bk&m;ocifr[kwfay/ xkdUaMumifY vlwkdU\tawG;
tac:rsm;rSm rnfokdUtaetxm;wGif jzpfaptrSm;rsm;&Sdwwfonf/
okdU&mwGif vlom;wkdU\qifjcifwkHw&m;\tm;omcsufonf trSm;
t,Gif;rsm;vkyfrdvQifvnf; jyifqif&efwwfEdkifayonf/ tmPm&Sif
pepfonftrSm;vkyrf v
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toHrxGuv
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'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh&Sd EdkifiHa&;orm;
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tcsufonf vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhESifh ,SOfa omtrsm;\qE E S i f h
qHk;jzwfjcif; tajccHoabmxm;\taumif;qHk;tm;omcsufjzpfonf/

235
'Drkdua&pD
'Drdkua&pDonf vlom;tm;vHk;udkarQmfvifhcsufrsm;? w&m;rQwrIrsm;
qDokdUac:aqmifomG ;rnfh wpfcw
k nf;aomvrf;jzpfonf/
tmPm&Sifpepfonf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh
0g'udkwdkufcdkufNyD; vGwfvyfjcif;udkOD;pm;ay;onfh0g'ukdH I Ucsonf/
xkdUaemuf wpfEdkifiHvHk;? vlrsdK;wpfpkvHk;wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIudk jynfolU
wm0eftjzpfowfrSwfonfh t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifpepf\t,ltqudk
qkyfudkifonf/ okdU&mwGif Edik if w
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a&;qko
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taMumif;jyNyD;xkwfjyefonfh tmPm&Sif\trdefUESifh jynfolwkdUudk
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ae&mwGi f jynfolwkdU\vlom;wpfa,muft jzpf v G w f v yf r I E S i f h
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olUtvkdustwdik ;f t"razmfaqmifrnfqo
dk nfh twGi;f pdwu
f ed ;f atmif;
aeonf/
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k d a&pDonf wpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f udak v;pm;onf/ wpfa,muf
csif;\vGwfvyfrIudktav;xm;onf/ okdU&mwGif 'Drdkua&pD\&yfwnf
csufonfrSefuefonfh ]]wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh0g'}}
jzpfNyD; ]]wpfu,
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f rQrsm;jym;onfh
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xm;onf rdrdwpfOD;wnf;\tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom arQmfrSef;NyD; tjcm;

236
'Drkdua&pD
olwkdU\uHMurmudk tenf;i,frQyifacgif;xJrxnfhaom wpfudk,f
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rdrd\tpGrf;ESifh &,lwnfaqmufxm;onfh om,m0ajymrIomvQif
trSefwu,fvlom;\ trSefwu,fom,m0ajymrIjzpfjcif;aMumifh
ae&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDonf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;\ om,m0ajym
rI u d k aES m if h , S u f z suf q D ; jcif ; r&S d a ponf h twd k i f ; twmtwG i f ; ?
om,m0ajymrI&,lEikd o
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pm;0wfaea&;aumif;rGefvmrnfqdkygu xkEd ikd if o
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