Technical Handbook Contents 1. Specification & Material Properties —® at Specifications 4 1.2 Characteristic Strength 4 13° Weld 4 14 Ribbed Fabric 5 15 Rust 5 2. Fabric 24 Standard Fabric o 6-7 22 Special Fabric 8-11 23 Twin Wire Fabric 12 24 Staggered Fabric 19-14 * Basis of Staggered Fabric - Curtailment of Bars 5 * Applications of Staggered Fabric 16 25 — Engineered Fabric 7 ** Applications of Engineered Fabric 18 4, Building Code Requirement 41 Bend 20 42 Anchorage 20 43 Laps 21 4.4 Anchorage of fabric used as links ral 4.5 — Spacing of Renforcement 22 4.8 Minimum Reinforcement in slab 22 4.7 Deflection ‘ 22 5. Design 5.1 Subsiitution of Steel Reinforcement 23-24 5.2 Design 25 + One way stab 25-34 + Two way stab 25-34 * Flat slab 25-34 + Pad Footing 35-37 5.3 Shear Wall Fabric Detailing Example 38-39 6. Non-suspended Slabs and Pavements on the Ground _ * Crack Control 40Technical Brisk Steel Products Sdn Bhd Handbook Brisk Steel Products Sdn Bhd (BSP) was incorporated in 1980. BSI a subsidiary of the listed Southern Stee! Bethad, and is the leading stee! fabric manufacturer in the country with its production plants strategically located in Klang, Prai and Pasir Gudang, Equipped with electronically controlled welding machines with distinctive welding features, the company has broadened its fabric types into Engineered Fabric in addition to the conventional standard fabric. ‘As one of the largest specialist fabric producer, BSP is a leader in innovation and development in ts fields of specialization. Disclaimer itis desired to make clear that whist Brisk Stee! Products Sdn Bhd does the best to ensure that any advice, recommendation or information i may give is accurate, no lability or responsibilty of any Kind (including lablity for rnagigence) is acoapted by the company, is servants or agents inthis respect.Technical Handbook Preface ‘Welded wire fabric is a prefabricated sheet consisting of a series of high-strength wires welded together in square or rectangular grids. The smaller diameter, more closely spaced wires of welded wire fabric have proven to provide more uniform stress distribution and more effective crack control in slabs and walls as compared to larger-diameter rebars. The wide range of wire sizes and spacing available makés it possible to furnish almost exactly the cross-sectional steel area required. ‘The ease and speed with which welded fabric can be handled and installed considerably reduces placing time and consequently reduces the cost of the installed reinforcement. Reduced construction time is of particular benefit to the owner allowing earlier occupancy of the structure, hence reducing total construction cost. This manual provides welded wire fabric product information, material specification, design ‘and dealing requirements, and various tables and design aids for design engineers and those Involved in the construction of reinforced conerete structures.Technical Handbook 1.Specification & Material Properties 1.1 Specification ‘The Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) publishes specifications for steel wire and welded steel fabric. ‘The appropriate Malaysian and also British Standards are given in following table :- Standard Title Ms 144: 2001 ‘Specification for Cold Reduced Mild Steel Wire For the Reinforcement of Conorete BS 4482 : 1988 Ms 145. : 2001 Specification for Welded Stee! Fabric For the Reinforcement of Concrete BS 4483 : 1998 1.2 Characteristic Strength MS 144 and MS 145 stipulate the minimum requirement for characteristic yield strength of welded fabric Grade Min. characteristic strength Nimm2 485 500 1.3 Weld Welded stee! fabric is manufactured with automatic welding machines, where wires are welded together in square or rectangular grids. ‘The weld is formed by a controlled combination of pressure, intensity and duration of electric current to develop a fusion of the wires. Welded steel fabric utilizes welded intersections for bond and anchorage.Technical Handbook 1.4 Ribbed Fabric Ribbed Fabric has been widely used as reinforcement for concrete structures in Malaysia and many developed countries. ‘Advantages of ribbed fabric are + higher bond and anchorage characteristics ofits ribbed wire ribbed wite is cold-rolled produced - the rolling process give rise to uniform plastic flow in the material ‘The results - more consistent properties and better ductility ‘+ crack widths in concrete elements are controlled to the through bond effect of ribbed wire as compared to plain wire. : eee 1um because force is well distributed ) 1.5 RUST BS 8110 Clause 7.4 Surface Condition states “Reinforcement should not be surrounded by concrete unless its free from mud, oll, paint, retarders, loose rust, loose mill scale, snow, ice, grease or any other substance which can be shown to affect adversely the steel or concrete chemically, or reduce the bond. Normal handling prior to embedment in the concrete is usually sufficient for the removal of loose rust and scale from reinforcement." Loose rust is removed during handling and shaking of reinforcement. It is not advisable to strike the reinforcement. Any surface rust which remains on the fabric is not harmful and will increase the bond and anchorage Properties of fabric. Wire brushing is unnecessary and may reduce the bond on plain steel wire.Technical Handbook 2.Fabric © 2. Standard Fabric The preferred fabrics are categorised as follows: Tyee A square fabric - 200 x 200 mm spacing Type B rectangular fabric - 100 mm main wire spacing 200 mm cross wire spacing Typec long fabri - 100 mm main wire spacing 4400 mm cross wire spacing ‘pe D small square fabric- 100 x 100 mm spacing BSP Standard Fabrics are shown in Table 2.1. Standard fabrics could be selected from this table. + [Example] area of steel requited a slab design specify B10 main direction 769 mm*im 785 mm"/m 192 mm‘im 252 mmm, “from BSP Standard Fabric Table 2.1, select fabric B10.Table 2.1 BSP Standard Fabric SQUARE FABRIC An3 664 664 13 13 200 200 10.43 ar 566 566 2 12 200 200 889 At 478 475 1 1 200 200 746 Ato 393 999 10 10 200 200 16 Ag 318 318 8 8 200 200 4.99 AB 252 252 8 8 200 200 3.95 AT 193 193 7 7 200 200 3.02 AG 142 142 6 6 200 200 222 AS 98 98 5 5 200 200 154 013 1927 1327 13 13 100 100 20.86 or 1131 1131 2 12 100 100 1278 bit 950 950 " 1" 100 100 1491 D10 785 785 10 10 100 4100 1282 be 636 636 9 9 100 100 be 503 503 8 8 100 100 D7 385 385 7 7 100 100 Ds 283 283 6 6 100 100 Ds 196 196 5 5 100 100 RECTANGULAR FABRIC _ 2 S B13 1928 399 13 10 100 200 13.50 B12 1131 252 2 8 100 200 10.90 Bit 950 252 " 8 100 200 9.43 B10 735 252 10 8 100 200 and Bo 636 252 8 8 100 200 697 Ba 503 252 8 8 100 200 593 87 385 193 i 7 100 200 453 BS 283 193 6 7 100 200 “373 BS 196 193 5 7 100 200 3.05 cr 1131 128 12 8 100 400 987 on 950 128 " 8 100 400 44 cro 785 n 10 6 100 400 6.72 ce 635 7 8 6 100 400 5.55 ce 503 49 8 8 100 400 434 c7 385 43 7 5 100 400 341 | ce 283 49 6 5 100 400 261Teennicat Handbook 2.2 Special Fabric BSP Special Fabric offers designer a wider range of fabric selection to match closely to area of steel required in design, hence provides a more economical solution, BSP Special Fabri standard fabric table. give the combinations of wire diameter and spacing which are not in the range of Most commonly used Special Fabrics are tabulated in Table 2.2, Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 Notation for special fabric : spacing code - Main wire diameter / Cross wire diameter spacing code Wire spacing ( mm) Main Cross A 200 200 B 100 200 D 100 100 {for example: B 8/7 denotes special fabric of * diameter 8mm wire at 100 mm spacing (main direction.) + diameter 7mm wire at 200 mm spacing (cross direction.) Where standard fabric could not provide an economical design, the designer should specify special fabric. How to select Special Fabric * Using similar example as in Section 2.1 (Standard Fabric) area of steo! required in a slab design B10 e107 main direction (mm/m) 769 785 785 distribution direction (mm/m) 192 252 192 designer should specity B10/7 (7.68 kg/m?) from Table 2.4, which is more economical than B10 (8.14 kgim?).Technical Handbook Table 2.2 Special Fabric - A series © SQUARE FABRIC [ane [es] sss [me |e] a0] ao 388 { ANII1 664 475 13 " 200 200 8.94 | ww | ose | ae | cs | | 20 | am 3c. | wap | cet | oe | we |e | am | am mm woe | ee | as | a | 8 | 2m | 200 ze aon | ses | as | te | a | 200 | 200 sar wana | ses | os | 2 | wo | ao | 200 753 | wan | sas | aw | | 0 | 200 | 200 | me | wae | ss | at | oe | 8 | om | ooo 342 | war | sas | me | tz | 7 | mo | 200 395 | amo | as) owe | ot | | ao | aon sa ann | as | ow | on | 9 | 20 | mo | eas ave | as | oan | ot | 8 | oe | oo 57 | om | as fw | on | | a | amo 524 | ome | as foam | on | 8 | oo | amo so4 mae | oo | or | w | 0 | 200 | 200 ss moe | ox | an | i | 5 | oo | 20 508 wo7 | ov | we’ | w | 7 | am | am | 400 | moe fw | es | ow | 8 | om | oo “0 soe | ow | on | 0 | @ | am | am san | ASIT 318 192, 9 7 200 200 ag soe | ow | a | ce | 6 | am | am ast | nar | at | ee | 8 | 7 | om | om suo ee 3.08 | we | we | mt | 7 | 6 | a | 200 aceTechnical Handbook Table 2.3 Special Fabric - D series re Diam (mm) ‘SMALL SQUARE FABRIC oie | wer | nar |v 2 | 100 | 100 98 Diaitt 1327 | 950 | 13 it 10 | 100 1789 piano | tar | 7s] 0 | 10 | 100 1689 Drae ter | x6 | 13 9 ro | 100 1542 Disi8 wer | 03 | 13 8 100 | 100 sr pian nat | es |e i 10 | 100 1695 vino | war | 75 | te 1% | 10 | 100 1505 oi20 nar | ee | 2 9 10 | 100 1288 pias nat | soa |e 8 100 | 100 1283 pier nat | a5 | 2 7 10 | 100 niet ono wo | 7s | on w | 10 | 100 1368 Divi so | cs | ot Q 10 | 100 1246 one eso | 50g 1 8 10 | 100 tat p17 so | 965 i 7 10 | 100 1043 owe so | am | it 6 100 | 100 968 108 7s | ee | wo ° 10 | 100 17 Dios mes | soo | 1 8 100 | 100 0.12 pio 7s | 0 | 0 7 10 | 100 918 Dro ms | zo | 10 6 10 | 100 839 bee eos | 509 8 8 to | 100 ao a7 e3s | 38s 8 7 roo | 100 a0 ae cas | 28s ° 6 10 | 100 722 a7 soa | 38s 8 7 to | 100 eer Dave sos | 289 8 8 10 | 100 ear | ore ass | ass 7 6 10 | 100 524Technical Handbook Table 2.4 Special Fabric - B series pists | wor | os | i | ® | wo | 200 1864 siz | sor | ses | te | 2 | 100 | 200 user sian | azar | as | | on | 00 | 20 1416 sisio | wor | a | 1s | 1 | 10 | 200 1351 piso | tr | oe | as | 9 | wo | 200 1292 (erane | or | ses | 12 |e | 100 | 200 1992 | ain =| nor | as | vz | on | 100 | 200 re sino | wat | om | 2 | 1 | 100 | 200 97 pio | nat | oe | 2 | 2 | 10 | 200 noe BI2Z7 1131 192 12 7 100 200 10390 | | awn | 950 | as | om | or | 100 | 200 ‘20 anno | 90 | om | | 1 | 100 | 200 1055 ae | 00 | ow | 1 9 | 10 | 200 99 an7 | a0 | we | on 7 | 1 | 200 ase aie | oso | ua | 6 | 10 | 200 as7 sor | 75 | a | w | 1 | 100 | 200 025 swe | 75 | ow | wo | 9 | 100 | 200 67 aor | 7s | we’ | wo | 7 | 0 | 200 703 soe | 7s | wm | wo | 6 | so | 200 728 899 os | ow | 9 s | 10 | 200 749 897 cs | w2 | 9 wo | 200 est 396 m | 8 6 | 1 | 200 en 837 so | i | e 7 | 10 | 200 sao | 336 so | m | s e | 1 | 20 5.08 876 ws | mw | 7 6 | wo | 200 ans er mo | m | 6 6 | 1 | 200 a8 nTechnical Handbook 2.3 Twin Wire Fabric ‘Twin Wire Fabric consists of two main wires placed side by side welded to single cross wire. This fabric configuration gives 4 larger cross sectional area of main steel Common main wires spacing are 100mm, 150mm and 200mm. Other spacings are also possible. To specify ‘Twin Wire Fabric, the designer may consult BSP Technical Department for advice. ‘Twin Wire Fabric can be used in raft foundation, basement slabs, flat slab, etc. Notation for Twin Wire Fabric: In the example shown below, fabric B8 (2) /9 denotes: * Two mm wires at 100mm main spacing, * One Smm wire at 200mm cross spacing. + Bidenotes spacing code of 100mm (main), 200mm (cross) * 2) denotes twin wire us Baee e Ls pacerre | ‘MAIN DRAIN (TYPE_D com | prt ice | fe tue VOR | ER eae | leae] | a nal = | eee] Oe ea] em] aanTechnical Handbook » 2.4 Staggered Fabric A fond zone middle zone end zone In Staggered Fabric, main wires are arranged alternately in staggered manner. wil give 100% area of steel at the middle zone of the sheet and 50% arrangement of wires area of steel at both ends. ‘Staggered fabric is cost effective due to the following reasons it offer great steel savings as its steel cross section area could be arranged in zone corresponding to the zone of force direction. * curtailment of reinforcement can be readily manufactured in factory. one-layer large surface reinforcenent sheet could be used instead of having two layer of standard fabric to achieve curtailment patter. Placing speed is much faster. element of Staggered Fabric Line Wire Single and/ or double wires. Mixture of long and short wires Could be of different diameter. Diameter - 6 to 13 mm Cross Wire Only single wire. Same diameter. Diameter - 6 to 13 mm Fabric length up to 12m. (Longer fabric is available upon request) Fabric width Up to 2.4 m (Wider fabric is available upon request) 41314 Staggered Fabric Technical Handbook Staggered Fabric could be defined numerically according to fabric notation. Notations for Staggered Fabric: for Standard Fabric Standard Fabric Reference - Staggered Length 10 - 500 denotes : 410 mm main wire at 200mm spacing 410 mm cross wire at 200mm spacing 500 mm staggered length at both ends for Special Fabric Special Fabric Reference - Staggered Length BaT-425 denotes : 8 mm main wire at 100mm spacing (at middie) 7 mm cross wire at 200mm spacing 425 mm staggered length at both ends ‘The suffix (number) after fabric reference denotes staggered length at both ends and must be specified.Technical Handbook Basis of Staggered Fabri ‘The reinforcement designed to resist the maximum bending moment in a member can often be reduced over the regions where the moments are smaller. This is achieved by curtailing some of the bars at appropriate points. The rules governing curtailment of bars are stated in Clause 3.12.9 of BS8110. ‘The general rule is that ina flexural member every bar should extend beyond the point at which itis no longer required for a distance at least equal to the greater of * the effective depth of the member, or . 12 times the bar size. However , The codes also gives simpitied rules for curtalment of reinforcement for beams and slabs in clause 8.12.10. and 3.12,10.8. See figure below. | ous | [Pres san, pore | ete L.. 4Technical Handdook Applications of Staggered Fabric ‘Staggered Fabric could be used with considerable steel savings in top steel over support beam in slabs RC U-Drain and culvert ‘Typical Section of B.C. Drain ‘Typical U-Bend Staggered Mesh ‘Top steel over support beamTechnical Handbdook _) 2.5 Engineered Fabric Engineered Fabric is specially configured to suit certain specific design requirements. Engineered Fabric could not be defined with fabric notation. Each sheet requires a fabric configuration dt Engineered Fabric in single or double wires are illustrated below. . Examples of With these special fabric configurations, a more economical design could be produced. ‘The designer may consult BSP Technical Department for advice. | Dra | MESH 160-RE 12/8 (5080 X 0.94) WEIGHT/ SHEET - 34.07 KG Engineered Fabric Configuration Drawing18 Applications of Engineered Fabric Tochnicat Handbook Engineered Fabric could be used with considerable steel savings in almost any reinforced concrete structures, such as’ R.C.U-Drain top steel over drop panel in flat slab prefabricated cages: raft foundation a aes t 4 v ecb LETechnical Hanandook 3. Bar - Mat Bar Mats are prefabricated steel sheets consisting of a series of HIGH YIELD BAR welded together with small diameter cross WIRE. ‘The cross wires are purely carrier wires used to form a rigid assembly and are spaced typically at 1000 mm centre to centre. The exact spacing varies according to design requirements. if main steels are needed in both directions, bar mats can be laid at 90 degree to each other. See figure below. ‘The use of scheduled or detailed types of mats can offer further economies in material quantities. Bar mats can usually be placed by two people, without using crane. element of Bar - Mat Main Bar single high yield bar. Could be of different diameter. Diameter - 16 to 25mm Cross Wire used as cartier wire (non - structural) Diameter - 6 to 10mm Length up to 12m. (longer mat is available upon request). Width up to 2.4m (wider mat is available upon request) Length ‘ofmain bare Longth of Carer wie 100 tel 1 100 i ‘Typical bar mat layout in slabs.Technical Hangnook 4. Building Code Requirements in relation to Welded Steel Fabric PROVISION BS 8110 Clauses 4.1 Bend anze2e End anchorage in the form of hooks and bends should only be used to meet specific design requirements. Typical bends unm WIRE cross wine Single Bend Double Bend | 4.2 Anchorage 3.128 Table 3.29 | The force in a reinforcement bar at a section can only develop ifthe bar has, on either side of the section an appropriate embedment length of anchorage Values for anchorage lengths are given in table 3.29 as multiples of bar size. Generally, two welds are sufficient for welded fabric. 20Technical Handbook PROVISION BS 8110 © Clauses 4.3 Laps 3.12.8.18, Table 3.29 ‘Tension laps 8128.15 ‘Tension lap length should be at least equal to the design tension anchorage length necessary to develop the required stress in the reinforcement. Compression laps The length should be at least 25% more than the compression anchorage length. In the detailing of stee! fabric, two cross welds are provided to transfer the stresses. In sidelaps of one-way slabs, half yield strength laps with overlap of only one cross | weld are acceptable. This is commonly used in top (negative) reinforcement. Full yield strength lap should always be provided when lap length is not specified, evan 4 tet | | full yea strength tp hal yield strength laps | 4.4 Anchorage of fabric used as links A Link may be considered to be fully anchored when it has within the length of the | I anchorage, elther two welded transverse (cross) wires or a single welded wire of a | size not less than 1.4 times the size of the wire being anchored,22 Technical PROVISION 4.5 Spacing of reinforcement The code recommends minimum distances between bars to avoid congestion of reinforcement and the consequent difficulties in properly placing and compacting concrete. The minimum clear distance between bars should not be less than (hagg +5 :mm) or the diameter of the bar, where hag is the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. For maximum spacing requirements in slabs, the clear distance between bars should not exceed the lesser of 3d or 750 mm, 4.6 Minimum reinforcement in slabs Sufficient reinforcement should be provided to control cracks in the concrete. The minimum steel requirements are specified in Table 3.27 : a) forfy=250 0.24% of gross concrete area b) —_forfy= 480 or higher 0.13% of gross concrete area 4.7 Deflection Deflection is considered as a serviceability limit state. BS 8110 Part II deals with serviceability calculations in details. However, instead of working on the actual detlection, the code allows the checking of ratio of the effective span’ effective depth (Ud ratio) by deemed-to-satisfy provi Table 3.10 gives the basic effective span/ effective depth ratio and where appropriate the value should be modified by using values from tables 3.11 and 3.12 In general, the higher the stress in the steel, the higher the deflection. Compared to usage of high yield bars, fy = 460 N/mm2, steel fabric (because of fy = 485 N/mm?) gives higher deflection, in the region of 2.5% to 5% higher. Hand BS 8110 Clauses 3.42.44 3.12112 3.125 Table 3.27 Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Table 3.12 bookDO 5. Design Technical Handbook ) 5.1 Substitution of Steel Reinforcement BSP Fabric could substitute conventional steel bars in structural concrete members because the structural analysis and design is in accordance with standard code of practice such as BS 8110. However, the main differences are: + the steel yield stress fy for steel fabric is usually 485 Nimm2 as compared to 250 N/mm2 for mild stee! bars and 460 N/mm for high yield bars. ‘+ serviceability limit state because of higher yield stress used in fabric design Conversion Formula To find equivalent fabric area, the general conversion formula is: Asreq area of steel bar required in design (mm2/m) A fabric = At ee ‘yar yield strength of steel bar in design (.9.250 Nimm2 for mid steel bars, +460 Nim fr High Yield bars) ‘yteoie yield strength of fabric (eg. 485 Nimm2) | mild steel bar (fy=250 Nimm?) high yield bar (fy=460 Nimm?) 460 A fabric For easy reference, conversions of common bar diameter and spacing are tabulated in Table 5.1 and 5.2 Suitable fabric reference could be selected from fabric table based on converted equivalent steel area. 23Technical Handbook bar sizo | a 100 1251801750025 2507300 RIO CE ne fabric 4059242701080 6218S Ria bar 1131-905. ~=«754~=~=C«AS*«CSSC*«COSSC*«SSSCTSSC*C«T fabric 5834689893339 33th Rie bar 201 1608 ~—~+1340~«1T49~=~«SNO0S~=~=~«COSCSC*COSSCSCSSCSC«CW TON fabri__ 1038629812518 1S 3778S 20 bar 31422513 20941795 1571 1206 1257 1142 1047 fabric 1619 1296 = 1080-92510 Table 5.2 Equivalent steel area for High Yield Bars ( Pere Spaci 100125180175 225 250275300 To a a a me StS fabric 745 596497426 sai 208 at 2a Te a 50s 452~~*~C«SCSCST fabric 1073858715613. a7 429390358 | Tie bar 201 1608 ——~«1940~—~—~«1149 Boe 804—~SCBTSC TO, fabric __1907__1526__1271__+1090 gas 763683636 T20 bar 3142-2513 2094 1795 1398 1257 11421047 fabric 2080238419 1 3324192108499 ‘Note:Cross sectional area in mm2im width. Numbers shown in bold are equivalont area in fabric. [example main distribution reinforcement bar specified 716-250 T10-300 * area of steel (mm?) 804 262 + equivalent area in fabric- (Table 5.2) 763 288 * select B10 (Table 2.1) 785 251 “The designer could spectty fabric B10 selected from Table 2.1 ‘Altematively, corwersion formula could be used 24» 5.2 Design * One-way Spanning Solid Slab The code states in Clause 9.5.2.4 that where the spans of the slab are approximately equal and conditions set out in Clause 3.5.2.3 of BS 8110 : 1997 are met, the moments and Shears in continuous one-way spanning slab may be calculated using the coefficients given in Table 3.12. The curtailment of reinforcement designed in accordance with Table 3.12 may be carried out in accordance with provision of 3.12.10.8 and Fig. 3.25 of the code. ‘The design of one-way spanning slab by using coefficients in Table 3.12 of BS 811 in Example 5.1 * Two-way Spanning Solid Slab The design method adopted by BSP for two-way spanning slab is based on BS 8110: 1997 section 3.5.3. The bending moments and shear force coefficients are given in Table 3.14 and Table 3.15 of the code respectively The reinforcement is to be detailed in accordance with the simplified rules for curtailment of bars in slabs given in section 3.12.10.3 and shown in Fig. 3.25 of the code. ‘The design of two-way spanning slab by using coefficients in Table 3.14 and 3.15 of BS 8110 : 1997 is ilustrated in Example 5.2. * Flat Slabs ‘The flat slab is defined in BS 8110 : 1997 Clause 1.3.2.1 as a slab with or without drops, supported generally without beams by columns with or without column heads. ‘The design of flat slab is covered in BS 8110 : 1997, section 3.7. The slab reinforcement is designed to resist moment derived from Tables 3.12 and 3.18 of the code. Reinforcement can be detailed in accordance with the simplified rules given in Clause 3.12.10.3 and Fig.3.25 of the code. The design of internal panel by using simplified method as stated in Clause 3.7.2.7 of the code is illustrated in Example 5.3. ‘technical HanedookTechnical Handbook Example : 5.1 | PRINTED ON 2 13-Jun-03 | DISKETTE/FILENAME | Example | a) Fy, STEEL = 485 Nimm? ' 'b) CONCRETE GRADE = 25 Nim? | cover-sorrom 18mm | | TOP 15 mm | | |GRID LINE | [SLAB NO st PLOAOING™ | rickNess nr 1a | JFINISHES, (kN/m?) 1,00 |PARTITION, (kNim? ) 1,00 | |eaD Loa, (wm?) 5.00 | |IMPOSED LOAD, (kNim?) 3.00 } 40.44. 6LL ain) 1180 | lewority im) 1000 |WIDTH, Lx (m) 4.00 | tx 250 | err ocr. o-80T70M 10s (mm) TOP 40s |8.M COEFF/B. MOMENT Coefi__kNm_| Coe kNm | Coeff kNm | Coeff __kNm | WMecootins® one | crs tae | | +My 0.000 0.00] | mw | 0008 1624 | My 0.000 0.00] | [AREA OF STEEL mati, REQD prov | REQD PROV | REQD PROV | REQD PROV | Min Asto.19%6BH 163 \ | Jastap.m0.95« +a 312509] | asd) oy 0 2a | x | et 3a | | ever ARM. Ay o 166) = | | | [Gace DertecTOn BS SiO TABLESIO | Serice Stress Ninn 700 |MIBD? 1.28 | Mex, Factor 101 | Atiowabie span, m 438 | [bertection ok. BSP PROVIDED | ‘BOTTOM Xenis 22 vans ror Kas ator ans 295 Notes: Axdy denotes dia, x mm main wite@200em spacing de and dia. ymm cross wre@200mm spacing oe B nly denotes cia. xmm main wire@100mm spacing cle and gia. y mm cross wire@200mm spacing cle DA wy denotes dia. xmm main wire@ 100mm spacing cle anc dia. y mm eross wire@100mm spacing cle 26Handdook Technical Ly=10000 SECTION A-AExample : 5.2 Hange PRINTED ON Jun 13, 03 DISKETTE/FILENAME PROJECT Example 9) Fy STEEL, = 485 Nimm2 D)CONCRETEGRADE = = «25 Nimm2 COVER-BOTTOM = 18mm Top = 8mm [eri une [SLAB NO. LOADING? [THICKNESS\h (mm) 108 FINISHES, owim2) 100 JPARTITION, (ktuen2) 4.00 JOEAD LOAD, (kNIm2 ) 5.00 IMPOSED LOAD, (kNim2 ) 3.00 4. 40L+1.6LLw (kn) 4180 JLENGTH.Ly (m) 6.00 lwioTe.Lx(m) 400 Lyx 150 |EFF DEPTH 0-BoTTOM 108 (mm TOP 105 [EM COEFFI MOMENT ‘Goat iim | Coott kim | Cooft iim | Coeff im Jesse 7 ee avy | 9028 529] mx | 0058 1095] -wy | 0037 al JAREA OF STEEL main REQD PROV | REGD PROV | REGD PROV | REGD PROV. Min et. 0-13%66H 16 Ast=B. (0 85x he a7 189i 4851.20) shy 27133] ~ 238 252 rr La=Lever ARM Ay 12168 = [HECK DEFLECTION BS SIOTABLE S10 Service Stress,Nimm2 2 lwe02 o74 Mod, Factor 147 JAlowable span, m 402 DEFLECTION OK jasP PROVIDED “BOTTOM Xeie ar Y aie sT0P Kans aa Y avis 265 Notes A xy denotes da, x mm main wre@20Gmm spacing oe and da. y mm otoss wre@200nm epacing ce Buy denetes dia xm main wiro@!00mm epacing cle and da. y mm cross wire@200mim spacing cle DA wy denotes di, x mm main wire@100%mm spacing cl and da. y mm cross wire@@’ 100mm spacing cleTechnical Handbook ® y= 6000 Section A-A Section 8-830 Example Example given below is for illustration purpose oniy. FLAT SLAB DESIGN - INTERNAL PANEL, Column with, Ly 600 mm Drop panel width = 2660 mm Panel length, 8000 mm Panel length, Ly 8000 mm Concrete grade, t,, 30 Nimme Stee! Yield strength , 485 Nimm? Conerete cover = 25 mm Slab thickness, h = 250 mm Drop pane thickness 200 mm Effective depth at drop 410 mm Effective depth at slab = 240 mm Loading : Dead load = 6.59 kNim2 Fishes 1.00 kNim? Parton 0.00 kim? Imposed load 5.00 kNim2 Uttmate design load, n 18.54 kNim? Loe = 2680 mm From Table 3.12, BSB110: 1097 Firs Interior Support, Moment, M . 753.59 kNm CConier of Interor Span Moment, M 552.00 kNm Interior Support, Moment, M . 52.00 kNm Distribution of design moment, able 8.18, BS8110 : 1997 CENTER OF INTERIOR SPAN Moment, M 552,00 kNm With of column stip - 2660 mm Widta of middle strip 5340 mm Proportion of moment = 0.60 taken by middle strip Proportion of moment = 040 taken by column strip Middle strip positive moment 33162 kNm Column strip positive moment 220.39 kNm Technical Bars dia Handbook 10mm 4900 mmContinue For Middle Strip: Moment, M K=Mibd#t,, Z= of0'54(0.25-K00.9)"2) 0.84 Use z As = M0.95,z = Ag min (0-1801/100) Provide 2 layer of D10, As For Column Strip: Moment, Mt K=Mibg,, Z = d[0.5+(0.25-K00.9)!] o.986 Usez As = M0.981,z E Provide 1 layer of D11, AS INTERIOR SUPPORT Moment, Width of column strip Width of middle strip Proportion of moment taken by middle strip Proportion of moment taken by column stip Middle strip negative moment Column strip negative moment For Middle Strip: Moment, M K= Mba, Z = dl0.5+(0.25-Ki0.9)"2] 095d Use z As = M0.9512 Provide 1 layer of 010, As For Column Strip: Moment, M 331.62 kNm 0.0469 198.41 mm 199.50 mm 198.41 mm, 3628 mm? 679 mm? /m 325 mm? /m 1870 mm? /m 220,39 kNm 0.0628 194.20 mm, 199.50 mm, 194.20 mm, 2463 mm? 1928 min? im. 950 mm2 fm 1552.00 kNm 2860 mm 5340 mm 0.33 067 184.23 KNm 36777 kNm 184.23 kNm 0.0261 203.73 mm 199.50 mm 199.50 mm, 2004 mm? 375 mm? /m 393 mm? /m 96777 kNm 0274 39710 mm 389.50 mm 389.50 mm 2049 mm? 770 mmr? jm Technical Hangs 4000 mimTechnical Handbook Continue siavacrnsiarnnanana| Two third ofthe rilorcoment should be placed win canter half ofthe column stip. (Clause 2.73.1) | 218 As 1366 mm? 4027 min? fm Provide 2layer of D9,As = 4272 mm? /m PUNCHING SHEAR CHECK ‘Atcolurmn head Perimeter, u = 2400 mm Shear, V = 1180.07 kN ‘To allow forthe effects of moment transfer, Vis increased by 15%, (Clause 3.76.2) Effective shear, Ver = 1957.08 kN Shear stress, = 138 Nimme <__ lesser of 0.8(f,)"? or 5 Nimm? oK For fist etical perimeter 15d trom column face. Perimeter, 7320 mm Shear, V 1124.65 kN. Effective shear, Vey 1293.35 KN Shear stress, Vv 043 Nimm? Concrete stress, Ve 0.48 Nimme > 0.43.Nimm? OK At drop panel: Perimeter, w = 10640 mm Shear, V = 1055.55 kN Effective shear, Voq 1213.88 kN Shear stress, V 0.54 Nimm? < lesser of 0.8(f)"# or 5 Nim? ok For first ertcal perimeter 15d from edge of drop panel. Perimeter, u 49160 mm Shear, V 986.04 KN Effective shear, Veg 1133.94 kN Shear stress, ¥ 0.41 Nim? Concrete sires, Vv 0.67 Nimm? > 0.41 Nim? OK DEFLECTION ‘The calculation are made for the middle strip using total moment at mid span and the average of column and middie strip tension stoo! ‘Span moment, M 552.00 kn | Mpg 156 AAs, req, £803 mm? fm As, prov = 1260 mm? /m Service stress, f, 205.97 Nimm? | Modification factor = 147 < 20 OK From Table 3.9,BS 8110 : 1997 Basic Lid = 26 Limiting Lid 38.13 | Actual Lid = 38.10 < 38.13 OK SETTechnical Handbook ont JA _ peace _A T on ove UB | oat | o ante See ot || of | Bl to jes) BOTTOM FABRIC |a | ae | UA. ! ae wo || ae - | soe Se 1B a 7 "0 |e = — | | mn ra eae at ail oa L— TOP FABRIC ue 0% Section 8-8‘peehnical Handbook © Pad Footing Design ‘The design of pad footings is covered in BS 8110 : 1997, section 3.11 Bases. The size of a foundation bearing directly on the ground depends on the safe bearing pressure of the soil, which is taken to mean the bearing pressure that can be imposed without causing excessive settlement. In general, site load tests and laboratory tests on soil samples should be carried out to determine soil properties for foundation design. ‘The design loading to be considered when calculating the base areas should be those apply tothe serviceability limit state whereas the design to determine the structural strength of the bases, that is the thickness of the bases and the areas of reinforcement, should be based on the loading and the resultant ground pressures corresponding to the ultimate limit state. Assumptions to be used in the design of pad footings are set out in Section 3.11.2 of the code. ‘The design of axially loaded base in illustrated in Example 5.4. ee ® @ olExample Technical Bars dia Effective depth, Handbook 10 mm 450 mm, 213 of the required reinforcement should be placed within a cistance 1.5d each from the face of column, (Clause 8.11.2) DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED PAD FOOTING (BS 8110 : 1997) Column dimension, Cy 0.40 m Column dimension, Cy = 0.30 m Dead load, Gk 800 kN Imposed load, Ok 300 kN Alloweble scil bearing capacity = 200 kNim? Concrete cover, ¢ = 40 mm Concrete grade, f, 35 Nimme ‘Steel Yield strength, 485 Nim? Assume seltweight of footing 77 KN Total service load 197 KN ‘Area required 5.89 m? Base dimension adopted: kk 250m y 2.50 m Thickness, h ‘500 mm Utimate load, (14Gk + 160k) 1708 kN Utimate pressure, n = 273.25 kNim? Reinforcement Parallel to X-X Axis Moment at column face, Mio = 876.57 kNm K : 0.02125 z 498.11 mm 0.954 = 427.50 mm Use z 42750 mm As, req 1912 mm? 3C,/44ed4 = 128750 mm ly = 1250 mm > 80, /4+ 90/4 AAs, req = ‘772 mmetm forcement Parallel to¥-Y Axis Moment at column face, My 413.29 kN. K 0.02382 z 498.02 mm 42750 mm 42750 mm 2098 mm? 4312.50 mm Nex 1250 mm, 36, /4 + 904 Reinforcement should be uniformly distributed over Ioy. (Clause 8.13.2) As, req = 1839 mméim Provide mesh type: on Asx = 950 mm&im Asy = 950 mm®imContinue ‘Shear Parallel to X-X Axis Shear force, Vix Shear stress, v = Concrete stress, v, ‘Shear Parallel to ¥-¥ Axis Shear force, Vyy Shear stress, v Concrete stress, v, Punching Shear Check ‘At column face: Perimeter, u Shear force, V Shear stress, v 444,03 KN. 0.39 Nimmé 0.42 Nim? (0.99 Nimm? 409.87 kN (0.96 Nimm2 0.42 Nim? 0.38 Nim? 1400 mm 1675.01 kN, 2.66 Nim? lesser of 0.8(f,)° or § Nima? For first crtical perimeter 15d from the column face: Perimeter, u = ‘Shear force, V ‘Shear stress, v ‘6800 mm 918.80 kN. 0.30 Nimm2 le Nim? on fe 2500 +2 ____, Section yy 0K ok oK OK Handbook 37)Technical Handbook 5.3. Shear Wall - Fabric Detailing Example at act SECTION 6-6 /ATION_OF WsTechnical Handbook ae | gm my | A 5 7 7 Vet T\7 V7 g MY V/ VV 5 PN [pel] eV Se " Zhe P\/ H N K ‘on “apr \\r0-10| er || nome] u a 4 wri, ot Ce Es re = He = [se = BRISK STEEL “ELEVATION OF WALL 25 a TO aera PRODUCTS SDN. BHD. ABAD OF tL & ae Rect’ oures ve | BSP/a7e Se6.Non-suspended Slabs and Pavements on the Ground SP Fabric is ideal for use as reinforcement in concrete slabs on the ground. Care is needed in the design of these stabs. The following factors must be considered: 1. Load size and frequency. 2. Soll type under the slabs. 3. Presence of ground water. 4. Provision for drainage of surface water, For heavily loaded trucks and for highway pavements, the structural engineer should cary out design of slab. Similarly for warehouses where loads are not uniform or loads are unusually heavy, specialist advioe is required. Eau nhae een tou } Application Soil Slab Thickness Location and | mm BSP Fabric | Domestic-cars and foot traffic dry and stable 4100 top BSP_AS_| needs compaction of base 110 top BSP_A7 Light industrial and commercial | dry and stable 125 top BSP_A7 | esmail trucks needs compaction of base 150 top BSP _Aé Ware houses and pavements for trucks _dry and stable 150 top BSP Ag | need compaction of base 200 top BSP AS | bottom BSP A7 Crack Control BSP Fabric will control the spacing and size of cracks that develop in the concrete due to initial shrinkage, teimperature changes and minor soll movement. The anchorage provided at each welded joint is able to keep any conerete cracks small and closely spaced. AAt joints in the stabs dowel bars should be placed in the centre of the slab so that the two adjacent slabs do not move vertically out of position (see below) A typical dowel arrangement for slabs up to 125mm thick would be 18mm diameter dowel bars 600mm long spaced at 250mm centres. For slabs 150mm to 200mm, thick, 18mm diameter dowel bars 800mm long spaced at 200mm centres could be used. Dowel bar in oes ‘0mm from cope ot as top of slab Grease or wrap one ‘ond of Dowel bar ‘Typical Dowel Bar ArrangementSteel Bar/Wire Cross-Sectional Area Cross Se S [125 [150 | echnical Handbook jctional Area in mmm at mm [17s [200 [225] 260 275] 300_| 4 )4 i eile ali lt an i i : | j i + Lot 269 Lorong Perusshaon, 12 Prandtl Estate, 19600 Pra, Perang. + Tet 04-999 8286/77 Fax: 04-300 8255 + PLO.00 Jalan Ket Zone 10, Pasir Gudng, 81700 Johor Bharu. + Tek: 07-251 7770/2 Fax: 07-254 7769