Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduccin
Terapia hiperosmolar
1. ABCD de la Reanimacin cerebrocardiopulmonar
2. Reposo en cama
3. Cabecera elevada: este solo factor
puede disminuir la PIC en 6 mmHg
4. Oxigenoterapia: mejora la disponibilidad de oxgeno por la cantidad de Hb
disponible
5. Fluidoterapia Hiperosmolar
6. Manejo quirrgico de las lesiones evacuables tales como hematomas subdurales y epidurales, derivacin del LCR
en hidrocefalia reseccin de lesiones
tumorales y abscesos
7. Hiperventilacin: Solo en casos de
emergencia, cuando el paciente presenta signos de herniacin inminente si
ser llevado a ciruga de inmediato.
8. Hipotermia (medida secundaria): debe
87
88
Revisin de temas
89
90
Gilles Francony y cols realizaron un estudio publicado en Crit Care Med 2008
en donde comparaban dosis equimolares de solucin salina hipertnica y manitol en el tratamiento de la hipertensin
endocraneana. El estudio fue paralelo,
aleatorio controlado. Se escogieron pacientes de dos unidades de cuidados
intensivos de un hospital universitario.
Se escogieron un total de 20 pacientes
estables con hipertensin endocraneana sustancial de >20 mmHg secundaria
a trauma craneoenceflico (n17) ACV
(n3). El grupo de manitol (n10) recibi
una infusin individual de 231 ml de
manitol al 20% y el grupo de solucin
salina (n10) recibi 100 ml de solucin
salina al 7,45%. Durante 20 minuto ambos grupos. Los autores concluyeron
que una infusin equimolar de 20% de
manitol es tan efectiva como solucin
salina al 7,45% en la disminucin de la
presin intracraneana en pacientes con
trauma cerebral. El manitol ejerce un
efecto adicional en la circulacin cerebral
como un posible mejoramiento dentro
de la reologa sangunea. La medicin de
factores como el nivel del sodio srico,
estado del sistema hemodinmico y hemodinamia cerebral podran ser considerados cuando se escoja entre manitol
y SSH para pacientes con hipertensin
endocraneana1.
FRANCONY, G. F. (2008). Equimolar doses
of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the.
Crit Care Med, 795-799.
Revisin de temas
Manitol
Ventajas
- Reduce la Elastance cerebral y
aumenta la viscosidad sangunea
Efectos adversos
- Hipertensin endocraneana por mecanismo
de rebote, cuando se utiliza por tiempos
prolongados y se retira de forma rpida.
Efectos adversos
- Hipernatremia
- hipokalemia
- Acidosis hiperclormica
- Flebitis en vena perifrica. Se recomienda aplicarla
en vena central si la concentracin es mayor al 2%
91
Study type
Injury
No. of patients
Dose
Outcome measures
Retrospective
Various
27
Continuous 3%
NaCI-acetate
Retrospective
TBI
82
Continuous 2%-3%
NaCI-acetate
Prospective
randomized
Pediatric TBI
32
Continuous 2%
NaCI-acetate
Prospective
randomized
TBI
20
Prospective
Stroke
Prospective
Stroke
Retrospective
Subarachnoid
hemorrhage
29
Continuous NaCI
acetate
Retrospective
Subarachnoid
hemorrhage
17
Improvement of perfusion
defects on xenon CT scans
Prospective
Acute liver
failure
30
* TBI, traumatic brain injury; HES, hydroxylethyl starch; ICP, intracranial pressure; CT, computed tomographic; CBF, cerebral blood flow.
92
Revisin de temas
Table.
Summary of reported mortality data for mannitol therapy versus other agents,
out-of-hospital administration of mannitol, and intracranial pressure-guided therapy
Study
Study Population
40 Patients at risk of increased ICO after TBI; 15% mannitol vs 7.2% hypertonic saline
solution hydroxyethyl starch
Cl, Confidence interval; TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICP, intracanial pressure
* Not included in the systematic review.
Analysis 3.1.
Comparison 3 Mannitol versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 1 Death.
Study: Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury
Comparison: 3 mannitol versus hypertonic saline
Outcome: 1 Death
Study or subgroup
Treatment
Control
Vialet 2003
n/N
Total (95%CI)
10
Risk Ratio
M-H, Fixed, 95% CI
Weight
Risk Ratio
M-H, Fixed, 95% CI
n/N
100.0%
10
100.0%
93
94
Revisin de temas
Referencia
Descripcin de estudio
Clase de datos
Conclusin
James
(26), 1980
III
Miller y col
(35), 1993
III
Fisher y col.
(52) 1992
Estudio cruzado a doble ciego para comparar una solucidn salina al 3% (1025
mOsm/L) con una solucin salina al 0,9%
(308 mOsm/L) en 18 nios con TEC grave. Se aplicaron dosis idnticas de cada
agente, que oscilaron entre 6,5 y 10 mt/
kg en cada paciente.
III
(clase II para PIC)
Khanna y col.
(34), 2000
III
(clase II para PIC)
Simma y col.
(53), 1998
III
(clase II para PIC)
Los pacientes tratados con solucin salina hipertnica requirieron menos intervenciones que aquellos tratados con solucin de Ringer lactato para
mantener la PIC bajo control. El grupo con solucin
salina higertnica tambin tuvo una estadia ms
breve en las UCI, menor duracin de ventilacin
mecnica y menos complicaciones que el grupo
tratado con solucin de Ringer lactato.
Peterson y col.
(33), 2000
III
Slo 3 pacientes fallecieron por PIC sin control y la mortalidad fue menor a la esperada de
acuerdo con el Trauma and Injury Severity Score. Ningn paciente tuvo insuficiencia renal. Los
tratamientos concomitantes incluyeron bloqueo
neuromoscular, fentanilo, sedacin, hiperventilacin y barbitricos. Prcticamente no se utilizdrenaje del LCR. La solucin salina hipertnica
13%) demostr ser segura. No se observaron
mielinlisis central pontina, hemorragia subaracnoidea ni aumentos robote de la PIC.
95
96
Conclusiones
Uno de los manejos angulares de la HIC
es el uso de las soluciones hiperosmolares, principalmente en pacientes que
han sufrido trauma craneoenceflico,
donde segn las guas de la BTF y las
Revisin de temas
Hay estudios en curso que estan recrutando pacientes para aclarar todas las
dudas que aun se tienen en cuanto al
manejo osmtico. Este es un tema aun
Bibliografa
BHARDWAJ A, Et al. (2000) Hypertonic saline worsens infarct volume after ransient focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 31:1694-1701, 2000.
CAMPOS, F. (2006). Volume Replacement with Lactated Ringers or 3% Hypertonic Saline Solution during Combined Experimental Hemorrhagic Shock and Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 758-764.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure-Targeted. Aproach in children with central nervous system infection and raised intracranial pressure. Is it feasible?
(2008). Journal of child neurology .
CHATTERJEE, N. (2007). Efficacy of different hypertonic solutes in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in severe head injury
patients: A comparative study of 2ml/kg 7.5% hypertonic saline and 2ml/kg 20% mannitol. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, 101-108.
CLAUSEN, T. (2001). Medical Treatment and Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 1517-1532.
COIMBRA R, Et al. (1995) Immunosuppression following hemorrhage is reduced by hypertonic saline resuscitation. Surg Forum 46:84-7.
COOPER, D. (1999). Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation for Head Injured Patients. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 157-161.
FRANCONY, G. F. (2008). Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the management of endocranial hypertension. Crit Care Med, 795-799.
GUHA, A. ( 2004). Management of traumatic brain injury: some current evidence and applications. Postgrad Med J, 650-653.
HRTL R. Et al. (1997) Hypertonic/Hyperoncotic Saline Attenuates Microcirculatory Disturbances after Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of
trauma Volumen 42 (5 Suppl) S41-7.
HARUTJUNYAN, L. (2005). Efficiency of 7.2% hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 versus mannitol 15% in the treatment of increased
intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients - a randomized clinical trial. Critical Care , 9:R530-R540.
HEIMANN A, Et al (I2003) Effects of hypertonic/hyperoncotic treatment after rat cortical vein occlusion. Crit Care Med 31:2495-2501
HUANG, S.-J. (2006). Efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline solutions. Surgical Neurology, 539-546.
ICHAI, C. (2009). Sodium lactate versus mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain-injury-injured
patients. Intensive Care Med, 471-479.
JEAN F. Et al. (2006) Relative effects of mannitol and hypertonic saline on calpain activity, apoptosis and polymorphonuclear infiltration in
traumatic focal brain injury. B rain research 1 1 0 1 136-144
KING, D. R. (2004). Changes in intracranial pressure, coagulation, and neurologic outcome after resuscitation from experimental traumatic
brain injury with hetastarch. Surgery, 355-363.
MENDELOW AD, Et al. Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury. J Neurosurg 63:43-48, 1985.
MILLER JD, Et al. Management of intracranial hypertension in head injury: Matching treatment with cause. Acta Neurochir Suppl 57:152-159, 1993.
MORLEY, E. &. (2008). Mannitol for Traumatic Brain Injury: Searching for the Evidence. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 298.
MURPHY N. Et al. (2004) The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 39:464.470
MYBURGH, J. ( 2007). Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. N Engl J Med, 874-884.
NOLTE D Et al (1992) Atenuation of postischemic microvascular disturbances in striated muscle by hyperosmolar saline dextran. Am J Physiol
263:1411-6.
ODDO, M. (2009). Effect of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline on Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Refractory Intracranial Hypertension. J. Neurol. Neurosurg
97
ORLIAGUET, G. A. (2008). Management of critically ill children with traumatric brain injury. Pediatric Anesthesia, 455-461.
PASCUAL, J. (2008). Resuscitation of Hypotensive Head-Injured Patients: Is Hypertonic Saline the Answer? THE AMERIOAN SURGEON , 253-259.
QUERESHI AI, El al. (1999) Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: Comparison between mannitol and hypertonic saline. Neurosurgery 44:1055-1064.
RANGEL Leonardo. (2008). Management of Intracranial Hypertension. Neurol Clin, 26(2): 521-541.
RIZOLI S. Et al (2004) Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation Modulates Neutrophil Adhesion Molecule Expression of Post-Traumatic Hemorrhagic
Shock Patients RTO-MP-HFM-109.
SCHWARTZ, S Et al. The University of Toronto Head Injury Treatment Study: A prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and
mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci 434-440, 984.
SCHWARTZ. (2006). PRINCIPIOS DE CIRUGIA TOMO 2. Mexico: Mc Graw Hill.
SCHWARTZ, S. (2002). Effects of Hypertonic (10%) Saline in Patients With Raised Intracranial Pressure After Stroke. Stroke, 136-140.
SEYFRIED, D. (2008). Mannitol enhances delivery of marrow stromal cells to the brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain
research, 12-19.
SOUSTIEL, J. F. (2006). Comparison of moderate hyperventilation and mannitol for control of intracranial pressure control in patients with
severe traumatic brain injury - a study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Acta Neurochir, 845-851.
SOUSTIEL, J. (2006 ). Relative effects of mannitol and hypertonic saline on calpain activity, apoptosis and polymorphonuclear infiltration in
traumatic focal brain injury. BRAIN RESEARCH, 136-144.
SUSAN, L. (2007). Hyperosmolar Therapy. JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, Volume 24, Supplement 1.
TOUNG T, et al. (2002) Hypertonic saline ameliorates cerebral edema associated with experimental brain tumor. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14:187-193.
TSENG MY Et al Effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow in poor-grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 34:13891396, 2003.
WAKAI A, ROBERTS IG, SCHIERHOUT G (2008). Manitol for acute traumatic brain injury (Review). The Cochrane Library
WARE, ML Et al (2005). Effects of 23.4% Sodium Chloride Solution in Reducing Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A
Preliminary Study. Neurosurgery. 57:727-736.
WHITE, H. (2008). The role of hypertonic saline in neurotrauma. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 104-109.
WHITE, H. (2006). The Use of Hypertonic Saline for Treating Intracranial Hypertension After Traumatic Brain Injury. Anesth Analg, 1836-1846.
YILDIZDAS, D. (2006). Hypertonic Saline Treatment in Children with Cerebral Edema. INDIAN PEDIATRICS, 771-778.
ZIAI, W. (2007 ). Hypertonic saline: First-line therapy for cerebral edema? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 157166.
FRANCONY, G. F. (2008). Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the. Crit Care Med, 795-799.
98