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  • Communications Project

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    Kian Tecson
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    Communications Project

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    Communications Project

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    2 visualizzazioni52 pagine

    Communications Project

    Caricato da

    Kian Tecson
    Communications Project

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 52
    Cat. No. 62-5015 Communications Projects Forrest M. Mims III CIRCUIT SYMBOLS DANA ah le YR FIXED VARIAGLE FIXED POLARIZED RESISTOR RESISTOR CAPACITOR CAPACITOR Sa OE RECTIFIER/ ZENER PNP NPN Dioo Ee Dope TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR aoe oe HB) ay ® \. “4 sockR PHOTO — PHOTO~ LED cell RESISTOR TRANSISTOR | ty Tt 1 CONNECTED UNCONNECTED POSITIVE WIRES WIRES SUPPLY GROUND e a Oo ae —oo- —ale— ° NORMALLY NORMALLY SPST SPDT OPEN CLOSED Switce SwitcR PUSHBUTTON Pus REUTTON = \ TT? =| ~ 7 Spe T 4 Se PlezO- TRANSFORMER SPEAKER SPEAKER 2 Ale > LAMP BATTERY OP-AMP Pp m tC > x © Zz m 4 m 7 ENGINEERS MINI- NOTEBOOK COMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS BY FORREST M. MIMS, IL SECOND EDITION SEVENTH PRINTING~-1993 A SILICONCEPTS™ Book COPYRIGAT® 1987 BY FORREST M. MIMS OF ALL RIGATS RESERVED PRINTED INTHE UNITED STATES Of AMERICA THIS Gook INCLUDES STANDARD APPLICATION CiRQuITS AND CIR@UITS DESIGNED BY THE AuTHOR. EACH CIRCUIT WAS ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BY THE AvuTHOR AS THE Book WAS DE VELOPED. AFTER THE 600k WAS COMPLETED, THE AUTHOR REASSEMBLED EACH CIRCUIT TO QWECK FOR ERRORS. WHILE REASONABLE CARE WAS EXERCISED In) THE PREPARATION OF THIS Book, VARIATIONS IN COMPONENT TOLERANCES And) CONSTRUCTION METHODS MAY CAUSE THE Re sucTS You OBTAIN TO DIFFER FROM THOSE GiUEN HERE. THEREFORE THE AUTHOR AND RADIO SHACK ASSUME NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SUITABILITY OF THIS BOok’S CONTENTS FOR ANY APPLICATION, SINCE WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER THE USE TD WHICH THE IM FORMATION IN THIS BOOK 1S PUT, we ASSUME NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE. OF Course Iw Is YOUR RESPONSIGILITY TO DETERMINE 1F COMMERCIAL LSE, SALE OR MANUFACTURE OF ANY DEVICE THAT INCORPORATES INFOR- MATION IN THIS 800K INFRINGES ANY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS OR OTHER RIGHTS. DUE TO THE MANY MWauIRIES RECEIVED By Rrepio SHACK AND THE AUTHOR, IT IS NOT PossigLe TO PRoviDE PERSONAL RESPONSES TD REQUESTS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (Custom CIRCUIT DESIGN, TECHNICAL ADVICE, TROUBLESHOOTING ADVICE, ETC.). IF You wish TO LEARN MORE ABovT ELEGTRONICS, SEE OTHER Books IN THIS SERIES AnD Rapio SHACKS "GETTING STARTED IN ELECTRONICS." ALSO, READ MAGAZINES LIKE M@DERN ELEGTRoWICS AND RADIO-ELECTRONICS. THE AUTHOR WRITES A MONTHLY COLUMN , “ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK, FOR MopERN ELECTRONICS. 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 CONNECTED LINKS b WIRELESS LINKS 7 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION a-4 INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE Lo LEARNING THE CODE 10 CODE PRACTICE OSCILLATORS iL ELECTROMAGNETIC TELEGRAPH 12-13 SOLID-STATE TELEGRAPHS 44-15 TELEPHONE RECEIVER te PUSH-TO-TALK INTERCOM 17 LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATIONS 18 MODULATION 18 LIGHT SOURCES 14 LIGHT DETECTORS 14 LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS 20 FREE SPACE LINKS 20 OPTICAL FIBER LINKS ar ELECTRONIC PHOTOPHONE 22-23 LIGHT WAVE CODE TRANSMITTERS 24 LIGHTWAVE CODE RECEIVERS 2s FLASHLIGHT VOICE TRANSMITTERS 26 GENERAL PURPOSE RECEIVERS 27 AM LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER 28 AM LIGHTWAVE RECEIVER 24 PFM LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER 30 PFM LIGHTWAVE RECE\VER x RADIO COMMUNICATIONS Be MODULATION 32 AMATEUR RADIO 33 CITIZENS BAND RADIO 33 FCC 33 DIODE RECEIVER BASICS 34 SIMPLE RE TUNING COIL 34 SIMPLE DIODE RECEIVER BS RECEIVER WITH AMPLIFIER 35 SHORTWAVE: LISTENING 3 SHORTWAVE RADIO 37 ANTENNAS . 38 ANTENNA SAFETY 34 BASIC RADIO TRANSMITTERS 40-41 TRANSISTOR RF TRANSMITTER 42-43 CODE TRANSMITTER 4Y VOICE TRANSMITTER . 45 AUTOMATIC TONE TRANSMITTER 46-47 FCC REGULATIONS 48 GOING FURTHER , 48 HISTORICAL MILESTONES 1836 — SAMUEL F. B. MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH. - 1876 — ALEXANDER GRARAM BELL INVENTS TELEPHONE. | 1BBO0~ ALE KANDER GRAHAM BELL INVENT S PHOTOPHONE, 18B0- PHOTOPHONE SENDS VOICE 213 METERS. 18 QG- HEINRICH HERTZ INVENTS SPARK TRANSMITTER. 1B95-GUGLIELHO MARCONI INVENTS WIRELESS TELEGRAPH, LBAT-NIKOLA TESLA SENDS RADIO SIGNAL 20 MILES. 1899- MARCONI SENDS "..." ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN. 1699-A. FREDERICK COLLINS SENDS VOICE OVER RADIO. LQOI-LEE DE FOREST INVENTS TRIODE VACUUM TUBE. 19OQ7-H.T.ROUND DISCOVERS LIGHT EMITTING DIODE. 1923-0. V.LOSSEV INVENTS CRYSTAL AMPLIFIERS. 19 25-T. E.LILIENFELD INVENTS FIELD-EFFECT AMPLIFIER, 19. 47~ BELL LABS INVENTS TRANSISTOR. 19.40-T.H. MAIMAN GUILDS FIRST RUBY LASER. 19. 62-G.E., MIT AND IBM INVENT SEMICONDUCTOR LASER, 19 GL-K.C. KAO PROPOSES OPTICAL FIBERS FOR LONG DISTANCE LIGHTWAVE LINKS. INT RODUCTION ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION 1S THE TRANSFER OF IN FORMATION FROM ONE POINT TD ANOTHER BY A DIRECT ELECTRICAL CONNECTION (WIRE OR CABLE), WAVEGUIDE CoPTICAL FIBER OR MICRO- WAVE TRANSMISSION LINE) OR BY WIRELESS MEAN S CRADIO, TELEVISION, MICROWAVE OR LIGHT WAVE). THERE ARE MANY CATEGORIES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION. FOR INSTANCE, VOICE COMMUN\CATIONS CAN BE 1-WAY AS IN A RADIO OR TELEVISION NEWS BROADCAST. OR VOICE COMMUNICATIONS CAN) BE 2-WwAY AS IN CONVERSATIONS VIA TELEPHONE, INTERCOM AND GOTH AMATEUR AND CITIZENS BAND RADIO. EXAMPLES OF NON-VOICE COMMUNICATION INCLUDE MORSE CODE, TELETYPEWRITER SIGNALS, COMPUTER DATA TRANSMISSION AND WILDLIFE TELEMETRY. RADIO CONTROL IS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION IN WHICH THE TRANSMITTED INFORMATION ContTRoes A REMOTE DEVICE SucH AS A CAMERA, GARAGE DooR OR MopEL BOAT oR PLANE. CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY TIPS THE CIRCUITS THAT FOLLOW CAN BE ASSEMBLED FROM READILY AVAILABLE SUPPLIES. You CAN USUALLY SUBSITUTE SIMILAR COMPONENTS IF THOSE SPECIFIED ARE UNAVAILABLE. FOR INSTANCE, A 25,000 CSOK) OHM POTENTIONETER CAN) BE SUBSTITUTED FOR A 10,000 (10K) UNIT. BE SuRE TO BYPASS THE PowER SUPPLY PINS OF OPERATIONAL AND POWER AMPLIER ICs (TIE THEM TO GROUND WITH A O.LuF CAPACITOR CONNECTED CLOSE TO THE TC). THIS With KELP PREVENT UNWANTED OSCILCATION. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE "GETTING STARTED IN ELECTRONICS” CRADIO SHACK, 1983) AND OTHER BOOKS IN THIS SERIES. CONNECTED COMMUNICATION: LINKS CORNECTED COMMUNICATION LINKS ARE THOSE IN WHICH TWO OR MORE STATIONS ARE LINKED BY A WIRE, CABLE OR WAVEGUIDE. ADVANTAGES INCLUDE RELIABILITY, Low NOISE AN D SIMPLE ELECTRONICS. HOWEVER, CONNECTED LIRKS REQUIRE RIGHT-OF-WAY AND CAN BE VERY EXPENSIVE TO INSTALL. FURTHERMORE, ONLY CONNECTED STATIONS CAN COMMUNICATE. SINGLE WIRE OO XELEGRAPA LINKS. “LL ao GROUND REQUIRED AT = = EACK. END. TWISTED PAIR TELEPHONES Cup 1018 SSeS CAANNELS) AND DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION. COAXIAL CABLE CAN. CARRY UP TO = 90,000 voice CHANNELS. HOLLOW WAVEGUIDE CAN CARRY MICROWAVE SIGNAL MODULATED WITH 100, 000 + VOICE CHANNELS. OPTICAL FIBER CAN CARRY LIGHTWAVE MODULATED WITH ww 100,900 OR MORE VoIce CHANNELS. b WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINKS WIRECESS COMMUNICATIONS LINKS ARE THOSE IN WHICH INFORMATION 1S SENT TO ONE OR MORE RECEIVERS BY MEANS OF A MODULATED ELECTRO~ MAGNEN C WAvE. ADVANTAGES INCLUDE LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION, TRANSMISSION TO AND FROM LAND, AIR AND SPACE VEHICLES AND BoTH DIRECTIONAL AND NON-DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION. SUBTECT TO INTERFERING NOISE. RADIO BROADCAST AND SHORTWAVE RADIO. ALSO AMATEUR RADIO, CITIZENS BAND, MOBILE, ETC. TELEVISION AND FM RADIO. ALSO AIRCRAFT, AMATEUR RADIO, MogiLE, SPACE, ETc. UHF » w fh WEATHER BALLOONS, TELE SION, ~~ Y ~ MOBILE, NAVIGATION , AMATEUR, “78 ae SATELLITE, DEEP SPACE, ETC. z MICRO WAVE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE, YS Lone oistawce TELEPHONE, NAVIGATION, AMATEUR, ETC. LIGHT WAVE = LINE -OF -SIGHT compuTEeR || = DATAC TRANSMISSION ANID VOICE LINKS. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELEC TROMAGNETIG RADIATION 1S ENERGY IN WHE FORM OF. A WAVE OF OSCILLATING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELOS. THE WAVE TRAVELS THROUGH A VACUUM . AT KR VELOCITY OF 2.998 * 10° METERS PER SECOND (186,284, MILES. PER SECOND). THE WAVELENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE DETERMINES ITS PROPERTIES. X-RAYS, INFRARED, MICROWAVES, RADIO WAVES AND LIGHT ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wm = NANOMETER (Lam =.000 000 004 METER) = MICROMETER (1M 000 OOL METER) MM = MILLIMETER Clinm = .004 METER) m = METER Ci m * 39.37 INCHES) = km = KILOMETER (Lm = 1,000 METERS). Wo Ler YELLOW NEAR INFRARED BLvE GREEN] ORANGE = RED YOO wm = SOO Wm LOO nm TOOWm BOO nm Visi®LE LIGHT 4 a 3 y z € < é 2 . w a zZ 5 <4 dnm 1Oum 100mm ia 10 4 100. tmm WAVELEN GTH. 8 WAVELENGTH VS FREQUENCY THE FREQUENCY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE \S THE NUMBER OF CYCLES THAT occuR IN. ONE SECOND, 4 Cycle 1 CYCLE /SECOND = 1 HERTZ Cuz) WAVELENGTH a {F EITHER THE FREQUENCY OR CENIGTH oF A WAVE (S KNOWN, THE UNKNOWN VALUE CAN BE CALCULATED: FREQUENCY CHz) = C / WAVELENGTH (nr) “ WAVELENGTH (A) = C/ FREQUENCY (Hz) C= 3x40% METERS PER SECOND 7p D> g Oo € > < rm w an e c > z =z x v 2 3 > 2 y wt v y wv 3 3 33 zz 8 a < 2 wy we it 2 52 ae : 2 to ag gz 1 9 a) rs nd zv §— 2 ga 7s x 2 g fw eu oO a S uo w 2 y aa > x = 10mm 100mm im 410m 100m Lkm WAVELENGTH q INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE IN 1836, SAMLEL F.8. MORSE BUILT THE FIRST WORKING TELEGRAPH. HE ALSO DEVISED A Cop€ THAT PERMITTED TELEGRAPH OPERATORS. TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION. HIS CODE IS STILL UseD BY TELEGRAPH , RADIO AND SIGNAL LIGAT OPERATORS. HERE IT 1S: I~. ODMYVEUTWRAPr 1 ITKHHLODMINHY 1 ‘ NK XE G-3% HARDWARE HEAT - SHRIN KABCE WIRE (30 GAUGE; 1S FEET) RE Move VARNISH WITH (2x ACTUAL MATCH == s\2e) FLAME AND FINE SAND PAPER. ELECTROMAGNET press KEY TO ACTUATE SOUNDER Ny G-32 - HARDWARE KEY x os ALUMINUM 4 ~<— PLATE A (CNON- ARMATURE, MAGNETIC) CFLExI BLE) BATTERY (3 10 © ARMATURE ScREW SHOULD TOUCH vours) SOUNDING PLATE WHEN THE KEY |S NOT PRESSED. MOVING CONTACT (@-32 screw) FLEXIBLE SOLDER PLASTIC KEY FIXED CONTACT (souper 1 Lug ; G-32 e FLEXIBLE UNDER SCREW) PLASTIC ELECTRO ARMATURE ALUMINUM MAGNET “LT ge eRACKET ALUMINUM “S= PLASTIC OR ALUMINUM L BRACKETS CONNECT KEY, SOUNDER AND BATTERY wiTH wires FITTED WITH BANANA PLUGS. USE Wood oR PERE- BOARD FoR BASES. USE ALUMINUM BRACKETS FROM HARDWARE STORE OR MAKE FROM HOBBY SHOP METAL. CuT PLASTIC ARMATURE FROM ONE GALLON MILK CONTAINER. DOT = PRESS/RELEASE CcuicK/ Click), DASH = PRESS /HOLD /RELEASE (CLIck /Spac€ /cuick). 13 SOLID-STATE TELEGRAPHS TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED ciRcUITS, MAKE POSSIBLE. VERY SENSITIVE TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS. CAUTION: NEVER INSTALL TELEGRAPH , INTERCOM OR TELEPHONE WIRES NEAR OUTDOOR POWER LINES. SIMPLE SOLID-STATE TELEGRAPH S-cONDUCTOR WIRE a = ave > PZ1,2 = PIEZOBUZZERS. $1,2 =SPST PUSHBUTTONS RANGE= HUNDREDS OF FEET UNIT 4 UNIT 2 1 OR 2-WIRE TELEGRAPH SENDER Si = KEY oR PUSHBUTTON OuTPUT = ISO Hz USE POTENTIOMETER FOR Ri TO CHANGE FREQUENCY. WIRE (Ss) EARTH GROUND ZL. CFOR 1-WIRE LINK) 14 {-WIRE TELEGRAPH SOUNDER © RZ c2 { ISEARTH GROUND (METAL STAKE = SEVERAL FEET IN MOIST EARTH) 10 FEET OR MORE VOLUME CAN BE VERY Loup. { DO NOT USE EARPHONE. OMIT CZ IF VOLUME Too HIGH. 2-WIRE TELEGRAPH SOUNDER RL CONTROLS VOLUME. FOR MORE GAIN ADD 10 mF Gt FROM PIN 4 TO PIN &. tHe DO NoT USE EARPHONE. F CIRCUIT, NOT EARTH, GROUND is TELEPHONE RECEIVER A SIMPLE TELEPHONE RECEIVER IS EASILY MADE FROM READILY AVAILABLE MATERIALS: WASHER ELECTROMAGNET 6-32 = i/z" FURNITURE CPAGE 8) , NUT LEG TIP 5/a' BRASS” TUBING , CHoesy SHOP) sTeeL | PLASTIC ARMATURE FILM ARMATURE (S 3/16" SQUARE, 1/32" THICK STEEL (SCRAP OR cuT FROM SHEET), ATTACH TO INVENTOR «. PROF, A.6. BELL (1824) PLASTIC with DOUBLE~SIDED TAPE, ADD 10 OHM RESISTOR... ACTUAL CONNECT LEADS TO size BATTERY-POWERED < RADIO PRONE JACK TO TEST. VOLUME Wil, BE Low. SINCE. Coll RESISTANCE IS ONLY: 41.S6 ORWMS.. : PUSH -TO-TALK BL SPKR SL: DPDT switcH. RZ: ConTROLS T41 GAIN. OK TO USE FIXED RESISTOR. RB: CONTROLS VoLUME. IMPORTANT : BYPASS PowER SUPPLY PINS TO GROUND WITH O.L wr CAPACITORS. STATION INTERCOM cz L00uF 2? USTEN qv & < c IRCoIT OSCILLATES? REDUCE R2. USE SHIELDED CABLE To REDUCE NOISE CPOWER CINE wom, \ ETC.). GROUND THE SHIELD. ——> AbD oNn/orr SSL switcH To SPKR SAVE BATTERY LI REMOTE STATION 17 LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATIONS 1280 - ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL INVENTED THE PHOTOPHONE, A DEVICE FOR SENDING VvoIce oveR A BEAM OF SUNLIGHT. 18 BO~ BELL AND SUMNER TAINTER SENT VOICE MESSAGES OVER A 213 METER PATH. 19G6- K.C. KAO PROPOSED LONG DISTANCE OPTICAL FIGER COMMUNICA TIONS. . MODULATION A LIGHTWAVE CAN CARRY DIGITAL DATA OR ANALOG INFORMATION SUCH AS VOICE. SHOWN BELOW ARE SOME WAYS IN WHICH A LIGHT WAVE CAN BE ANALOG MODULATED. ANALOG SIGNAL TYPICAL ANALOG SIGNAL (TEMPERATURE, TONE, ETC). AMPLITUDE ANALOG SIGNAL CONTROLS ANTENSITY OF LIGHT. PULSE AMPLITUDE ANSALOG SIGNAL CONTROLS INTENSITY OF PULSES. PULSE FREQUENCY ANJALOG SIGNAL CONTROLS ll | FREQUENCY OF PULSES. : 1% f ‘ ' ‘ ‘ LIGHT SOURCES MANY LYGHT SouRCES CAN BE USED IN LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. AMONG THE EASIEST TO USE ARE: 4.SUNLIGHT— USED In THE FIRST LIGHTWAVE COMMUNYCATORS AND STILL VERY EASY To USE, " 2. INCANDESCENT LAMP= LAMPS WITH SMALL FILAMENTS CAN BE VOICE MODULATED. NoT SUITABLE FOR HIGH FREQUENCY SIGNALS. ai) QE 3. LIGHT EMITTING pioDe (LED)— IDEAL SOURCE. BOTH VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE "WAVELENGTHS. CAN BE MODULATED AT HIGH FREQUENCIES, LIGHT DETECTORS DETECTORS FOR LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATION LINKS ARE USUALLY SOLID-STATE DEVICES. AMONG THE MOST COMMONLY USED ARE: L,.SOLAR CELL- INEXPENSIVE AND EASY TO USE. PEAK SENSITIITY IS ~ 880 ww, CAN BE LSED FROM ~4YSOnm TO 1100 nm, 2. PHOTOTRANSISTOR — FASTER AND MORE SENSITIVE THAN SOLAR CELLS. SAME SPECTRAL RESPONSE, EXTERNAL LENS HELPFUL. 3. LIGAT EMITTING DIODE — AN LED CAN DETECT THE EMISSION FROM A SIMILAR LED. RED AND NEAR-INFRARED LEDS WORK GEST AS DETECTORS. , & Sof LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS MOOULATED LIGHTWAVES CAN BE SENT THROUGH AIR. (FREE SPACE) OR ULTRA-CLEAR OPTICAL FIBERS. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 4, HARD TO ALIGN 2.LINE OF SIGHT 3.RAIN AND FOG .NO LICENSE - PRIVACY . TAM PROOF FREE SPACE 4. VERY LOW NOISE 2, LIGHTNING PROOF 3. SECURITY 1. INSTALLATION 2, HIGHER COST 3. HARD TO SPLICE FREE SPACE LINKS SHORT RANGE SYSTEMS COTO 10 feer) VERY EASY , “ TD DESIGN AND ALIGN. LONGER RANGES USUALLY + REQUIRE EXTERNAL LENSES AND TRIPODS. 7 a ’ ALUGNMENT METHODS INCLUDE: 4, REFLECTOR — USE RED LED AND PLACE BIKE REFLECTOR NEXT TO , RECEIVER. POINT TRANSMITTER , ~ “LENS! AT REFLECTOR. 7) “OK TO USE L 7 / MAGNIFIER 7 77 2. TELESCOPE — BORESIGHT, 7 “COEPARTMENT’ | ~ “FREE A SMALL TELESCOPE 77 STORE, ETC.) 7 77 SPACE MOUNTED ON THE 1% 777 RANGE TRANSMITTER. a 207 EQUATION 4 7-7 CAP PROXIMATE) 2 ve 7 fo Lens 9 77 R#\| Po Aree 7 Pu 8 teO~ 7 R= RECEPTION RANGE CMETERS) Pot LED POWER CMILLIWATTS) Avec ® RECEIVER LENS AREA (METERS) Pyr= DETECTOR SENSITIVITY CMILEIWATTS) O=LED BEAM DIVERGENCE. CRADIANS) 20 a “ : A COLLIMATOR TUBE PHOTO TRANSISTOR PAINTED FLAT BLACK WILL REDUCE NOISE 7 LENS Ve FROM LINWANTED Zs { LIGHT Sources ‘ TA = (SUNLIGHT, sTREET 7 °? LIGHTS , ETC.). 7 e ” LU” ; 7 7 / oprionau ¢ 4 GAUSSIAN COLLIMATOR REAM, PROFLE v \ L - ( TPLAT vo 7 ONLY BLACK ~ 7 THIS 7 \ ’ Z L 2 eo 7 PART) ’ 7 OF BEAM + -) 4/2 PEAK “Couec TED. - 7 PoweR Lu 7 ’ 4 77 7 THE CROSS-SECTION OF MOST 4 - LIGHT BEAMS HAS A NORMAL OR “ GAUSSIAN PROFILE. THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS THE PERCENTAGE OF LIGHT aa WITHIN THE BEAM, CNUMBERS IN Yo.) OPTICAL FIBER LINKS EXPOSED PLASTIC FIBER IS INEXPENSIVE AND f FIBER SAN 8E CUT With : A SHARP KNIFE. DISTANCES OF FROM t RETAINER SEVERAL TO MANY HONDREDS OF FEET INFRARED oR RED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE PossigLe, USE LEDs AND PHOTOTRANSISTOR DETECTORS IN \ Y PLASTIC RECEPTACLES LIKE THESE OR CONNECT FIBER DIRECTLY TO DEVICES, WITH EPOKY AND HEAT SHRINK TUBIN G, aL ELECTRONIC PHOTOPHONE AETER HE INVENTED THE PHOTOPHONE IN 1880, ALEXANDER GRAKAM BELL INVENTED THE ELECTRIC PHOTOPRONE. IN THE NON-ELECTRIC PHOTO PHONE Lh BEAM OF SUNLIGHT WAS DIRECTLY MODULATED BY VOICE PRESSURE AGAINST A FLEXIBLE MIRROR OR MOVABLE GRATING. IA) THE ELECTRIC PROTO PHONE SUNLIGHT WAS MODULATED BY A MIRROR ATTACHED TO A TELEPHONE RECEIVER. SHOWN HERE IS A MADDERN VERSION OF THE ELECTRIC PHOTOPHONE. MIG - ELECTRET MICROPHONE SILICON sovakR LAN Ke CELL ~™ ~ Si = DPDT switcH 15 SEND 2= RECEIVE RZ - ADIUST FOR BEST RECEPTION. FLEXIBLE REFLECTOR an KEEP BATTERY | LEADS SHORT AND ha CONWECT O.L mF pes SON CAPACITORS FROM FS OOZ. — J Power supply pins 2) E ) 1 « OF GACH. CHIP TO hh GRovnd, — \ FLEXIBLE REFLECTOR IS IMPORTANT: \ ALUMINIZED MYLAR oR ‘THE. SPB AKERS MAY Em iT VERY LOUD SOUNDS, DO NOT PLACE \ HEAVY DUTY ALUMINUM FOIL STRETCHED. OVER SPEARER OR HOLE IN Box IN WHICH YouR EARS SPEAKER IS CLOSE TO INSTALLED. Use EITHER CAUTION: ALUMINIZED MYLAR SPEAKER. BOTH OPERATORS | FROM EMERGENCY MUST WEAR BLANKET oR SUNGLASSES AND | PACKAGING AVOID STARING \ “MATERIAL. AY REFLECTED : : SUNLIGHT | \ i FLEXIBLE aN / \ qr DSE TRIPODS FoR Best RESULTS. REFLECTED SUNLIGHT FROM FLEXIBLE REFLECTOR SHOULD FORM A DISTINCT. SPOT WHEN DIRECTED AGAINST A NEARBY WALL. NOTE THAT TAE SPEAKERS FUNCTION AS soUND SOURCE IN RECEIVE _ MDDE. STATION 2 23 LIGHTWAVE CODE TRANSMITTERS. SIMPLE CODE COMMUNICATORS CAN BE USED To SEANAD MESSAGES, WARNING SIGNALS, ETC. FLASHLIGHT SYSTEM INFRARED SYSTEM LED CURRENT 2S mA 7, y tensd 0 PULSE MODULATED SYSTEM +av St on R3 RL CONTROLS 220 FREQUENCY, LENS LED f oO ELEMENT at (NOT PHOTOTRANSISTOR == _L. Buzzer) ARK) ~ 2s , i i FLASHLIGHT VOICE TRANSMITTERS THESE SIMPLE AM SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATE THAT | INCANDESCENT LAMPS CAN BE VOICE MODULATED. BASIC VOICE TRANSMITTER BL PHONE JACK " rcs “7 RADIO OR AMPLIFIER : ut ™! —_— +mosr BE 4 BATTERY POWERED. TL OR 222 LENS © TL AS MINIATURE LK: 22 OUTPUT TRANSFORMER, SINCE MOST PHONE TACKS ARE BSL, MUCH BETTER RESULTS WILL BE OBTAINED WITH TWO BACK-TO- BACK TRANSFORMERS, CONNECT LK WINDINGS OF THE TRANSFORMERS TOGETHER. THEN CONNECT ONE SSL WINDING TO RADIO OR AMPLIFIER AND THE OTHER TO THE LAMP AND BATTERY. BETTER VOICE TRANSMITTER AVERAGE CURRENT +3V MEASURE CURRENT, THROUGH @2 |S ZBOmA. USE POWER TRANSISTOR IF Q2 OVERKEATS. no.243 To OR 222 LENS RADIO OR AmpLieieR* eat sink \ May @E NECESSARY. 23 SOUND QUALITY TL 1S GOop, 26 GENERAL PURPOSE RECEIVERS THESE SIMPLE RECEIVERS CAN RECEIVE ANY AMPLITUDE MODULATED (AM) LIGHTWAVE SIGNALS. BASIC VOICE RECEIVER BATTERY Silicon SOLAR POWERED cel —* AMPLIFIER nd SPEAKER TRANSISTOR VOICE RECEIVER +9 PHOT OTRANSISTOR, = OK TO DELETE Qi, RL AND Ci AND CONNECT SOLAR CELL BETWEEN @2'S BASE CCELL ANODE) AND GROUND Cceu CATHODE). 5gR MORE VOLUME USE RECEIVER ON PAGE a. 27 AM LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER ray Ry 220 Qt 2N2222 “| LENS. 4 CONNECT TO F Grouno 1E MIC ~ USE ~AV LESS OUTPUT ELecTRet POwER ok. MIC RO PHONE. THIS TRANSMITTER WILL SEND YouR VOICE TO THE RECE\VER ON FACING PAGE. AT NIGHT AND WHEN LENSES ARE Used, A RANGE OF SEVERAL HUNDRED OR MORE FEET IS POSSIBLE, INFRARED LED will Give BEST RESULTS. HIGH-BRIGHTNESS RED LED wild ALSO WORK, ESPECIALLY WHEN OPTICAL FIBER IS USED. Use TRIPODS FOR BEST RESULTS IN FREE-SPACE MODE. LENS CAN BE MAGNIFIER. R2- GAIN CONTROL RS- LED BIAS CONTROL. ADJUST RS FOR BEST SOUND QUALITY AT RECEIVER. R7I~- LIMITS CURRENT APPLIED TO LED. KEEP BATTERY LEADS sHoRT. 28 AM LIGHTWAVE RECEIVER +4v RL AooK ct 4 QL Lh PHOTOTRANSISTOR RZ > “ew ik 7 LENS QL Musy ge SHIELDED FROM EXTERN AL LIGHT, USE COLLIM ATOR RY IN FRONT OF LENS. USE DEVELOPED COLOR FILM AS INFRARED FILTER UNLESS TRANSMITTER LED EMITS RED LIGHT. cz KEEP BATTERY LEADS SHORT. C3 AND cy PREVENTY OSCILLATION, C4 (CONNECT CLOSE To it circuit.) CAUTIONS! THIS CIRCUIT CAN R3 CONTROLS GAIN OF 241. INCREASE R3 TO INCREASE GAIN. (OK TO USE 1M PoTENTIOMETER FOR R3.) R3 TO INCREASE LOOK GAIN OF 886 FROM 20 TO 200, CONNECT] 1O0uF FROM Pin 1 C+) TO PIN 8. RS CONTROLS VOLUME, 10K ‘t ce + 100, -Wv BL SPKR PROOUCE VERY LouD SOUNDS. DO NOT PLACE SPEAKER Close TO YOUR EAR OR USE EARPHONE. ~ 249 PEM LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER Apyust RS UNTIL TONE 15 +9V RT CONTROLS NoT HEARD FROM RECEIVER. LED CORRENT. LENS MIC ~ US& ELECTRET MICROPHONE TRANSMITTER: RZ CONTROLS GAIN OF 7414 MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER. SSS GENERATES STEADY STREAM OF PULSES HAVING A REPETION RATE CON- TROLLED BY R5. AUDIO SIGNAL APPLIED TO PINS OF SSS MODULATES THE PULSE RATE. USE SUPER BRIGAT RED OR INFRARED LED. KEEP BATTERY LEADS SHORT. PFM GIVES UNIFORM RECEIVER VOLUME, RECEIVER: QL RECEIVES PULSES FROM THE LED- THE PULSES ARE AMPLIFIED BY THE FIRST 241. THE SECOND 741 1S CONNECTED AS A COMPARATOR THAT DELIVERS AN OUTPUT PULSE WHEN THE INPUT PULSE EXCEEDS THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE SET BY R4. THE PULSES ARE LOW-PASS FILTERED BY RS AND C3 AND AMPLIFIED BY THE 386. ADIUST RS OF TRANS- MITTER AND RY OF RECEIVER FOR REST SOUND QUALITY. 30 PFM LIGHTWAVE’ RECEIVER UNLIKE. AM, PFM Gives Uniform = +9 VOLUME OvER EvTIRE RECEPTION RANGE . bd RS AND c3 RL CL REDUCE R2 To FORM A Look REDUCE Gain . | Low- PASS OF FIRST 2414. | FiLTeR, Qt INCREASE PHoTO- C3 FROM TRANSISTOR] 1K dF To 1OyF Bg TO CHANGE a EMPHASIS FROM HIGH TO Low a FRE QUENCIES, LENS. . QL MUST BE SHIELDED wo 'FROM . EXTERNAL LIGHT. use COLLIMATOR IN FRONT OF LENS, KEEP BATTERY LEADS sHoRT. +9V C4 AND ¢S HELP PREVENT cy OSCILLATION. .1 CAUTION: TAIS CIRCUIT cS CAN PRODUCE 44 T VERY Loud SOUNDS.DONOT ~-4V PLACE SPEAKER CLOSE To YouR EAR OR. USE EARPHONE, i Bi om RADIO COMMUNICATIONS 188C—HEINRICH HERTZ SENT WAVES FROM A SPARK DISCHARGE TO A LOOP oF wiRE. A SMALL. SPARK APPEARED AT A GAP IN THE LooP. 1895~GUGLIELMO MARCONI INVENTED THE WIRELESS TELEGRAPH. 1899 — MARCONI SENT "s+" AcROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN, MODULATION WHEN A PURE. RADIO-FREQUENCY WAVE CTHE | CARRIER) IS MIXED WITH A SIGNAL SUCH AS VOICE, TRAE WAVE IS SAID TO BE MODULATED. 5 DANPED WAVE (SPARK GAP) Wwe \liwe OK FOR Code, BUT NOT LEGAL SINCE MANY WAVE- LENGTHS ARE EMITTED. CARRIER WAVE NAC My PURE, UN MODULATED y RADIO-FREQUENCY WAVE; NO SIGNAL CARRIED. AMPLITUDE MODULATION Www CONSTANT FREQUENCY; AMPLITUDE VARIES WITH INPUT SIGNAL CVoIce, ET<.). FREQUENCY MODULATION TMU, CONSTANT AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY VARIES WITH. INPUT. SIGNAL Cvolce, ETC.), GIVES NOISE-FREE RECEPTION. 32 } : | AMATEUR RADIO RADIO COMMUNICATION HAS ALWAYS ATTRACTED: MANY THOUSANDS OF ENTHUSIASTIC AMATEUR RADIO OPERATORS, THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST To ASCOVER THAT SHORTWAVES PERMIT WORLDWIDE ‘.ROMMY NICATION, THEY PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS. DURING. NATURAL DISASTERS AND EMERGENCIES. AND THEY COMMUNICATE WITH FELLOW, AMIATEURS ACROSS. TOWN AND HALF WAY AROUND THE WORLD. AMATEUR OR HAM RADIO OPERATORS ARE LICENSED AND ASSIGNED A CALL SIGN BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. PROSPECTIVE HAMS MusT PASS A WRITTEN EXAM. FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE CARRLD IN NEWINGTON, CT DG111. THE ARRL SELLS EXcELLENT PUBLICATIONS FOR 80TH PROSPECTIVE AND ESTABLISHED HAMS. CITIZENS BAND RADIO THE CITIZENS BAND 1S 40 CHANNELS IN THE NICINYTY OF 27 MHz. THESE CHANNELS ARE INTENDED FoR TWO-wAY PERSONAL AND BUSINESS COMMUNICATION. ONE CHANNEL (4) IS. RESERVED FOR EMERGENCY TRANSMISSIONS. THOUGH NO LICENSE 1S REQUIRED, CITIZENS BAND CoB) OPERATORS. HAVE FEWER PRIVILEGES | THAN IAMATEUR RADIO OPERATORS. FOR EXAMPLE, MAXIMUM TRANSMITTED POWER IS LiMiTED TO 4 WATTS, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION CFc€) REGULATES RADIO COMMUNICATION IN) THE UNITED STATES. VIOLATIONS OF FCC REGULATIONS CAN RESULT IN SEVERE PENALTIES. You CAN WRITE THE Foc CGETTYSBURG, PA 17326) TD -. REQUEST INFORMATION .ABOLT ITS REGULATIONS. bak 33 DIODE RECEIVER BASICS A: RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE WILL. CAUSE A FLUCTUATING CURRENT TO Flow IN A WIRE ANTENNA! i le OPPS CURRENT PRODUCED BY TONE- = MODULATED RF. SIGNAL. + SP CURRENT PRopucED BY VoICE- 7 MODULATED RF SIGNAL. i THE FLUCTUATING CURRENT CAN &E TRANSFORMED INTO SOUND. BY REMOVING THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE. HALF OF THE WAVE WiTH A DIODE THE SIGNAL 1S NOW SAIP TO. BE RECTIFIED. THE. TWO HALVES OF THE WAVE WILL NOT CANCEL ONE ANOTHER WHEN THE OUTPUT 1S MONITORED. THEREFORE THE AUDIO SIGNAL SUPERIMPOSED ON THE RF SIGNAL CAN BE HEARD FROM A SMALL EARPHONE CONNECTED TO THE DIODE. SIMPLE RF TUNING COIL 1. WRAP PLASTIC 2.WRAP 1-3/8" FILM CAN WITH ~—p—» WIOE SECTION oF 1-4/2" wide, ¥ TAPE WiTH 30 GA. 2-SIDED MAGNET WIRE. 3.SANDPAPER THE INSULATION FROM THIN STRIP ALONG COIL. ¥ ScREW 4. CEMENT coll TO BASE. Wood adel piata Lu@ SIMPLE DIODE RECEIVER ANTENNA (10’OR LONGER wiRE) DL CGERMANIUM DIODE) OUTPUT TO: -1. CRYSTAL PHONE (gest) oR BSL MAGNETIC PHONE: THROUGH {K:8.2 TRANSFORMER, 2.AUDIO AMPLIFIER CSEE BELOW). Do HoT use ‘x PHONE. (see CAUTION SLIDER CTUNER) BE Low.) Li IS Con oN FACING PAGE. TUNING IS SENSITIVE. SOME STATIONS WILL COINCIDE WITH ONE WINDING. RECEIVER WITH AMPLIFIER \/ * co ka RZ RZ _ CONTROLS 741 GAIN. IaF 1k 100K 3 CONTROLS VOLUME. Ba * SEE RADIO ABOVE. TUME BY ADTUSTING SLIDER oN 41. Loup POPS MAY OCCUR WHEN SLIDER IS MOVED, VOLUME CAN BE VERY Loud. CAUTION: DON'T USE EARPHONES | 3s SHORTWAVE LISTENING FEW HOBBIES ARE AS REWARDING OR INTECLECTUALLY STIMULATING As SHORTWAVE | LISTENING. YET MANY PEOPLE HAVE NEVER LISTENED TO A SRORTWAVE RADIO. EVEN A VERY INEXPENSIVE SHORTWAVE RADID CAN RECEIVE: BROADCASTS FROM HUNDREDS OF STATIONS AROUND THE WwoRLD. MANY OF THEM ARE IN ENGZISH. SHORTWAVE BROADCASTS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE BROAD CATEGORIES: INTERNATIONAL BROADCAST S~ THESE ORIGINATE. FROM BOTH PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT STATIONS. AND ARE INTENDED FOR A wide AUDIENCE. PROGRAMMING, OFTEN IN ENGCISH, INCCUDES News , WEATHER, INTERVIEWS, DRAMA AND LISTENER MAIL. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS —THIS CATEGORY | INCLUDES AMATEUR AND CITIZENS BAND RADIO, UTILITIES ~ VIRTUALLY ALL BROADCASTS NOT LISTED ABOVE CAN BE CONSIDERED UTILITIES. TRESE INCLUDE TIME SIGNALS, COMPUTER. TRANSMISSIONS , WEATHER REPORTS, SATELLITE, SIGMALS AND MANY KINDS OF INDUSTRIAL AND GOVERNMENT TRANSMISSIONS. INCLUDED ARE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TO AND FROM SHIPS, AIRCRAFT, TAXIS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES. ALSO INCLUDED ARE TRANSMISSIONS FROM SPY, RADIO CONTROL, TRACKING, SURVEILLANCE , TELEMETRY, WEATHER BALLOON AND OCEAN : BUOY TRANSMITTERS. i MANY OF THESE TRANSMISSIONS ARE BROAD- CAST AT FREQUENCIES BETWEEN. THE BROADCAST BAND AND 30 MHz. THE SIMPLE RECE\VER ON THE FACING PAGE CAN” RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM 1 TOG MHz. IN: ONE EVENING THIS RADIO RECEIVED SIGNALS FROM ASIA , EUROPE, SOUTH AMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA. THE ANTENNA WAS A 14’ INDOOR WIRE. 36 SHORTWAVE RECEIVER THIS S\MPLE RECE\VER CAN BE ASSEMBLED ON A SOLDERLESS BREADBOARD. THOUGH THIS RECEIVER DOES NOT SEPARATE STATIONS AS WELL AS A COMMERCIAL RECEIVER, IT 1S SURPRISINGLY SENSITIVE AND Witl RECEIVE STATIONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD. ANTENNA ANTENNA Is 10% ~~ cL RL OR LONGER (INSIDE OR ovTDOER). RB IS VOLUME CONTROL. Li 1S 25-SO TWRYS oF 30 GAUGE MAGNET WIRE WRAPPED AROUND PLASTIC FILM CAN, SEE TUNING COIL ASSEMBLY DETAILS ON PAGE 34. Ci IS 10-365 pF VARIABLE CAPACITOR FROM DISCARDED RADIO oR 10-40 pF oR SO CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR TUNING CAPACITOR. TONE BY SETTING L1i’S SLIDER TO ANY POSITION AND ADJUST Ci. CHANGE Li'S SLIDER PosITION FoR DIFFERENT FREQUENCY RANGES. CAUTION: VOLUME CAN BE VERY Loud, ESPECIALLY WHEN Li'S SLIDER \S MoveD AWAY FROM Li AND LOCAL STATIONS Boom IN. NO EARPHONES! 37 ANTENNAS THE PERFORMANCE OF RADIO TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 1S VERY MUCH DEPENDENT ON. THEIR ANTENNAS. THE SIMPLEST ANTENNA {SA WIRE OR ROD WHOSE LENGTH EQUALS OR IS 1/4 OR 1/2 THE WAVELENGTH OF THE RECEIVED SIGNAL. TAREE COMMON WIRE ANTENNAS ARE; VERTICAL WHIP DIPOLE tT | A= wavecenctH = 1/4 x94 kart LENGTH (FT) _<5__4¢ 14m Fs FREQUENCY VP FoR 1/4 >, Lc L* 2234/6 Cmuz) EXAMPLE: L 1/4A 27 MH2 CB = WHIP = 234/27" 8.67 FT LONG WIRE GOOD FOR SHORTWAVE, RECEPTION, ue ROPE OR CORD INSULATOR RECEIWER ANTENNA) STANDOFF INSULATORS Recewer4 GROUND DRIP Looe = LEAD-IN CFOR RAIN) WIRE n GROUND STATIC DISCHARGE 1 ROD RADIO SHACK UNIT (DOES NoT " (@’ Is SELLS ANTENNA GUARANTEE y BEST) SUPPLIES AND LIGHT NING PROTECTION). ANTENNAS. 38 5 t ANTENNA SAFETY THE INSSTALLATION OF AN ANTENNA REQUIRES CAREFUR ATTENTION TO SAFETY. CARELESS NESS CAN RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR A FATAL ELECTRICAL SHOCK. You MUST: 1. NEVER INSTALL ANY PART OF AN ANTENNA NEAR A POWER LINE. 2. NEVER ToucH ANY PART OF AN ANTENNA TRAT CONTACTS A POWER LINE. 3. DISCONNECT AND DO NOT USE AN ANTENNA DURING ANY ELECTRICAL STORM. 4. CONNECT OUTDOOR ANTENNAS TO A WELL GROUNDED STATIC DISCHARGE UNIT. 5. READ THE ANTENNA SAFETY TIPS SUPPLIED WITH COMMERCIAL ANTENNAS AND GIVEN IN "THE ARRL ANTENNA HANDBOOK” AND RADIO SHACK’S “ANTENNAS" CMASTER PUBLISH- ING , 1986). Rore TREE OR OTHER OR NON - CONDUCTING MULTI STRAND CORD supPoRT COPPER ™ ‘\ INSULATOR ——— STATIC DISCHARGE UNIT OIVERTS STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARGE TO GROWND. V ~=— LEAD-1N WARE hk o TO SPARK GAP RECEWER GROUND BASIC RADIO TRANSMITTERS RADIO-FREQUENCY CRF) WAVES ARE CREATED: | WHEN AN ECECTRICAL CURRENT [5 SWITCHED RAPIDLY ON OR OFF. THIS 1S WHY A RADLO RECEIVER EMITS A BURST OF STATIC DURING, A LIGHTNING DISCHARGE OR A POP WHEN A, NEARBY APPLIANCE \S SwITCHED ON. BROADBAND RF TRANSMITTER We STROKE WIRE ACROSS FILE. BURSTS OF NOISE ~WIL& BE EMITTED BY A NEARBY RADIO. SINCE. MAnY DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS ARE PRODUCED CRASH"), THE SIGNAL IS EQUALLY STRONG ACROSS THE BROADCAST BAND. BROADBAND PULSE TRANSMITTER | INCREASE CL FOR STRONGER SIGNAL, Si- SPST PUSHBUTTON WHEN $1 IS PRESSED A DISTINCT "POP” Wicd | BE HEARD FROM A NEARBY RADIO... THIS CIRGUIT AVOIDS A DIRECT SHORT CIRCUIT ACROSS. THE BATTERY. INSTEAD Ci IS. SHORTED BY. SL: AFTER BEING CHARGED THROUGH Ri. 4O NARROW BAND RF TRANSMITTER 1/4" aL SODA RA , CL AND LA FORM A RESONANT CIRCUIT. THEREFORE THE RANGE OF WAVE- LENGTHS PRODUCED WHEN St (S PRESSED IS NARROW, 7'9" OF 30 GAUGE ~<" MAGNET WIRE. SIGNAL PEAKS AT SSOKH2 WHEN C1 =0.00S uF, . TUNABLE RF TRANSMITTER depepegedad 7 OMB ——————_——— looo KH2 <——_—— 1600 KHz tome TUNING WIRE USE FILE To REMOVE NARROW STRIP OF INSULATION ALONG LENGTH OF Li. STROKE TUNING WIRE ALONG BARE Coll TURNS WHILE LISTENING TO NEARBY RADIO, PEAK FREQUENCIES MEASURED witTH ACTUAL ciRculT FOR Two VALUES oF Ci, AL , ( TRANSISTOR RF TRANSMITTER: A. SINGLE TRANSISTOR CAN BE CONNECTED AS AN OSCILLATOR THAT SUPPLIES A SERIES OF RADIO-FREQUENCY PULSES. THE BASIC HARTLEY OSCILLATOR SHOWN HERE WILL SEND RF PULSES TO A SHORTWAVE OR BROADCAST BAND RADIO SEVERAL FEET AWAY. QL-TRY VARIOUS NPN. TRANSISTORS (N2222, Erc.). NoT — ALL WILL WORK. OR ANTENNA REVERSE BATTERY ci2”) : POLARITY AND TRY PNP TRANSISTORS. Li IS A ROMEMADE AIR-CORE RF coil, USE 30 GAUSE WRAPPING WIRE OR MAGNET WIRE. Cuse MAGNET wiRe FOR SMALLER COIL. BURN THE VARNISH FROM ENOS OF Li WITH A MATCH AND LIGHTLY BUFF CHARRED VARNISH wit SAND PAPER.) BEFORE WINDING, PUNCH SMALL HOLE IN ONE END OF STRAW CRIGHT END OF COIL ABovE). INSERT 2" OF WIRE THROUGH HOLE AND WIND 30 TURNS. PUNCH SECOND SMALL HOLE (LEFT END OF colic) AND INSERT 2” LooP OF WIRE CTAP) THROUGH HOLE. WIND BACK 15 TURNS BACK OVER FIRST WIN DING, PUNCH HOLE THROUGH WINDING AND INSERT END OF WIRE.. IF WRAPPING WIRE IS . wee” CUT TAP LOOP AND TwisT EXPOSED WIRES. 4 : CLi USE Of mF TO TRANSMIT AN AUDIO TONE. USE 10 uF TO TRANSMIT A STREAM OF POCKS. USE A MINIATURE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR. Ri: CHANGE R41'S SETTING TD VARY OSCILLATION FREQUENCY, Bii Use A PENLIGHT CELe OR A MERCURY OR SILVER OXIDE BUTTON CELL. WARNING: NEVER ATTEMPT TO SOLDER LEADS TO MINIATURE POWER CELLS! THEY wil EXPLODE. CIRCUIT OPERATION THIS TRANSMITTER EMITS AN RF SIGNAL THAT CAN BE RECEIVED ACROSS A WIDE PART of THE BROADCAST AND SHORTWAVE SPECTRUM, PARTIC- DLARLY THE 1e-METER BAND AND BEYOND. THE SIGNAL CAN ALSO BE RECEIVED AT THE Low END OF THE @8- TO 108-MHe FM BAND. k— 100 waste piri ~30 TYPICAL SINGLE PULSE OF VoLTs RF RADIATION EMITTED BY a TRANSMITTER. EACH TRANSMITTED PULSE IS AN ENVELOPE oF BROAD SPECTRUM RF OSCILLATIONS RATHER THAN A PORE, SINGLE FREQUENCY SIGNAL, NOTE THAT THE AUTOTRANS FORMER ACTION oF Li INCREASES THE OUTPUT FROM 1.5 TO -20 VOLTS. TO TRANSMIT TEMPERATURE OR LIGHT INTENSITY, REPLACE Ri WITH A THERMISTOR OR CADMIUM SULFIDE PHOTORESiSTOR. USE A VALUE FOR CL THAT GIVES A PULSE RATE OF A FEW PULSES PER SECOND. WITH THE HELP OF A DIGITAL WATCH OR TIMER, YOU CAN THEN COUNT THE NUMBER OF PULSES IN, SAY, 10 SECONDS FOR EACH OF SEVERAL INPUT CONDITIONS. ae CODE TRANSMITTER THIS TRANSMITTER Will ANTENNA SEND TONE TO NEARBY (/4" MAximum) BROADCAST BAND RADIO TUNED TO NEAR 7OOKH2, Li IS AIR CORE Coll. TRANISMITTING RANGE USE 8! oF 30 GAUGE 1S SEVERAL FEET. MAGNET WIRE. TAP iS AT CENTER OF Ay” ss: 4” SODA STRAW — COIL. IAC et *3v cr rar b-—1"——4 PRESS Si TO TRANISM\T TONE. ul Li: FORM 1-1/2" LOOP AT CEmTER oF B’ WIRE. Win 0 WIRE ON STRAW, INSERTING LooP THROUGH HOLE PUNCHED IN CENTER OF STRAW. RE wuTPUT IS CLEAN SINE WAVE NEAR 700 KHz. ADJUST R3 FOR CLEAR, LouD TONE. RETUNE RADIO AS NECESSARY. INSERT SMALL STEEC NAIL INSIDE Li TO LOWER TRANSMISSION FREQUENCY. USE DURING DAY FOR MAXIMUM RANGE. 44 ) : VOICE TRANSMITTER THE RF OSCILLATOR OF THIS TRANSMITTER AS IDENTICAC TO THE ONE ON THE FACING PAGE. REFER THERE FoR Li ASSEMBLY, INPUT 1S ELECTRET MICROPHONE. OK TO CONNECT 1k SIDE OF BRi1iK +t3v TRANS FORMER TO INPUT. ANTENNA > C49" MAximum) Keep ALL WIRES SHORT. RFE OUTPUT 1S CLEAN SINE WAVE NEAR 700 Kii2. PLACE MICROPHONE CLOSE TO EARPHONE CONNECTED TO TAPE RECORDER. THEN TUNE NEARBY RADIO TO RECEIVE SIGNAL FROM TRANSMITTER. ADIUST RB FoR BEST SOUND. RETUNE RADIO AS NECESSARY. REMOVE RECORDER ANO SPEAR INTO MICROPHONE. THE TRANSMITTERS ON THIS AND FACING PAGE CONFORM TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE FC" GIVEN IN 47 CFR, PART 15.113 WHEN RB IS ADJUST ED FOR CLEAREST ouTPUT SIGNAL, BL IS 3 VOLTS AND THE AWTENNA LENGTH <3 METERS. 4S AUTOMATIC TONE. TRANSMITTER THIS CIRCUIT TRANSMITS A’ BRIEF (1/4 SECOND) TONE BURST ONCE EVERY 10 SECONDS TO AN FM, RAND RECEIVER UP TO A FEW HUNDRED FEET AWAY. +3-~V_ FIELD STRENGTH AT 2M ANTENNA 202 pF 1) TONE Source ~wdj2" LLIS S TURNS OF BARE, SOLID HOOKUP WIRE WOUND RROUND 3/8" DIAMETER WOOD DOWEL, REMOVE DOWEL AFTER WINDING. TAP LS WIRE SOLDERED AT 1-1/2 TURNS POINT. 1/2" R4 iS 3.9M OR 2 2.2M RESISTORS IN SERIES. Yo CIRCUIT OPERATION QL OSCILLATES AT A FREQUENCY CONTROLLED BY CS AND Li. VALUES SHOWN Give FREQUENCY NEAR 100 MHz. USE VARIABLE CAPACITOR FOR CS TO VARY. FREQUENCY. #— LED ON #& LED OFF [= 174 sec > ——— 10 se N0MNY————hypp 4 INTERVAL : RE SIGNAL CDURATIONS OF RF SIGNAL (audio. FREQUENCY AND INTERVAL CONTROLLED CONTROLLED BY RI/C1) BY RY /R3/02) TO ADTUST, DISCONNECT Q2's COLLECTOR FROM C3. TUNE FM RADIO UNTIL STEADY TONE Is RECEIVED. RECONNECT QZ, DO NST OPERATE CIRCUIT IN CONTINUOUS TONE ModE UNLESS ADTUSTMENTS ARE BEING MADE. (SEE Foe RULES BELOW AND oN FOLLOWING PAGE.) INSTALL CIRCUIT IN ALUMINUM Box. MOUNT Li SECURELY To CIRCUIT BOARD. IF LL MOVES OR VIBRATES, THE FREQUENCY WILL SHIFT. BoTH SSS CHIPS CAN BE CMOS /Low-PowER TYPES, BUT NOT ALL CMOS SSS*S will woRK IN CIRCUIT. USE CIRCUIT FOR PAGING, REMOTE coNTROL, TRACKING, ANNOUNCING VISITORS, ETC. TO TRANSMIT LICHT LEVEL OR TEMPERATURE AS A VARIABLE TONE, REPLACE RL WITH PHOTORESISTOR OR THERMISTOR. i SPECIAL FCC RULE THE FCC REQUIRES THAT “... THE DURATION OF EACH TRANSMISSION SHALL NoT BE GREATER THAN ONE SECOND AND THE SILENT PERIOD BETWEEN TRANS- MISSIONS SHALL BE AT LEAST 20 TIMES THE TRANSMISSION DURATION BUT IN NO CASE LESS THAN 10 SEcoN0S.” C47CFR 18.122) WITH THE VALUES FOR R2,R4 AND C2 GIVEN HERE, THIS CIRCUIT FULFILLS THIS RULE. SEE NExt PAGE FOR. ADDITIONAL RULES, 49 FC¢ REGULATIONS FCC RULES You SHOULD KNOW ABouT INCLUDE: 1. EAVESDROPPING IS PROHIBITED. 2. A LOW-POWER TRANSMITTER THAT INTERFERES WITH RADIO OR TELEVISION RECEPTION. MUST NOT BE OPERATED. 3, REQUIRED HOME-GulLT TRANSMITTER LABEL? © TL HAVE CONSTRUCTED THIS DEVICE FOR MY OWN USE. TAAVE TESTED IT AND CERTIFY THAT (T COMPLIES WITH THE APPLICABLE REGULATIONS oF FCC RULES PaRT 1S. A coPY OF MY MEASUREMENTS IS iN MY POSSESSION AND 1S AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION. SIGNED? DATE: ADDITIONAL RULES GIVE PERMISSIBLE SIGNAL STRENGTAS AND OTHER RESTRICTIONS. SEE 47 CFR, PART 1S FOR DETAKS CwRITE TO THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC 20402). GOING FURTHER RADIO SHACK SELLS EASILY ASSEMBLED TRANSMITTER: AND RECEIVER KITS. RADIO SHACK ALSO SELLS A WIDE RANGE OF CB EQUIPMENT. BOOKS A8ouT RADIO COMMUNICATIONS CAN BE Found AT MOST LIBRARIES, POPULAR COMMUNICATIONS, 73, QST AND CQ ARE SOME OF THE MAGAZINES DEVOTED TO THE SUBTECT. PROEABLY THE BEST GUIDE TO AMATEUR RADIO JS “ THE ARR HANDBOOK FOR THE RADIO AMATEUR.” THIS ALL-INCLUSIVE 800K, WHICH 1S REVISED EACH YEAR, IS AVAILABLE FROM THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE CNEWINGTON, CT O6etit). 4s BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLow GREEN BLUE VioLeT GRAY WRAUTE ° i z 3 4 5 & 7 8 gq FOURTH BAND tN Oo ¥ | kL ¥ 10 2 ¥ 100 3 ¥ 1.000 4 £10,000 S % 100,000 & ¥% 1,000,000 7 %£ 10,000,000 8 x 100,000,000 INDICATES TDLERANCE (accuracy): GOLO=AS% SuVER=E1O% NowE=* 20% ’ oy OHMS LAW: vere gswyt TeV/R Pe VERTR ABBREVIATIONS A= AMPERE R * RESISTANCE Fo = FaRap Vv (ok ED ® VOLT T= cuRe Ent We WATT P= PoweER SL= OWM M CMEG-) = * 1,000,200 K CKiLO~} = x Loco m CMLLIAF) = cop A CMICRO-}) =. 000 O61 a ENANO-) = | 900 900 001 Pp

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