ean2015 Pig- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2 Pig From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates, Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species; related creatures outside the genus include the wild boar, peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.) Pigs are omnivores and are highly social and intelligent animals.21 Contents = 1 Description and behaviour = 2 Distribution and evolution = 3 Habitat and reproduction = 4 Diet and foraging = 5 Relationship with humans = 6 Species = 7 Domestic pigs = 8 Cultural and religious reference to pigs = 9 Environmental impacts = 10 Health issues = 11 See also = 12 References = 13 External links Description and behaviour A typical pig has a large head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip.) The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is a very acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each trotter (foot), with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft ground.!") ‘The dental formula of adult pigs is $+44, giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male the canine teeth form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other.) psn wikipedia cry ier Pig Bornean bearded pig Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum Chordata Class: Mammalia Subelass: Theria Infiaclass: —_Eutheria Order: Artiodactyla Family Suidae Subfamily: Suinae Genus Sus Linnacus, 1758 Species = See text v8ean2015 Pig- Wikipedia, te free encyclopecia Occasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become severely stressed.!5I Some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal. Others may cause the death of the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat the piglets. It is estimated that 50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the newborn pre-weaned animals. {6} Distribution and evolution With around | billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.|71I81 The ancestor of the domesticated pig is the wild boar, which is one of the most numerous and widespread large mammals. Its many subspecies are native to all but the harshest climates of continental Eurasia and its islands and Arica as well, from Ireland and India to Japan and north to Siberia, Although it has been exterminated in some areas, its numbers are stable, or even inereasing rapidly, in most of its native range. Domesticated pig Long isolated from other pigs on the many islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, pigs have evolved into many different species, including wild boar, bearded pigs, and warty pigs. Humans have introduced pigs into Australia, North and South America, and numerous islands, either accidentally as escaped domestic pigs which have gone feral, or as wild boar. These have typically adapted well, and are increasing in number and broadening their range outside human control. Habitat and reproduction Pig in a bucket The wild pig (Sus scrofa) can take advantage of any forage resources. Therefore, it can live in virtually any productive habitat that can provide enough water to sustain large mammals such as pigs. If there is increased foraging of wild pigs in certain areas, it can cause a nutritional shortage which can cause the pig population to decrease, If the nutritional state returns to normal, the pig population will most likely rise due to the pigs’ naturally increased reproduction rate.9) Diet and foraging Pigs are omnivores, which means that they consume both plants and animals. In the wild, they are foraging animals, primarily eating leaves, grasses, roots, fruits, and flowers. In confinement, pigs are fed mostly com and soybean meal with a mixture of vitamins and minerals added to the diet. Traditionally they were raised on dairy farms and called "mortgage lifters" due to their ability to use the excess milk as well as whey from cheese and butter making combined with pasture.!"°l Older pigs will consume three to five gallons of water M1] per day. Relationship with humans tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig 28eas Pig- Wikipedia, te fee encyclopedia Domesticated pigs, called swine, are raised commercially for meat (generally called pork, hams, gammon or bacon), as well as for leather. Their bristly hairs are also used for brushes. Due to their common use as livestock, adult swine have gender specific names: ‘the males are boars and the females are sows. In Britain, the word hog can refer to a castrated adult male pig.!'7! Young swine are called piglets or pigs. Pork is one of the most popular forms of meat for human consumption, accounting for 38% of worldwide meat production.|!3} Pigs that are allowed to forage may be watched by swineherds Because of their foraging abilities and excellent sense of smell, they are used to find truffles in many European countries, A pig trained to find truffles Both wild and feral pigs are commonly hunted. Some breeds of pig, such as the Asian pot-bellied pig, are kept as pets. There are two instances in the 2000s where farm hogs ate human beings. The first was in 2004 in Romania, where a woman died after her ears, half of her face and her fingers were consumed;('4) the other in 2012 in Oregon—whether the farmer was killed by his hogs or died of another cause before being consumed is unknown.!5] Species The genus Sus is currently thought to contain ten living — species. A number of extinct species (+) are known from Pig ‘oink’ fossils. = o0e [mew | > Oink! = Sus ahoenobarbus WWuet, 1888 ~ Palawan bearded pig Problems playing this file? See media help. = Sus australis Han, 1987 — Early Pleistocene of China = Sus barbatus Maller, 1838 — Bornean bearded pig = {Sus bijiashanensis tan et al, 1975 — Early Pleistocene of China = Sus bucculentus Heude, 1892 — Heude's Pig or Indo-Chinese (or Vietnam) warty pig = Sus cebifrons Heude, 1888 — Visayan warty pig ‘Sus celebensis Maller & Schlegel, 1843 — Celebes warty pig or Sulawesi warty pig Sus falconeri — Pleistocene of the Siwalik region, India Sus houi Qi etal, 1999 ~ Pleistocene of China Sus hysudricus Sus jiaoshanensis Zhao, 1980 —Early Pleistocene of China Sus liuchengensis Han, 1987 —Early Pleistocene of China Sus Iydekkeri Zdansky, 1928 — Pleistocene of China +Sus offecinalis Koenigswald, 1933 — China Sus oliveri Groves, 1997 — Oliver's warty pig or Mindoro warty pig +}Sus peii Han, 1987 — Early Pleistocene of China Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886 — Philippine warty pig Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig 38evs Pi Wikre, te ree eneylopesa = Sus scrofa ~ Wild boar Linnaeus, 1758 = Sus scrofa domestica trxleben, 1777 ~ Domestic pig (sometimes treated as a full species) Sus subtriquetra Xue, 1981 {Sus strozzi ‘Sus verrucosus Boie, 1832 — Javan warty pig Sus xiaochu Han et al., 1975 — Eatly Pleistocene of China The pygmy hog, formerly Sus salvanius is now placed in the monotypic genus Porcula.|!6) Domestic pigs Pigs have been domesticated since ancient times in the Old World. Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were being managed in the é wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans from wild boar as early as 13,000-12,700 BP in the ‘Near East in the Tigris Green glazed toilet with pigsty Basin.7] Remains of pigs model. China, Eastern Han dynasty have been dated to earlier 25 - 220 CE. than 11,400 BP in Cyprus that must have been: introduced from the mainland which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then.8] A separate domestication also occurred in China!) ‘Swedish pig farmer with piglet. Early 20th century In India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time mostly in Goa and some rural areas for pig toilets. This was also done in China. Though ecologically logical as well as economical, pig toilets are waning in popularity as use of septic tanks and/or sewerage systems is increasing in rural areas. Pigs were brought to southeastem North America from Europe by Hernando de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Pigs are particularly valued in China and on certain oceanic islands, where their self sufficiency allows them to be turned loose, although the practice is not without its drawbacks (see environmental impact). ‘The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is usually given the scientific name Sus scrofa, although some authors call it S. domesticus, reserving S. scrofa for the wild boar. It was domesticated approximately 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. Their coats are coarse and bristly. ‘They are born brownish coloured and tend to tum more grayish coloured with age. The upper canines form sharp distinctive tusks that curve outward and tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig 48evs i Wikre, te ree enelopeta upward. Compared to other artiodactyles, their head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Their head and body length ranges from 0.9 to 1.8 m (35 to 71 in) and they can weigh between 50 and 350 kg (110 and 770 Ib). Pigs are intelligent!) and can be trained to perform numerous tasks and tricks.!2!) Recently, they have enjoyed a measure of popularity as house pets, particularly the dwarf breeds Cultural and religious reference to pigs Pigs appear in the traditional art and literature of many societies, where they sometimes carry religious symbolism. In Asia the wild boar is one of twelve animal images comprising the Chinese zodiac, while in Europe the boar represents a standard charge in heraldry. Many Abrahamic religions view pigs and those who handle them negatively. Pigs are frequently alluded to in proverbs, metaphors, idioms, and folk art. Environmental impacts Domestic pigs that have escaped from farms or were allowed to forage in the wild, and in some cases wild boars which were introduced as prey for hunting, have given rise to large populations of feral pigs in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and other areas where pigs are not native. Accidental or deliberate releases of pigs into countries or environments where they are an alien species have caused extensive environmental change. Their omnivorous diet, aggressive behaviour, and their feeding method of rooting in the ground all combine to severely alter ecosystems unused to pigs. Pigs will even eat small animals and destroy nests of ground nesting birds.'*! The Invasive Species Specialist Group lists feral pigs on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species and says:!?21 Feral pigs like other introduced mammals are major drivers of extinction and ecosystem change. They have been introduced into many parts of the world, and will damage erops and home gardens as well as potentially spreading disease. They uproot large areas of land, eliminating native vegetation and spreading weeds, This results in habitat alteration, a change in plant succession and composition and a decrease in native fauna dependent on the original habitat. Health issues Pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans. These include trichinosis, Taenia solium, cysticercosis, and brucellosis. Pigs are also known to host large concentrations of parasitic ascarid worms in their digestive tract.24] According to the USDA fact sheet modern pork can be enjoyed cooked rare at 145 °F with pink in the middle.(4) Today trichinellosis infections from eating undercooked pork are rare in more technologically developed countries due to refrigeration, health laws, and public awareness,?51 Some religious groups have dietary laws that make pork an "unclean" meat, and adherents sometimes interpret these health issues as validation of their views.(25l tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig owvavanis i Wikre, te ree enelopeta Pigs have health issues of their own. Pigs have small lungs in relation to their body size and are thus more susceptible than other domesticated animals to fatal bronchitis and pneumonia.!?7I Some strains of influenza are endemic in pigs (see swine influenza). Pigs also can acquire human influenza Pigs can be aggressive in defending themselves and their young. Pig-induced injuries are thus not unusual in areas where pigs are raised or where they form part of the wild or feral fauna_|81 In November 2012 scientists managed to sequence the genome of the domestic pig. The similarities between the pig and human genomes mean that the new data may have wide applications in the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.|9113] See also = Wild Boar Domestic Pig Peccary (domestication) Trufile hog Pot-bellied pig Babirusa Red River Hog Bushpig Fetal pig Hog-baiting List of fictional pigs List of pigs Pig Olympics Enviropig References 1. "Piglet - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" (http://www. merriam- webster. com/dictionary/piglet), Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2013. 2. Angier, Natalie (10 November 2009). "Pigs Prove to Be Smart, if Not Vain" (http://swvew. nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/IOangier html). The New York Times. 3. ADW: Sus serofa: Information (hitp.//animaldiversity, ummz, umich edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_scrofa htm!) 4. Feral Pig / Hog / Pig / Wild Boar Hunting (http://www. gunnersden com/index. htm, shooting-hunting-hogs. html) 5. Harris, M., Bergeron, R., Lil, Y. and Gonyou, H. (2001). "Savaging of piglets: A puzzle of maternal behaviour” (hup://www. prairieswine com/pdf185.pd1) (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2013, 6. North Carolina Pork Conference (http://mark asci.nesu.edwNCPorkCon{/2002/lay htm) ~ Management Tips to Reduce Pre-Weaning Mortality. 2002, North Carolina State University 7. Production, Supply and Distribution Online Query (hitp://www. fas. usda. gov/psdonline/psdQuery aspx), United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service 8. Swine Summary Selected Countries (http:/Awww-fas.usda, gov/psdonline/psdReport. aspx? hidReportRetrievalName=Swine+Summary~Selected+Countries&ehidReportRetrievallD=1649&hidR eportRetriev alTemplatelD~7), United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, (total number is Production (Pig Crop) plus Total Beginning Stocks tn tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig eeervc0is Pig- Wikipedia the re encyclopedia 9. John J. Mayer and I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr., "Wild Pigs Biology, Damage, Control Techniques and Management” (https: //fp.aubum. edu/stws/ditchkofi/PDF%20publications/Food?%20Habits%20Chapter20- %20Wild%20Pig%20Bo0k pu), Savannah River National Laboratory Aiken, South Carolina, 2009 10. University of Illinois - FarmDoe (http://www. farmdoc illinois edu/marketing/weekly/html/1 12904. html) LL. http://www nes. edu/project/swine_extensiorv/healthyhogs/book1995/almond. htm 12. http://www yourdictionary. com/hog 13. Raloff, Janet, Food for Thought: Global Food Trends (http://www. sciencenews.org/articles/2003053 |/food. asp). Science News Online. 31 May 2003 14. http://www upi.com/Odd_News/2004/03/05/Pigs-attack-eat-farmers-wife/UPI-75461078491614/ 15. htp:/Ausnews.nbcnews,comy_news/2012/10/01/14173510-70-year-old-oregon-farmer-eaten-by-his-hogs7lite 16. Funk, Stephan M.; Kumar Verma, Sunil; Larson, Greger, Prasad, Kasturi; Singh, Lalji Narayan, Goutam; Fa, John E, (2007). "The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 (2): 427-436. doi:10.10164j.ympev.2007.08.007 (https://dx.doi,org/10, 1016%2F}. ympev.2007.08.007). PMID 17905601 (https://www.nebi.nlm.nih, gov/pubmed/17905601). 17. Rosenberg, M; Nesbitt, R, Redding, RW; Peasnall, BL (1998). "Hallan Cemi, pig husbandry, and post- Pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zegros Are (Turkey)".". Paleorient 24 (1): 2541 18, Vigne, JD; Zazo, A; Saliége, JF; Poplin, F, Guilaine, J; Simmons, A (2009), "Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago" (https:/Awww,nebi. nlm. nih, gov/pmefarticles/PMC2752532). Proc Nat! Acad Sci US A 106 (38): 16135-16138. Bibcode:2009PNAS. .10616135V (hitp:/adsabs. harvard. edw/abs/2009PNAS. .10616135V), doi: 10. 1073/pnas.0905015106 (https: //dx.doi.org/10. 1073%2Fpnas.0905015106). PMC 2752532 (https: //swww.nebi.nlm.nih. gov/pmelarticles/PMC2752532). PMID 19706455 (https: //www.nebi.nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/19706455). 19. Giuffra, E: Kijas, J. M.; Amarger, V; Carlborg, O: Jeon, J. T.; Andersson, L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression" (http://www. pubmedcentral.nih. gov/picrender.fogi?artid=1461048éblobtype=paf). Genetics 154 (4): 1785-91 PMC 1461048 (bttps://www.ncbi.nim.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC 1461048). PMID 10747069 (https://www.nebi.nim.nih. gov/pubmed/10747069). 20. Broom, Donald M.; Hilana Sena; Kiera L. Moynihan (November 2009). "Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information” (http://198.81.200.2/science/article/B6W9W-4X9NCFD- 3/2/b4289£799dd84984090525d8 1{65201). Animal Behaviour 78 (5): 1037-1041 doi: 10. 1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.027 (https://dx. doi, org/10. 1016%2F}.anbehav.2009,07.027). ISSN 0003-3472 (https://www. worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472). Retrieved 28 July 2010. "Mirror usage has been taken to indicate some degree of awareness in animals. ... When put in a pen with a mirror in it, young pigs made movements while apparently looking at their image. After 5 h spent with a mirror, the pigs were shown a familiar food bowl, visible in the mirror but hidden behind a solid barrier. Seven out of eight pigs found the food bowl in a mean of 23 s by going away from the mirror and around the barrier. .. To use information from a mirror and find a food bowl, each pig must have observed features of its surroundings, remembered these and its own actions, deduced relationships among observed and remembered features and acted accordingly, This ability indicates assessment awareness in pigs. The results may have some effects on the design of housing conditions for pigs and may lead to better pig welfare.” 21. Angier, Natalie (9 November 2009). "Pigs Prove to Be Smart, if Not Vain" (http://www. nytimes,.com/2009/1 1/10/science/ Oangier html). The New York Times (New York, New York, US: The New York Times Company). Retrieved 28 July 2010. "They've found that pigs are among the quickest of animals to learn a new routine, and pigs can do a circus’s worth of tricks: jump hoops, bow and stand, spin and make wordlike sounds on command, roll out rugs, herd sheep, close and open cages, play videogames with joysticks, and more," 22. Ecology of Sus scrofa (http:/vww.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si~73&fi—1&st Species Database, The Invasive Species Specialist Group 23. Pig Health (http://www.thepigsite. com/pighealth’) 24. "USDA Pork Fact Sheet" (http://www. fsis.usda gov/ wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get- answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/meat-preparationfresh-pork-from-farm-to-table/CT_Index), ss), Global Invasive tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig 718ervc0is Pig- Wikipedia, the fee encyclopedia 25. "CDC - Trichinellosis - General Information” (http:/Avww-cde. gov/parasites/trichinellosis/gen_info/faqs. html), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011 26. Marie Parsons. "Pigs in Ancient Egypt” (http://www. touregypt net/featurestories/pigs.htm) 27. Pros and Cons of Potbellied Pigs (hitp:!vww.pigs.org/article.asp?article_id=3) 28. McClung, Robert M., The New Book of Knowledge: Pigs 29. (Medical Daily) (http://m.medicaldaily. com/articles/13130/20121 1 14/scientists-sequence-entire-pig-genome- breakthrough-combat.htm) (Business Standard) (http://www. business-standard,com/generalnews/news/scientists- decodepig-genome/79354/) 30. Groenen, Martien A. M.; Archibald, Alan L.; Uenishi, Hirohide; Tuggle, Christopher K.; Takeuchi, Yasuhiro; Rothschild, Max F.; Rogel-Gaillard, Claire, Park, Chankyu; Milan, Denis; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Li, Shengting; Larkin, Denis M.; Kim, Heebal; Frantz, Laurent A. F., Caccamo, Mario; Ahn, Hyeonju; Aken, Bronwen L. Anselmo, Anna, Anthon, Christian, Auvil, Loretta, Badaoui, Bouabid; Beattie, Craig W.; Bendixen, Christian, Berman, Daniel; Blecha, Frank, Blomberg, Jonas; Bolund, Lars; Bosse, Mirte, Botti, Sara et al. (2012) "Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution", Nature 491 (7424): 393 Bibcode:2012Natur.49 | ,,393G (http://adsabs, harvard. edu/albs/2012Natur.491..393G). doi:10, 1038/naturel 1622 (https: //dx.doi,org/10, 1038%2Fnature! 1622). PMID 23151582 (https: //www.nebi.nlm.nih, gov/pubmed/23 151582). External links = Pig genome resources (hitp:/Avww.nebi.nim.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/pig/) = Swine breeds, with pictures (http://vww.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/) Retrieved from "https://en. wikipedia org/w/index. php?title=Pigd&oldid=665029807" Categories: Pigs | Coprophagous animals = This page was last modified on | June 2015, at 15:24 ext is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. tpl wikipedia.org 7tle=Pig we