Race against Races:

Police racism and violence in black communities.

ChrisMiranda
TascheBryant
BlackstoneAcademyCharter
5/29/15

As humans, people are affected by race, the indisputable compromise of who we

are, meaning that we are constricted by our skin color and we become consumed with our
social identity. Racism divides us and creates tension, forces populations to become more
restrictive in their own homes and affects the way they live from day to day. The oppressed
have little power against the oppressor and this is where the backlash begins. One example
of this oppression is stated by a socialist group which fight for the rights of blacks and
minorities alike:
Blacks who are arrested are seven times more likely to be imprisoned
than whites; they are sentenced to death four times more often than whites, and the
average prison sentence is 10 months longer for black men than for white men (The
Oppression of Black People, 2)
Black communities and people began to transition into a
state in which they completely have no compassion or trust for the police. Ultimately this
series of events turns into a generational hatred. Police racism causes violence and distrust
in black communities and forces the youth into molds that they dont want to be in and
forms them into criminal adults. For years people have been hurt by those who are meant
to protect and serve. They are left fearing.

Background:
Since the beginning of African slavery starting in America in 1619 and ending in 1863
(243 years) there has always been an authority above the minority. Slavery has
single-handedly shaped and molded generations before and will for generations to come. This
manifests as institutional racism (which is government organizations, schools, banks, courts

etc. which treat people of color differently and negatively ) which leads to and affect black
people. The tiers of black lives have been formed and handled for the future, meaning that
there are stereotypes and societal and economic classes that blacks would have to surpass in
order for them to succeed, which is extremely difficult. Further, slavery birthed an offspring
known as segregation. Segregation was an obvious form of oppression. An example is Plessy v.
Ferguson which was a
case
in the Supreme Court of the United States
. On June 7th, 1892,
Homer Plessy was wrongfully imprisoned for sitting in the, white car. Plessys complexion
was easily passable for white but due to the law, he was considered black. Plessy took this case
to court and ultimately lost. Essentially this allowed for legalized oppression and reinforced
inferiority within blacks and their communities. Segregation was not afraid to show its face in
public education. In the 1950s, schools were largely segregated and that affected the education
of minorities deeply. Brown v. Board changed this and changed the lives of millions of black
people in the U.S. Ultimately Brown v. Board was argued in the Supreme Court and
unanimously decided that racial segregation was unconstitutional in schools. But this still
didnt change the fact that segregation was still in the communities and it allowed for enforced
segregation. Ultimately and unfortunately, these milestones in black life havent seemed to
perpetuate the same success in modern day society. Poverty and unemployment rates have
risen for blacks over the years and that has caused imprisonment rates to rise as well. For
example, the black activist group the NAACP has gone on to say that,

One in six black men had

been incarcerated as of 2001. If current trends continue, one in three black males born today can
expect to spend time in prison during his lifetime

College and education rates for blacks have decreased and this statistic compliments
the others and it simply repeats itself. Marjorie Valbrun who is an author and writer who has
gone on to state the horrific fact that, The national college graduation rate for black men is
33.1 percent (1). Marjorie Valbrun has stated that
In comparison, the graduation rate for
white males is 54.5 percent.Segregation also incorporated racism and hatred. People in
society embraced this racism and hatred and adopted it into their lives such as the KKK and
other many hate groups. These people would go on to become figures in their society and in
their communities. Consequently, this provokes the idea that police racism causes violence in
black communities because when police harm and hurt blacks, they take it out in their
communities whether it be by selling drugs (because they didnt go to college and its one of
their few income options) or it be by joining a gang. Gangs offer multiple forms of harm,
although the two most prevalent are drugs and violence within and outside of the community.
Author Christopher Ingraham has stated through research, between 1980 -2011 there were
620,791 black people arrested for drug possession with intent to sell. (1)
There is a large amount of white police officers compared to black officers in the
United States. For example in the Ferguson Police Department which caused a national outcry
and uproar when a police officer, shot and killed 18 year old unarmed black teen by the name
of Michael Brown. In Ferguson Missouri 50 police officers in total: while there are only 3 black
officers, there are 47 white officers. Although this doesnt represent the community as shown
in figure one, the amount of black residents in Ferguson has grown from a mere 1% in 1970 to
a staggering 67% in 2010,

figure one (Paulina Firozi USA Today. "5 Things to Know about Ferguson Police Department."
USA Today
. Gannett, 19 Aug.
2014. Web. 29 May 2015.)

The article Racism without Racists says that it is seen as a second hand topic, that
racism cant be in the police force because they work alongside blacks and other minorities.
Further, because of police racism, and blacks living in all black communities, blacks have no
other form besides violence to take out their anger, and suppressed feelings, so they take it out
on one another. As stated by national superpower the FBI , 34% of gang members are black.
(9) This is significant because blacks are only 12.1% of the national population, but yet a huge
portion of gangs are filled with black people. The problem isnt solved because since police
racism exists, blacks are being hurt .Why would black children grow up to join a police force
who hurt and oppressed them as children and young adults.

Section 1:
Police
Police are trained to defend themselves and innocent citizens in dangerous and
hostile situations. In order to do this, they have to use violence at some points. Through
research and personal experience, and through watching years of suffering and a new age
of school violence, writer and researcher Budnick has said (referring to a school call that
there had been some sort of violence on campus)
"That [their training] reflected their
training, which was based on the concepts of containing the situation and waiting for SWAT
team members to arrive, mobilize, and respond" (2). The response of the police was
extreme because they would mobilize SWAT in a low risk situation. It shows that they have
been more militarized and have become more exact, in turn being able to have a more
deadly response in certain situations in terms of the force they use as well as their tactics.
But what is also key to remember is t
hat this was in a white community. Peaceful responses
are common in predominantly white communities, the problem lies within the black and
minority communities where the responses do not have the same levels of restraint and
often lead to violence
.
The response was in a predominantly white student body, this shows
that they have a priority and a more sense of urgency for their community.
Author and researcher Alexander introduces the horrifying truth about police
racism. He reviewed disparities in the data on the searching of vehicles driven by blacks
and whites These data admit to multiple possible interpretations. First, racist police
officers could be unfairly targeting blacks. Second, blacks could be acting more suspiciously
and police officers correctly picking up on this fact. Third, police officers could be racially
profiling based on their past experience of more successful searches of black drivers (7).

This also means that the way the police are trained, they are not trained to not use their
bias, and before they know, and act before they may be subsequently hurt. Finally, author,
journalist and researcher Rushing has said that the police are taught to implement tactical
enforcement strategies (2). This shows that they are taught to use more force and more
of a military way of dealing with issues in black communities .
More and more mothers and fathers of young black kids have to sit with their
teenage child and tell them that if a police officer ever pulls them over, they never reach to
their pocket quickly, they dont ever raise their voice or let their hands rest loosely by their
sides because some officers who are racist may not hesitate to shoot and kill. Police officers
are treating blacks differently with the way they respond towards their actions. To delve
deeper and unfold the blanket masking the truth, author and researcher Gabrielson found
that blacks, age 15 to 19, were killed at a rate of 31.17 per million, while just 1.47 per
million white males in that age range died at the hands of police (3). The way the police
have been militarized and have been treating blacks, theyve had trouble recruiting them
too. As said by Sanders You've got three black officers and 50 white officers with a town
that is 67 percent African-American" (4). This means that you have communities that are
filled with African Americans, but the throwing in of an authority, who doesnt see eye to
eye and who does not understand the people they're meant to protect. Furthermore,
communities who are afflicted by violence and crime tend to have more white police
officers, than they do officers with a more diverse background. For example, Emily Badger
who is a reporter tells the story of a young black boy who was shot and killed in St. Louis,

The fatal police shooting Saturday of an unarmed black teen that set off these

confrontations in a St. Louis suburb has raised questions not just about the conduct of one
officer, but the makeup of an entire police force. How could a community that's two-thirds
black have a police force that's almost entirely white? (1).

Furth
ermore and finally, the perception between the two groups (police and blacks) is a
misunderstood one. To further prove this prejudice against blacks and the pure
discrimination, author and researcher Scott Alexander has gone on to say
Interactions
with police, they find that 5% of whites and 11% of blacks have had their cars searched by
police
(3) . Unfortunately this means the more negative experience an officer has with
more blacks, they become more suspicious of them in the future. Officers are speculative
around African Americans because they tend to commit more crime as
said by the author
of the article, Jay Rey, he also goes on to

Across the country last year, 27 law enforcement

officers were killed in felony attacks, according to the FBI. Of those known alleged police
killers, 15 were white and 11 were black. In Buffalo, Officer Patricia Parete was shot and
paralyzed in 2006 while investigating a reported fight at the corner of Chippewa Street and
Elmwood Avenue. She died last year at age 48. The shooter was a black man (26).
Although, black men commit crime, not all do. Further the quote demonstrates that yes,
crime in black men and black communities is prevalent and evident, although crime is
everywhere. Author Dara Lind and researcher has found that

740 police officers have been killed feloniously. Felonious killings made up 44 percent of all
officers killed in the line of duty. According to the FBI data, somewhere between 40 and 70

officers have been killed feloniously each year for the last 20 years. In total, 1,048 officers were
killed feloniously between 1995 and 201
3 (4).

The police feel threatened and thats why there's this underlying sense of hostility and
volatility which leads to more violence and more distrust from the police towards blacks.
Through my research I interviewed police officers and one of them said, I fear more for my
life then I ever have before, there are literally people out there walking around trying to kill
cops, just because theyre cops. This shows that the police are just as hurt and threatened
as ever.

Section 2:
The aftermath

police racism can uses a deep and rigorous ripple effect through black communities
and consume the people within them. Racism stems from a cycle of neglect and violence.
Some young black men are violent towards their peers and others, and it all boils over into
something bigger. A victim of violence and cultural expert Tesfamariam who is a minority
and grew up in a crime-ridden community has said As a teenager in middle school, I
watched my then-boyfriend help carry the casket of his 17-year-old best friend out of a
church and into the back of a hearse. In my senior year of high school, a young black man I
called my play brother was sentenced to prison as an adult for stabbing his classmate to
death with an ice pick. The murders and lockups of African American men I knew amassed
throughout my years in D.C. public schools (1). This displays the violence that they know
and that they are passing down. Black lives in black communities are plagued by violence
and crime. Further on, Tesfamariam also says In 2010, a deadly drive-by shooting known

as the South Capitol Street Massacre took place one block away from ERCPCPs (East of The
River Clergy-Police-Community Partnership) offices. Missing custom jewelry had led to the
murder of three teenagers and dozens of injuries, resulting in five African American young
men serving time for first- and second-degree murder convictions (7
)
This shows that
there is so little regard for black life and for the police that such a crime would occur not far
from a police force. This disregard cements a pattern within the children and people in the
community. Furthermore, the quote shows how communities (black and white) differ. The
violence was against people from the same community and of the same color. Also the
disregard for black life on both the police end, as well as the black community
simultaneously creates a stigma. This turns into not only a hatred for police, but also a
hatred for anyone who isnt the same color as them. Furthermore, the quote displays how
children are prone to violence when theyve grown up with violence their whole lives.

In particular the younger generation in a community is mostly affected by this

violence. Children carry the violence forward that they see formed in their communities.
Further they are more prone to join gangs and carry on a life of violence. As said by
scientist and researcher, Petersen

Infants who repeatedly experience frightening events such as physical or

sexual abuse will constantly utilize the parts of their brain that focus on
survival and responding to threats. In a similar way, infants who experience
the chronic stress of neglect, hunger, cold, fear, or pain will also utilize their

brains resources for survival. This is the stress-response system at work.

According to Perrys research (1996), chronic stress in the first years can
cause changes in attention abilities, impulse control, sleep, and fine motor
control. Chronic activation of the parts of the brain involved in responding to
fear can wear out other parts of the brain involved in higher level thinking
(2).

The children in these communities will struggle in school and in life all because of violence
in their lives. This violence carries over into their adulthood and slowly trickles down into
their children's lives. It manifests into the children, and it affects their lives and their
upbringing. This is important because they have a decreased chance of being be successful
because of this past failure and because of this violence and hatred. They will live with the
past and it will constantly disrupt the present and future. Later on the author says that
These children may even evoke in others the abusive behavior that they fear, just to have
some control over it (2) meaning that these children are more prone to be violent just
because they feel the need to survive. Just because of where they grew up, these children
are trapped and forced to be this way, because police racism, violence becomes a part of
black communities and how they correspond to the world. This means that some black
children and people will carry this fear, anger and disdain towards to police.

Ultimately
the violence turns into a complete disregard for life, including their own, and results in
them hurting themselves and others.

Police racism not only destroys communities, but

lives and generations to come. Consequently, when young black people hurt others, they
face time in prison and this creates a cycle between prison and the streets.

Section 3:
Discrimination, hatred and inequality often lead to the poor and rash decision of
choosing violence over any other option. In communities, the violence starts in the home
and it spreads after that. It then spread into the friends and finally it results into one of the
most known perpetrators of violence: gangs. Black communities are plagued with the
decisions of mistreated young men who turn to violence and hatred to cope with their past.
Author, teacher and social specialist
Alyce Wengelewski
goes on to state the horrendous

fact that
For many years the United States was racially categorized into whites, blacks, and
Native Americans. The white people, more commonly known as Anglo-Saxons, were once
considered superior and the U.S. was a nation of white America (2). This demonstrates
how blacks
and
other non-white races
have always been a class under, segregated, and
oppressed in their own homes for years and years. Later on
Alyce Wengelewski
states
The
statistical updates for the United States also show that people categorized as white have
more and better options before they are incarcerated. As the statistical updates state, only
15 percent of white Americans are living without health insurance, 16% have not
graduated from high school, and 11 percent live below the poverty line. These numbers
may appear to be large and outrageous but in comparison with other races they are
not(3). Alyce Wengelewski also says African-Americans represent 48.2 percent of

American adults in State or Federal prisons and local jails, and 42.5 percent of prisoners
receiving the death sentence. Making up almost half of the prison statistics it is vital to
know that those considered black only make up 12.7 percent of the country's total
population. (4).
The statistics give a greater insight into how blacks are treated differently and how
they are overrepresented in prisons and such. This further demonstrates the stark and
consistent separation between racial groups. Also police racism constructs an economic
and social barrier. The distinction of the two shows that coexistence, in certain situations
and environments, is extremely difficult and, in some eyes, impossible. White privilege and
the disdain towards Caucasians is a factor for some young black men to join gangs, and to
carry out their hatred in the form of violence.
White privilege not only affects blacks as individuals but it affects their
communities. White privilege is a societal norm that benefits people with white skin
inherited by people under the same social, economical, and political circumstances. Further
white privilege affects businesses, institutions, schools and communities. White privilege
means that a black man in the same field as a white man will not get paid as much as his
equally skilled counterpart. This means that this helps propel young black men into joining
gangs because they feel as though they have no other option and that theyre already set up
to fail.
The relationship between police and the young men in the black communities and in
the gangs is terrible. One example is extremely disturbing and it is by journalist Messing


police are even being threatened that violent Bloods gang members may be
traveling from out of state to target officers in New Jersey, according to an internal New
Jersey State Police advisory obtained by The Post. New Jersey State Police has received
credible information from the Jersey City Police Department about specific threats toward
Jersey City police officers and law enforcement, the advisory read. The United Blood Nation
may take retaliatory action against police officers (5).

Police officers, as said in the earlier quote, are threatened to go out on patrol, in fear for
their lives.
The resentment not only makes gangs powerful but it also cripples the
community because the police are forced to be in those communities now, and it causes
discomfort, distrust and ultimately a fixation of idealism in their minds of what a police
officer is. Ultimately, even though this doesnt happen in suburban backyards every day, it
still hurts and affects the community and the nation. It causes people to have a
pre-judgment of who blacks are, they are seen as a statistic, before theyre seen as a person.
They are trapped in a box, because of their skin. There is a lot that needs to be done but
primarily the police force needs to reassure the communities, especially the younger
people. Also they need to make a more diverse force that share similar backgrounds with
young black men so that they are more understanding and more caring of these
communities. In addition there needs to be an integration of the police force and the
communities so that they can reach a common ground and begin to mend their broken
relationships. Further, said by discovering police dot org,
According to the Bureau of
Justice Statistics, racial and ethnic minorities in state and local agencies made up 23.6

percent of full-time sworn personnel in 2003, up from 14.6 percent in 1987. This quote
demonstrates that although there are more minorities in the police force, there isn't nearly
enough (2).
Furthermore, what needs to happen is the nation as a whole needs to
acknowledge there is a problem. Blacks have been continuously mistreated, abused,
judged, and hated for years. As a country, we would need to realize the faults in ourselves,
institutionalized racism, bigotry and more. Henceforth, years of this suffering would need
to be apologized for and reconciled for, as stated earlier, some blacks feel like theyre owed.
As said by an anonymous user on the Teaching Tolerance website,

White skin privilege is not something that white people necessarily do, create or enjoy
on purpose. Unlike the more overt individual and institutional manifestations of racism
described above, white skin privilege is a transparent preference for whiteness that saturates our
society. White skin privilege serves several functions. First, it provides white people with perks
that we do not earn and that people of color do not enjoy. Second, it creates real advantages for
us. White people are immune to a lot of challenges. Finally, white privilege shapes the world in
which we live the way that we navigate and interact with one another and with the world.

Counter argument:
Many could say that police racism is just a figment of imagination and it doesnt
actually exist. People have different opinions about whether or not police racism actually
exists, but
police officer and community member Woodson has shared his opinion by
saying that

Well, Im not the spokesperson for the entire police force but what I can say as

my own personal opinion is no, there's no race problem in the police force.(17). Police
have to do what they have to do in order to defend themselves and some situations require
violence. Although, there are so many more options when it comes to self defense and
when it comes to apprehending a suspect, for an example: tasers, pepper sprays, batons,
bean bags (instead of bullets) and more, but bullets are unfortunately used casually.
The perception police officers have regarding the community is supposed to be the
same for everyone despite their skin color but thats not the case. Subsequently, many
officers are more likely to stop a black man than they are a white one. During the first
three-quarters of 2014, New Yorkers were stopped by the police 38,456 times. 31,661
were totally innocent (82 percent). 20,683 were black (54 percent). 4,590 were white (12
percent)(Stop-and-Frisk data 1). Furthermore and finally, the incorporation of black
officers means that police cant see color and they dont see color, they only see right and
wrong. There have been many cases of racist police officers. Author, columnist and
journalist Gene Clancy Its a catastrophe as well as who is also a journalist Barnhart has
gone on to say, the black teens that were stopped for having a snowball fight These young
men were doing nothing wrong, nothing wrong. They did exactly what they were supposed
to do and still they get arrested. Im speaking to the officers with dignity and still and yet
they see me get treated like nothing. The three teens were forced to pay $200 in bail
before they could be released. (8) Clearly this was a case of unfair judgment against the
teens. It skims the surface of this huge hole of racism and injustice.

Some say fear is is the curiosity of not understanding something, and with the
police, this is extremely relevant and true.
A community should not fear the police because
the police is meant for them and their protection. Although the very opposite is what
happens, as said by Jill Leovy
Solving these murders and other serious crimes of violence
in black communities should be a top goal for law enforcementand it deserves to take
priority over much more widely discussed issues such as racial profiling and the excessive
use of force by police in black neighborhoods, from Ferguson to Staten Island. This means
that racial issues and crimes shouldnt be disregarded they should be up front and dealt
with thoroughly. The issue is that the communities are then policed by officers who are
scared of the people in the communities and then feel like they need to protect themselves
more because of the violence. More so, the children shouldnt fear the police and shouldnt
grow up and be scared and hate the police. Although, as said by Hughes

This fear has fueled a generational need for a portentous, culturally compulsory
lecture that warns young black men about the inherent strikes against them, about the
society that is built to bring them down. It is a harbinger of the inevitable, a wishful attempt
at exceptionalism, passed down like an heirloom. Every black male I've ever met has had
this talk, and it's likely that I'll have to give it one day too. There are so many things I need
to tell my future son, already, before I've birthed him; so many innocuous, trite thoughts
that may not make a single difference.
Don't wear a hoodie. Don't try to break up a fight.
Don't talk back to cops. Don't ask for help. But they're all variations of a single theme:
Don't
give them an excuse to kill you (6)

Lives are all important, but why is it that black lives seem to be second class? We
live in a society where black lives, culture, social and economic class and pointed at for
causing problems within our society. We have positions of authority and power (for
example, Barack Obama) but we are still mistreated and crimes against blacks by police
are ever copious.
The leading form of violence and frustration are gangs. They are simple to join, but
so devastating to a community.
Gangs can be formed anywhere and anyone can join no
matter where you live. Although as said by Tinuoye

in 2003, her 17-year-old daughter,

Shekura, was shot while hanging out with a friend. From what weve heard the
shooting
was an initiation for some guy to prove himself to get into a gang, said Landrum, 49, of
Denver, a single mom of nine children. She still has a bullet lodged in her right ankle and
even to this day is in constant pain.Then, just a year later, Landrums 21-year-old son,
Kurt
Levias
, was shot to death coming out of a hip-hop concert at Denvers Bluebird Theatre.
These kids think the way to say they are tough is to use a gun and take someones life.Like
many black-on-black crimes, despite witnesses, the perpetrators have never been arrested.
When its a crime in our community its brushed under the carpet and no one seems to
care, says Dianne Harrell, of Denver, whose son was murdered six years ago (3)
Furthermore people can join gangs for any reason, not just because of police racism.
Although this is true, police racism causes a distrust, hatred, and a deep and brewing anger
that slowly builds in a community This anger then turns into violence, and violence is
executed when theres a group behind it. Finally police not only cause people to join gangs,

but they then try to combat gangs by using the same violence that pushed them into a gang.
Furthermore and finally, because of police racism, black on black crime occurs because of
the violence that brews within the children and people that live in black communities.
Conclusion:
Division between the protector and the protected doesnt help anyone. Police and
the system that they work for cause communities to rip in two and to lose their original
form. Also, the lives that the police destroy create and give life to gangs and violence.
Ultimately the community has some responsibility for the reaction towards the police, but
every action has a reaction. Through research, the simple conclusion is to create (slowly
but surely) a police force in which is more diverse and more inclined to serve and protect
any and every community. Furthermore this police force would have to keep past
generations in mind. The past generations influence the present and future generations so
they could describe their awful experiences to them and that could possibly convey
emotions of hatred. Consequently, this may lead to a chronological lineage of hatred and
distrust which would never resolve the problems. The police would have to do more than
just serve and protect in these communities. They would have to deal with decades of pain
and suffering from the system and police forces. Finally they would have to completely
change the landscape of a long standing force that has changed the field of nature in
communities. They would have to re-mold the minds of millions of people, but this
re-molding would allow for a safer and better community and world.

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