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Table of Contents
Introduction
Integumentary System
Nervous System
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
o Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Immune System
o Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Reproductive System
o Male Reproductive System
o Female Reproductive System
Excretory System
o Urinary System
Fun Facts
SPECIAL PAGE
Conclusion
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 14
page 16
page 16
page 16
page 18
page 18
page 20
page 21
page 22
* On Microsoft Word, I cant seem to get the page numbers on their proper
pages so the table of contents is pretty useless.
Introduction
Shh! We are on a mission to discover the bodys many systems and
functions! It was assigned to us weeks ago, yet we started just a week before
it was due... How upsetting. Now we have to gather all the information we
can get, so...
Aha! Weve found the researchers data files! Now we need to be really
quiet... We dont want to get caught cheating... Lets grab the notebook and
make a run for it!
Thud! What was that? The researchers back! We knock him out with a book.
Desperate times call for desperate measures. We need to get this research
project done.
We leave a note saying:
ResearcherWere going to borrow your research for personal purposes. We promise to
try to return it in one piece. We apologize for knocking you out, but we cant
risk asking you just to hear you say no, so we have to make sure we have
that research. You can yell at us all you want later. We just want to get this
project done. Theres only a week left. Thank you!
P.S. Please dont throw a bomb at us.
We run out the door with the book. At least we have that research. We can
worry about being yelled at by the researcher later. For now, we need to
complete this mission. The boss is worse than the researcher... at least, we
think. Who knows, the researcher may be creating some kind of bomb, but
well worry about that when it happens. Besides, were sure he doesnt want
to be charged for murder.
Besides, we only took the research book... and kind-of-sort-of knocked him
out a bit... How mad could that possibly get the researcher?
Not enough to get him to throw a bomb at us.
Probably.
Integumentary System
Function: To protect the body from outside damage; stores fats; produces
vitamins and hormones; helps regulate body temperature
Organs/Components:
* Skin - a barrier protecting the body from UV rays, physical harm, and other
types of harmful substances; made up of three layers
* Hair - accessory of the skin; helps protect the body from UV light (by
blocking the suns rays from directly hitting the skin) and helps trap heat
* Nails - accessory of the skin; helps protect the ends of your fingers and
toes, which are used to manipulate items
Nervous System
Function: Sends out electrical signals and messages throughout the body and
detects information from the environment
Organs/Components:
* Brain- the commander of your body; sends signals throughout your body
* Spinal Cord - passes signals throughout your body
* Nerves - receives signals from the brain
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Amnesia - loss of memories due to brain damage; can be temporary or
permanent; usually caused by traumatic experiences, severe damage to the
brain, or drug use; no real way to treat this symptom
~ Epilepsy - a brain disorder causing seizures that can make people behave
strangely, shake violently, or fall unconscious; occurs when the brain sends
out the wrong messages; no permanent cure, but medicines can help
seizures, as well as special diets or surgical procedures
Endocrine System
Function: Secretes hormones, which are responsible for changes throughout
the body
Organs/Components:
* Hypothalamus - regulates and controls the functions of the pituitary gland;
tells it when to release hormones and at what level
* Pituitary Gland - located in the brain; can also be called the hypophysis;
responsible for releasing hormones related to puberty, such as the
development of sex organs; stimulates the gonads so they can produce the
sex hormones
* Pineal Gland - regulates the sleeping cycle of the body; releases melatonin
based off of light level (active when there is little to no light), which is why
we feel drowsy at night
* Thyroid Gland - a small gland made of two halves; stimulated by the
pituitary gland; helps regulate metabolism (chemical reactions that help
keep the cells alive) throughout the body
* Parathyroid Glands - regulates calcium levels of the body
* Adrenal Glands - produces hormones essential to the bodys ability to
survive, such as hormones that helps regulate metabolism and helps the
body react to stress plus hormones that help with blood pressure; produces
hormones nonessential to the bodys ability to survive, such as adrenaline,
which also helps the body react to stress
* Gonads - stimulated by the pituitary gland; ovaries in females and testes
for males; responsible for producing sex hormones
* Thymus Gland - more closely associated with the immune system; trains
and develops white blood cells; commander of the army
* Pancreas - helps you digest food and breaks down sugars; helps digest food
and takes in nutrients so the body can use it; secretes hormones that help
control the blood sugar level in the body
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Diabetes - occurs when your blood sugar levels are too high; can damage
the eyes, kidneys, and nerves; can cause heart disease and stroke; taking
insulin pills can help keep blood sugar levels on point
~ Obesity - a disorder where the amount of body fat increases the chance for
health problems; happens when you take more calories than you can burn;
can cause pain in the back and joints as well as rashes; can be self treated
by performing diets and a lot of exercise
Respiratory System
Function: To provide oxygen to blood cells so they can carry it throughout the
body (by breathing)
Organs/Components:
* Lungs - an organ that provides the blood with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide from the body through breathing
* Alveoli - tiny air sacs located within the lungs; where the air transfer takes
place
* Pharynx - throat
* Larynx - vocal cords
* Trachea - a tube connecting the pharynx to the lungs
* Bronchi - tubes branching from the trachea to the lungs
* Diaphragm - a main muscle used in the process of inhalation; separates the
chest from the abdomen
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Asthma - a symptom that starts at the airway of the lungs; most common
because the airway becomes inflamed, swells, and produces mucus; can
make it hard to breathe and makes you cough more often; inhalers, steroids,
and medicines are common treatments
~ Lung Cancer - a symptom that starts at the lungs; most common causes
are smoking and inhaling toxic/smoke; having lung cancer can make you
cough, have breathing problems and lose your appetite; surgery, radiation,
etc. are common treatments
Immune System
Function: The bodys little army; protects the body from viruses and diseases
Organs/Components:
* Leukocytes - more commonly known as white
blood cells; attacks unknown substances; the
main attacking force of the bodys army
* Antibodies and Chemicals - neutralizes viruses
and diseases; combats dangers to the body
* Tonsils and Thymus - creates antibodies
There are also organs and components from other systems that aid the
immune system, especially the lymphatic system (which will be covered
next) and bone marrow (in the skeletal system section later on), as well as
other organs or body parts that relate to white blood cells and the immune
system. The lymphatic system is very closely related to the immune system,
however, they are not exactly the same, although they may share some
parts.
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Multiple Sclerosis - affects brain, eyes, and spinal cord; symptoms include
weakness, numbness, or unclear vision; happens when the immune system
attacks the nerve cells in your body, damaging them; smoking and genetics
can cause this; treatment can help slow the progression of the disease
~ Vasculitis - the inflammation of the bodys blood vessels; can make vessels
weak, stretch, grow in size, or shrink to the point of completely closing; can
affect any part of the body; allergies or other infections can cause vasculitis;
treatment is based off of organs involved and cause
Lymphatic System
Function: Returns fluid to the blood; absorbs fats and vitamins from the
digestive system; defends the body against unknown substances
Organs/Components:
* Lymph - a fluid containing white blood cells; moves from the lymphatic
system to the bloodstream
* Lymphatic Vessels - carries fluid away from lymphatic tissues; carries and
returns lymph fluid to the blood
* Lymph Nodes - small structures shaped like beans; produces and stores
cells used to fight viruses and diseases
* Spleen - filters blood; stores platelets and white blood cells; can help fight
diseases
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Lymphedema - a swelling in the legs or arms or both because of blockage
of the lymphatic system; can cause discomfort and pain; common
treatments include exercise, massage, and wrapping
~ Castleman Disease - an overgrowth of cells in the lymphatic system; can
be life-threatening; two basic kinds of Castleman disease; can attack a single
lymph node or multiple lymph nodes and tissues; treatment depends on the
type of disease; can be treated with surgery
Digestive System
Function: Breaks down food in your body and takes in nutrients
Organs/Components:
* Liver - an organ that produces antibodies and bile; stores vitamins and
sugars until needed; helps filter out toxic
* Gall Bladder- storage tank shaped like a pear; contains bile that breaks
down food and uses fats; located under the liver
* Mouth - the place where food enters the body
* Esophagus - the tube connecting your mouth and your stomach
* Stomach - a stretchy bag that holds your food after you eat; helps break
down food into smaller pieces so your body can use it for energy or store it
for later; takes in nutrients
* Small Intestine - a tube that is twenty feet long; helps you digest food
* Large Intestine - a tube thats five feet long; gets waste from the small
intestine
* Pancreas - helps you digest food and breaks down sugars; helps digest food
and takes in nutrients so the body can use it; secretes hormones that help
control the blood sugar level in the body
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Colon Cancer - affects the large intestine; begins as cells called
adenomatous polyps, which arent cancerous; can cause diarrhea, fatigue,
and unexplained loss of weight; symptoms depend on the size and location
of the disease; screening tests that locate polyps is a good method of
prevention
~ Irritable Bowel Syndrome - an intestinal disorder that can cause pain in the
belly/stomach; can cause pain and diarrhea; having a good diet and
managing your lifestyle and stress can help treat this symptom
Skeletal System
Function: Gives you the shape of the body and helps you move; helps
produce red blood cells and helps store minerals and other materials until
theyre needed
Organs/Components:
* Bones - gives you support and shape and connects through joints; provides
protection for the organs; provides structure for muscles to attach to so you
can move
* Bone Marrow - produces some white blood cells and red blood cells for the
body to use
* Joints - connects the bones and allows you to move in different ways
* Tendons - tough, elastic bands that attaches muscle to bone
* Ligaments- attaches bones to bones
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Osteoporosis - when bones become really weak and fragile; can cause pain
and back problems; healthy diets, medicines, and exercise are common
treatments
~ Arthritis - inflammation of joints; caused by old age; causes pain and can
stiffen and get worse as you age; physical therapy, medicines, and surgery
are common treatments
Muscular System
Function: Allows movement of the body; attached to bone
Organs/Components:
* Tendons - tough, elastic bands that attaches muscle to bone
* Muscles - connected to bone by tendons; responsible for the movement of
the body
Different Types of Muscles:
Smooth Muscle: sometimes called involuntary muscles - as the name
suggests, you cant control this type of muscle; it kind of does its own thing
Cardiac Muscle: also known as myocardium, it makes up the heart; contracts
to allow the heart to pump
Skeletal Muscle: sometimes called striated muscle because it looks striped,
they are voluntary muscles, so you can control these
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Polymyositis - causes weakening of muscles in the body; can make
climbing stairs and standing up difficult; symptoms develop gradually;
symptoms slowly worsen; no treatment, but medications and physical
therapy can help improve the strength of the muscles
~ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - also known as the Lou Gehrigs
disease or motor neuron disease; causes weakening of muscles and impacts
the function of muscles; causes nerve cells to break down and die; causes
are mostly unknown, since only a few cases are inherited; can make it
difficult to walk, talk properly, and keep a good posture; has no cure and
leads to death
Reproductive System
Function: To produce sperm/eggs, depending on whether youre a male or
female, enabling the body to reproduce (provided the right... actions are
taken); responsible for producing the sex hormones for each gender
Organs/Components:
This
will
be
explained
below
organ/component in their respective systems (male or female).
with
each
Excretory System
NOTE: The excretory system includes the urinary system, so organs from the
urinary system are also included as part of the excretory system. Also, most
of the diseases of the excretory system belongs to the urinary system, so
theyll be listed in the urinary system.
Function: Controls blood volume by removing excess water produced by body
cells during respiration and gets rid of excess salt; eliminates wastes to keep
the body healthy
Organs/Components:
* Kidney - the main organs in the urinary system; shaped like two beans;
filters blood containing waste from cells (Urinary)
* Ureter - a tube connecting kidneys to the bladder (Urinary)
* Bladder - holds the liquid waste your body makes (Urinary)
* Renal Artery - one of the two blood vessels leading off to the aorta; supplies
the kidneys with blood (Urinary)
* Renal Vein - there are two renal veins; drains the kidneys and carries out
filtered blood from the kidneys (Urinary)
* Urethra - a tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body
(Urinary)
* Anus - an opening at the end of the large intestine where solid waste
leaves the body
* Rectum - last section of the large intestine before the solid waste transfers
to the anus
Urinary System
Function: Removes liquid waste produced by the body
Organs/Components:
* Kidney - the main organs in the urinary system; shaped like two beans;
filters blood containing waste from cells
* Ureter - a tube connecting kidneys to the bladder
* Bladder - holds the liquid waste your body makes
* Renal Artery - one of the two blood vessels leading off to the aorta; supplies
the kidneys with blood
* Renal Vein - there are two renal veins; drains the kidneys and carries out
filtered blood from the kidneys
* Urethra - a tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body
Disease(s)/Symptom(s):
~ Nephritis - the inflammation of the kidneys, either one or both; this disease
causes the bodys immune system to attack the tissues, cells, and organs of
the body; very painful; caused by the inflammation of the kidneys; some
symptoms are smelly urine or a feeling of pain in the lower abdomen;
antibiotics can be used to treat this
~ Cystitis - the inflammation of the bladder; some symptoms are pain in the
abdomen, pain while urinating, or smelly urine; can be caused by reaction to
certain medicines, other diseases, or radiation therapy; using antibiotics is
the common treatment
Fun Facts
* The liver is a special organ.
cut in half it can still regenerate.
When
its
SPECIAL PAGE!
Tips for Keeping Your Body Healthy
Exercise
Exercise is an important part of your everyday life. Squeezing in just a little
bit of exercise in a day will still help. Some exercises you can try are:
Jogging
Push-Ups
Curl-Ups
Diet
Having a healthy diet is also very important to
your health. To the left is a chart that shows
the recommended percentages of each
category you should take in a day: fruits,
vegetables, meats, dairy, and grains.
Others
There are also things besides exercise and diet that you can do to keep your
body healthy. Below are a few:
Conclusion
Whew! We got that project done thanks to the researchers notebook! Glad it
had information in it and wasnt blank. Even though it still took a while, the
notebook definitely sped up the process. Now we just kind of need to worry
about what the researcher will do to us...
Here he comes, and boy does he look mad! He storms up to us and demands
for his book back.
We hand it over, saying a quick thank you. He glares at all of us and tells us
never to do that again. We agree immediately.
He looks at his notebook. Then he turns to that page...
It was ripped. The corner was ripped, along with the page number and a few
words. He stares at it for a little bit.
We look at each other. Now would be a good time to run. Taking all our
chances, we hightail it out of there and dont spare a glance behind us. He
roars, and then we hear a loud BOOM!
Good thing we ran. We wouldve been like those poor trees.
Sources
Parathyroid.com
http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid-function.htm
(Parathyroid)
Skin Cancer Foundation
http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information (Skin Cancer)
LifeExtension
http://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/neurological/amnesia/pag
e-01 (Amnesia)
MedlinePlus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html (Link is for
anemia, we also used it for other information)
MayoClinic
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/castlemandisease/basics/definition/con-20031703 (Link is for Castleman Disease,
we used it for other data too)
MedHealth.net
http://www.med-health.net/Diseases-Of-The-ExcretorySystem.html (Excretory System diseases)
HowStuffWorks
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/humanbrain/cipa.htm (Congenital Insensitivity to Pain)
Picture Credits
http://sciweb.hfcc.edu/Biology/AP/134/lab/lab%20guide%20images/II.
%20Skel%20Musc%20Nerv/A.%20Skeletal
%20system/II.11b.femur.posterior.JPG (Bone)
http://www.ways2weightloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/how-tolose-weight-jogging.jpg (Jogging)
http://www.newhealthguide.org/images/10415448/image002.jpg (Push
Ups)
http://cdnimage.realsimple.com/sites/default/files/styles/rs_main_image/public/i
mage/images/health/fitness/0606/sit-up_300.jpg?itok=lkCf5c1p
(Curl
Ups)
http://www.foodpyramid.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/MyPyramid2.jpg (Food Pyramid)
https://yt3.ggpht.com/-oV5jRlr4GA/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/MW_e0iGl0wc/s900-c-kno/photo.jpg (BOOM! Image)