DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SCHEME OF

INSTRUCTIONS AND EXAMINATIONS

III Semester
Instruction
Subject
Code

period / week
Name of the Subject

Total
Period
/ Sem

Scheme of Examination
Duration
(hours)

Session
al Marks

End
Exam
Marks

Marks

60

20

80

100

60

20

80

100

60

20

80

100

60

20

80

100

60

20

80

100

Electrical Technology

60

20

80

100

Electronic Circuits &

Devices lab practice

90

40

60

100

Theory

Practical
/Tutorial

Electronic Measuring
Instruments
Analogue
Communication
Digital Electronics

Total

THEORY:
EC- 301

EC -302
EC -303
EC-304
EC-305

Engineering
Mathematics - II
Electronic Devices &
Circuits

EC-306
PRACTICAL:
EC-307

EC-308

Analogue
Communication Lab
practice

45

40

60

100

EC-309

Digital Electronics &

eCAD tools lab practice

90

40

60

100

EC-310

Electrical Technology
Lab practice

45

40

60

100

24

18

630

280

720

1000

TOTAL

Note:

1. Industrial visits: Five local Industrial visits/interaction one from each of the
courses listed from EC 302 to EC 306 may be arranged to enable the students to
have industrial exposure

2. Duration: Total number of visits/Industry interaction per semester shall not

exceed five.ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II
(Common to all Branches)
Subject Title
Subject Code
S.
Major Topic
No

:
:

Engineering Mathematics-II
EC-301
No of
Weightage
Short Type
Periods
of Marks

Unit - I
1

Indefinite Integration

Essay Type

App

App

18

34

1/2

17

31

1 1/2

15

29

1/2

1/2

10

16

60

110

2 1/2

2 1/2

Marks:

15

12

25

25

30

Unit - II
2

Definite Integration
and its applications
Unit - III

Differential Equations
of first order
Unit - IV

Statistical Methods
Total

Periods per week

Periods per Semester

:
:

R: Remembering type

40 marks

U: Understanding type

37 marks

App: Application type

04
60
Blue print

33 marks

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the subject the student shall be able to
Unit-I
1.0
Use Indefinite Integration to solve engineering problems
1.1
Explain the concept of Indefinite integral as an anti-derivative.

1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

State the indefinite integral of standard functions and properties of Integrals

(u + v) dx and ku dx where k is constant and u, v are functions of x.
Solve integration problems involving standard functions using the above rules.
Evaluate integrals involving simple functions of the following type by the
method of
substitution.
i)
f(ax + b) dx where f(x) dx is in standard form.
ii)
[f(x)]n f (x) dx
iii) f (x)/[f(x)] dx
iv) f {g(x)} g (x) dx
Find the Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x and cosec x using the above.
Evaluate the integrals of the form Sinm Cosn . d where m and n are positive
integers.
Evaluate integrals of powers of tan x and sec x.
Evaluate the Standard Integrals of the functions of the type

1
1
1
, 2
, 2
2
2
a x a x x a2
1
1
1
ii )
,
,
a2 x2
a2 x2
x2 a2
i)

iii ) x 2 a 2 ,
1.9

x2 a2 , a2 x2

Evaluate the integrals of the type

a bSin d , a b cos d and a cos b sin c d

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13

Evaluate integrals using decomposition method.

Evaluate integrals using integration by parts with examples.
State the Bernoullis rule for evaluating the integrals of the form
Evaluate the integrals of the form ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx.

u.vdx

Unit-II
2.0
Understand definite integral and use it in engineering applications
2.1
State the fundamental theorem of integral calculus
2.2
Explain the concept of definite integral.
2.3
Calculate the definite integral over an interval.
2.4
State various properties of definite integrals.
2.5
Evaluate simple problems on definite integrals using the above properties.
2.6
Explain definite integral as a limit of sum by considering an area.
2.7
Find the areas under plane curves and area enclosed between two curves
using integration.

2.8
2.9
2.10

Obtain the volumes of solids of revolution.

Obtain the mean value and root mean square value of the functions in any
given
interval.
Explain the Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons 1/3 rules for approximation of
integrals and
provide some examples.

Unit -III
3.0
Solve Differential Equations in engineering problems.
3.1
Define a Differential equation, its order, degree
3.2
Form a differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants.
3.3
Solve the first order first degree differential equations by the following
methods:
i.
Variables Separable.
ii.
Homogeneous Equations.
iii.
Exact Differential Equations
iv.
Linear differential equation of the form dy/dx + Py = Q,
where P and Q are functions of x or constants.
iv.
Bernoullis Equation (Reducible to linear form.)
3.4
Solve simple problems leading to engineering applications
Unit -IV
4.0
Use Statistical Methods as a tool in data analysis.
4.1
Recall the measures of central tendency.
4.2
Explain the significance of measures of dispersion to determine the degree of
heterogeneity of the data.
4.3
Find the measures of dispersion range, quartile deviation, mean deviation,
standard deviation for the given data.
4.4
Explain the merits and demerits of the above measures of dispersion.
4.5
Express relationship between measures of dispersion
4.6
Find the coefficient of variation
4.7
Explain bivariate data.
4.8
Explain the concept of correlation between two variables and co-varience.
4.9
Explain coefficient of correlation and its properties
4.10 Calculate the coefficient of correlation between two variables.
4.11 Find rank correlation co-efficient.
COURSE CONTENT
Unit-I
Indefinite Integration:
1. Integration regarded as anti-derivative Indefinite integral of standard functions.
Properties of indefinite integral. Integration by substitution or change of variable.
Integrals of the form

sinm. cosn . where m and n are positive integers. Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x,
cosec x and powers of tan x, sec x by substitution.
Evaluation of integrals which are reducible to the following forms :

1
1
1
,
,
a2 x2 a2 x2 x2 a2
1
1
1
ii )
,
,
a2 x2
a2 x2
x2 a2
i)

iii ) x 2 a 2 , x 2 a 2 , a 2 x 2
Integration by decomposition of the integrand into simple rational, algebric functions.
Integration by parts , Bernoullis rule.
Unit-II
Definite Integral and its applications:
2. Definite integral-fundamental theorem of integral calculus, properties of definite
integrals, evaluation of simple definite integrals. Definite integral as the limit of a
sum. Area under plane
curves Area enclosed between two curves. Volumes of
solids of revolution. Mean and RMS
values of a function on a given interval.
Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons 1/3 rule to evaluate an
approximate value of a define
integral.
Unit -III
Differential Equations:
3. Definition of a differential equation-order and degree of a differential equationformation of differential equations-solution of differential equation of first order, first
degree: variable-separable, homogeneous, exact, linear differential equation,
Bernoullis equation.
Unit IV
Statistical Methods:
4. Revise measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion: range, quartile
deviation, mean
deviation, standard deviation for the given data, merits and
demerits, relationship between
measures of dispersion, coefficient of variation,
bivariate data, concept of correlation, covariance,
coefficient of correlation and its
properties, rank correlation co-efficient.

Reference Books:
1. Integral Calculus Vol.I, by M.Pillai and Shanti Narayan
2. Thomas Calculus, Pearson Addison Wesley Publishers
3. Statistical Methods Vol.I, Das, Tata McGraw-Hill

4. Statistics, 4/e, Schaums Outline Series (SIE), McGraw-Hill

ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week
Periods/Semester

:
:
:
:

Electronic Devices & Circuits

EC-302
04
60

Rationale: Electronic devices and circuits is a core subject. Since semiconductor

devices and circuits form the basis of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
knowledge of semiconductor devices and their applications is very much essential for
an Electronics and communication engineering student not only from the industry point
of view but also from knowledge perspective. Stress is laid on study of the behavior of
various devices and circuits including practical applications. This course serves as a
foundation for other advanced courses.
TIME SCHEDULE
Sl
1
2
3
4
5

Major Topics
Transistors & Field Effect
Transistors
Biasing and Small signal
Model of BJT and FET.
Feedback Amplifiers ,
Power Amplifiers,
Oscillators
Special Semiconductor
Devices
Practical Applications
TOTAL

Periods

Weightage
of Marks

Short Answer
Questions

Essay Type
Questions

10

13

16

29

18

29

10

26

6
60

13
110

1
10

1
8

1.0 Understand the working principle of BJT and FET

1.1
Explain the formation of transistor
1.2
Draw the symbols of NPN and PNP transistors.
1.3
Mention the Terminals of a Transistor.
1.4
Explain the difference between Emitter, Base and Collector regions.
1.5
Explain the meaning of arrow in the symbol.
1.6
Explain the working of PNP and NPN Transistors.
1.7
Give reasons for popularity of NPN Transistor
1.8
Draw the different transistor configurations.
1.9
Explain cut off, saturation and active regions of transistor
1.10
Draw the input/output characteristics of CB, CC and CE
configurations.
1.11
Define alpha, beta and gamma Factors.

1.12 Give the relation between alpha, beta and gamma Factors.
1.13
Write collector current expression in CB and CE modes of
transistors in terms of , , , IB, IC and ICBO, ICEO
1.14 Compare the performance characteristics of CB, CE and CC
configurations
1.15
Explain the use of each configuration a) CB configuration for
impedance matching b)CE configuration for amplification and switching
c) CC configuration for low output impedance, boot strapping and as
current source
1.16 Give important specifications of Transistor
1.17 List six important applications of Transistor
1.18 Classify different types of JFETs
1.19 Explain the constructional details of the JFET.
1.20 Explain the working of n channel JFET.
1.21 Draw the drain characteristics of JFET.
1.22 Explain the drain characteristics of JFET
1.23 Define pinch off Voltage of JFET.
1.24 Draw the mutual characteristics of JFET.
1.25 Explain the mutual characteristics of JFET.
1.26 Define the parameters of JFET and obtain the relation among them.
1.27 List the important specifications of JFET.
1.28 List the merits of JFET over BJT.
1.29 Explain the use of high input impedance characteristic of JFET in
Electronic circuits.
1.30 List any six applications of JFET.
2.0 Understand transistor biasing and working of small signal amplifiers

2.1. Explain the basic amplifier concept using BJTCE mode.

2.2. Explain the reasons for wide use of CE amplifier.
2.3. Explain the concept of DC and AC load lines.
2.4. Explain the selection of operating point on the DC load line with wave
forms.
2.5. List the factors affecting the Q point
2.6. Explain thermal runaway
2.7. Explain the need for proper biasing in amplifier circuits.
2.8. List the types of biasing circuits.
2.9. Explain the need for stabilization.
2.10.Define stability factor.
2.11.Derive an expression for stability factor of CE configuration.
2.12.Explain collector to base resistor method of biasing
2.13.Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
2.14.Explain potential divider method of biasing
2.15.Explain its advantages.
2.16.Draw the practical transistor CE amplifier
2.17.Explain the function of each component(such as C in,Cc,Ce,R1,R2 and Re)
2.18.Define h parameters of a transistor

2.19.Classify the amplifiers based on frequency (AF,RF), period of

conduction(Class A,AB, B, C), and coupling(DC,RC,TC).
2.20.Explain the need for Multistage amplifier (Cascading of amplifiers).
2.21.Define gain, frequency response and bandwidth of an amplifier.
2.22.Explain the principle of operation of two-stage RC coupled amplifier with
circuit diagram.
2.23.Explain the frequency response of RC coupled amplifier.
2.24.Explain the principle of operation of two-stage transformer coupled
amplifier with circuit diagram.
2.25.Draw the frequency response of transformer-coupled amplifier.
2.26.Explain the frequency response of transformer-coupled amplifier.
2.27.Explain the working of direct coupled amplifier with circuit diagram.
2.28.Explain the operation of Darlington pair with the help of circuit diagram.
2.29.Give the formula for the current gain
2.30.List three applications of Darlington pair
2.31.Draw the frequency response of tuned amplifier(single, double tuned)
2.32.Explain the frequency response of tuned amplifier(single, double tuned)
2.33.Compare different types of couplings.
2.34.Explain the circuit of common source FET amplifier
2.35.Explain the frequency response of Common source FET amplifier.
3.0 Understand the working of Feedback amplifiers, Power Amplifier and
Oscillators
Feedback amplifiers

3.1
Explain the concept of feedback
3.2
Explain the Positive and Negative Feedback.
3.3
Compare Negative and Positive feedback.
3.4
Explain the block diagram of negative feedback amplifier
3.5
List the four types of negative feedback amplifiers
3.6
Draw the block diagrams of voltage series, current series, current
shunt and voltage Shunt feedback amplifiers
3.7
Derive the expression for the gain of negative feedback amplifier
3.8
Explain the effect of negative feedback on gain, bandwidth, input
and output impedances.
3.9
List important merits of negative feedback amplifiers.
3.10 Compare characteristics of above feedback amplifiers
Power Amplifiers

3.11 Explain the need for Power Amplifier

3.12 Draw the block diagram showing various stages of power amplifier
3.13 Compare Voltage amplifier and Power amplifier
3.14 List three performance measures of power amplifier
3.15 Classify power amplifiers based on conduction (Class A, B, AB & C)
3.16 Explain the operation of Class A, Class B, Class AB & Class C amplifiers
with waveforms.
3.17 Explain the working of Transistor Push-pull amplifier circuit.

3.18 Explain the effect of distortion in amplifiers

3.19 List six distortions in power amplifiers
3.20 Explain Amplitude distortion and Cross over distortion in amplifiers.
3.21
Explain the choice of Class A, Class B Class AB Amplifier and
Class C Amplifiers.
3.22
Mention the applications of Class C Amplifiers as Harmonic
Generator and Frequency multiplier
3.23 Compare Efficiency of different types of amplifiers(A,B,AB & C)
Oscillators

3.24 State the condition for an amplifier to work as an oscillator.

3.25 Mention the requisites of an Oscillator
3.26 Explain the Barkhausen criteria in oscillators.
3.27 Classify oscillator circuits.
3.28 Explain the working of an RC phase shift oscillator with a circuit diagram
3.29 Explain the working of tuned collector oscillator with a circuit diagram
3.30 Explain the working of Hartley oscillator with a circuit diagram
3.31 Explain the working of Colpitts oscillator with a circuit diagram
3.32 Write the expressions for frequency of oscillations and condition for
sustained oscillations of the above circuits
3.33 Give the reasons for instability in oscillator circuits.
3.34 Suggest the remedies for instability in oscillator.
3.35 List the advantages of crystal oscillators over other types
3.36 Explain the equivalent circuit of crystal.
3.37 Explain the working of transistor crystal oscillator with a circuit diagram
3.38 Explain the merits and demerits of RC and LC oscillators.
4.0

Understand working of special semiconductor devices

4.1 Explain the construction and principle of operation of depletion type n channel
MOSFET.
4.2
Explain the construction and principle of operation of enhancement type n
channel MOSFET.
4.3 Compare JFET and MOSFET.
4.4 Explain the principle of operation of CMOS FET.
4.5 Explain the working principle of Varactor diode
4.6 Draw the characteristics of Varactor diode
4.7 List the applications of Varactor diode.
4.8 Explain the construction, operation and characteristics of photo diode.
4.9 Explain the construction, operation and characteristics of photo transistor.
4.10 List the applications of photo diode and photo transistor
4.11 Explain the principle of photovoltaic cell.
4.12 List 3 important specifications of photovoltaic cells.
4.13 List 3 applications of photovoltaic cells.
4.14 Explain the working of opto-coupler
4.15 Explain the construction, working principle and characteristics of LED
4.16 Explain the construction and working principle of LCD.

4.17 Explain the applications of LED and LCD in discrete displays, dot-matrix
and seven segment displays.
5.0

Understand the Transistor/JFET Practical Applications (with circuit

diagrams and component values)

5.1 Explain the operation of transistor series voltage regulator.

5.2 Explain the disadvantages of series Voltage Regulator
5.3 Explain the operation of transistor shunt voltage regulator
5.4 Explain the working of a transistor as a switch in CE and CC configurations.
5.5 Draw a Transistor circuit to drive a relay
5.6 Give design rules for fixing base current.
5.7 Draw a Twilight Switch circuit using LDR/Photo Diode , Transistor and Relay
5.8 Explain the operation of above circuit.
5.9 Draw the circuit of Mains operated lamp using Opto-Coupler and relay.
5.10 Explain the operation of above circuit
5.11 Explain the use of JFET as current source.
5.12 Explain the operation of Transistor Astable multivibrator circuit to
generate square wave.
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0 Transistors & Field Effect Transistors
Formation of transistor- Symbols of NPN and PNP transistors- Terminals of a
Transistor - Difference between Emitter , Base and Collector regions- Meaning of
arrow in the symbol- Working of PNP and NPN Transistors- Reasons for Popularity
of NPN Transistor- Different transistor configurations- Cut off, saturation and active
regions of transistor- Input/output characteristics of CB, CC and CE configurationsAlpha, Beta and Gamma Factors- Relation between alpha, beta and gamma
Factors- Collector current expression in CB and CE modes of transistors in terms of
, , , IB, IC and ICBO, ICEO- Performance characteristics of CB, CE and CC
configurations- Use of Each configuration -CB configuration for impedance matching
-CE configuration for amplification and switching - CC configuration for low output
impedance, boot strapping and as current source- Important specifications of
Transistor- applications of Transistor-Classification of JFETs - Constructional details
of the JFET Working - drain characteristics - Pinch off Voltage - mutual
characteristics of JFET- parameters of JFET & Relation - important specifications of
JFET- Merits of JFET over BJT- Use of high input impedance characteristic of JFET
in Electronic circuits- applications of JFET.
2.0 Understand transistor biasing and working of small signal amplifiers
Basic amplifier concept using BJTCE mode- Reasons for wide use of CE amplifierConcept of DC and AC load lines- Selection of operating point on the DC load line
with wave forms- Factors affecting the Q point- Thermal runaway- Need for proper

biasing in amplifier circuits Types of biasing circuits- Need for stabilization- Stability
factor - expression for stability factor of CE configuration - Collector to base resistor
method of biasing its Advantages and disadvantages- Potential divider method of
biasing - Advantages- Practical transistor CE amplifier - The function of each
component(such as Cin,Cc,Ce,R1,R2 and Re)- h parameters of a transistorClassification of amplifiers based on frequency(AF,RF), period of conduction(Class
A,AB, B, C), and coupling(DC,RC,TC)- Need for Multistage amplifier (Cascading of
amplifiers)- gain, frequency response and bandwidth of an amplifier- Principle of
operation of two-stage RC coupled amplifier with circuit diagram- frequency
response of RC coupled amplifier- Principle of operation of two-stage transformer
coupled amplifier with circuit diagram- Frequency response of transformer-coupled
amplifier- Working of direct coupled amplifier with circuit diagram- Operation of
Darlington pair with the help of circuit diagram- Formula for the current gainapplications of Darlington pair- Frequency response of tuned amplifier(single, double
tuned)- Frequency response of tuned amplifier(single, double tuned)- Different types
of couplings- circuit of common source FET amplifier- frequency response of
Common source FET amplifier.
3.0 Understand working of Feedback amplifiers, Power Amplifier and
oscillators
Feedback amplifiers
Concept of feedback- Positive and Negative Feedback - Block diagram of negative
feedback amplifier - four types of negative feedback amplifiers- Block diagrams of
voltage series current series, current shunt and voltage Shunt feedback amplifiersExpression for the gain of negative feedback amplifiers- Effect of negative feedback
on gain, bandwidth, input and output impedances- Important merits of negative
feedback amplifiers- characteristics of above feedback amplifiers.
Power Amplifiers- Need for Power Amplifier- Block diagram showing various stages
of power amplifier- Voltage amplifier and Power amplifier-Performance measures of
power amplifier-Classification of power amplifiers based on conduction (Class A, B,
AB, C)- operation of Class A, Class B, Class AB & Class c with waveforms- Working
of Transistor Push-pull amplifier circuit- Effect of distortion in amplifiers- Distortions in
power amplifiers- Amplitude distortion and Cross over distortion in amplifiers- Choice
of Class A , Class B Class AB Amplifier and Class C Amplifiers- Applications of Class
C Amplifiers as Harmonic Generator and Frequency multiplier- Efficiencies of
different types of amplifiers(A,B, AB & C)
Oscillators- Condition for an amplifier to work as an oscillator.- Requisites of an
Oscillator- Barkhausen criteria in oscillators- Oscillator circuits- Working of an RC
phase shift oscillator- Working of tuned collector oscillator- Working of Hartley
oscillator- Working of Colpitts oscillator- Expressions for frequency of oscillation and
condition for sustained oscillations of the above circuits- Reasons for instability in
oscillator circuits- Remedies for instability in oscillator- Advantages of crystal
oscillators over other types- Equivalent circuit of crystal Working of transistor
crystal oscillator- Merits and demerits of RC and LC oscillators.

4.0 Special semiconductor devices

construction and principle of operation of depletion type n channel MOSFETconstruction and principle of operation of enhancement type n channel MOSFETJFET and MOSFET- Principle operation of CMOSFET- Varactor diode Characteristics- Applications of varactor diode- Construction, operation and
characteristics of photo diode- Construction, operation and characteristics of photo
transistor- Applications of photo diode and photo transistor- Principle of photovoltaic
cell- Important specifications of photovoltaic cells- Applications of photovoltaic cellsworking of opto-coupler- Construction, working principle and characteristics of LED Construction and working principle of LCD- Applications of LED and LCD in discrete
displays, dot-matrix and seven segment displays.
5.0 Applications - Practical Circuits
Operation of transistor series voltage regulator circuit - Disadvantages of series
Voltage Regulator- Operation of transistor shunt voltage regulator circuit - Working of
a transistor as a switch in CE and CC configurations- Transistor circuit to drive a
relay-Give design rules for fixing base current- Twilight Switch circuit using
LDR/Photo Diode , Transistor and Relay- operation of above circuit- Circuit of mains
operated lamp using Opto-Coupler and relay- operation of the above circuit- JFET as
current source- Transistor Astable multivibrator circuit .
REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Electronic Devices and Circuits by .David A.Bell 4th edition PHI

2. Electronic Devices and Circuits T.F. Bogart Jr, J.S.Beasley and
G. Rico, Pearson Education,6th edition, 2004.
3. Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino. J Bates. 7th edition Tata
McGraw-Hill Education (TMH) Publishers.
4. Principles of Electronics by V.K. Mehta. S Chand & Company, 2008

ELECTRONIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week :
Periods/Semester

:
:
04
:

Electronic Measuring Instruments

EC-303
60

Rationale: Electronic Measuring Instruments is introduced in III semester to make the

students understand the principles of Electronic measurements which is essential for
Instrumentation industry and also to provide necessary cognitive inputs to handle
equipment in the laboratory/Industry.

TIME SCHEDULE

Sl

Major Topics

No. of
periods

Weightage
of Marks

Short
Answer
Questions

Essay
Questions

Analogue
instruments

12

32

Digital instruments

12

26

Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope

12

32

Signal generators

12

26

Testing
Instruments

12

20

Total

60

136

10

OBJECTIVES

On completion of the study of the subject a student should be able to comprehend the
following:
1.0

Understand the working of Analogue instruments

1. 1 List the characteristics of ideal Voltmeter and ideal Ammeter.
1. 2 Explain the construction and principle of operation of PMMC instrument.
1. 3 Explain the principle of extending the range of DC ammeter
1. 4 Explain the principle of extending the range of DC voltmeter.
1. 5 Explain the principle and working of rectifier type voltmeter
1. 6 Explain the principle and working of rectifier type ammeter
1. 7 Explain the construction and principle of series and shunt type ohmmeters.
1. 8 Explain the use of Megger for measuring the insulation resistance
1. 9 Explain loading effect with an example.
1. 10 Explain the need for high input impedance for Voltmeters.
1. 11 Explain the working of FET input voltmeter with a circuit diagram
1. 12 Explain the drift problem in FET Voltmeters
1. 13 Explain the working of differential voltmeters.
1. 14 Explain the use of high voltage probe and clamp-on current probe.
1. 15 Explain the construction of AC Bridge.
1. 16 State the conditions for AC bridge balance.
1. 17 List four types of AC bridges.
1. 18 Mention the use of above bridges
1. 19 Explain the resistance measurement using Wheat Stone Bridge.
1. 20 Explain the inductance measurement using Maxwells Bridge
1. 21 Explain the capacitance measurement using Schering Bridge
1. 22 List four important errors and their prevention in bridge measurements
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Understand working of Digital instruments

List the four advantages of digital instruments over Analogue instruments.
Explain the working of Ramp type digital voltmeter with block diagram.
Explain the working of successive approximation type digital voltmeters with block
diagram.
List the four important specifications of digital voltmeter.
Explain the working of digital frequency meter with block diagram.
List the four important specifications of digital frequency meter.
Define Accuracy and Resolution of a meter.
Explain factors affecting the accuracy and Resolution of a frequency meter.
Explain the working of digital LCR meter with block diagram
List the four specifications of digital LCR meter.
Understand the construction, working principle and use of CRO
Draw block diagram of general purpose CRO and describe the function of each
block.
Explain the necessity of time base and deflection amplifiers.
Define deflection sensitivity of CRO
List the conditions for stationary waveforms.
Mention the conditions for flicker free waveforms.
Explain triggered sweep circuit with UJT
Mention the advantages of triggered sweep.
Explain the function of various controls on front panel of CRO

3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16

Explain the procedure for measurement of a) voltage (DC & AC) b) frequency c)
phase angle d) time interval e) depth of modulation,
Define a pulse
Draw the waveform of a pulse
Define the pulse parameters a) Pulse width b) Rise time c) Fall time d) Duty cycle
e) delay time
Explain the procedure for measuring above pulse parameters with CRO.
Explain the method of conversion of single trace CRO into DUAL trace CRO with
block diagram
Give the basic principle of sampling CRO
List different types of probes and connectors used in oscilloscopes.

4.0. Understand the construction, working principle of AF, RF signal generators

and power meters

4.1 Explain the working of AF Oscillator (sine & square) with block diagram.
4.2 List the front panel controls and specifications of AF Oscillator.
4.3 Explain the working of function generator with block diagram.
4.4 List the applications of AF oscillators and function generators.
4.5 Explain the working of RF signal generator.
4.6 List the specifications of RF signal generator.
4.7 Mention the 3 important applications of RF signal generators
4.8 Explain the importance of shielding in RF generators.
4.9 Explain the working of AF power meter.
4.10 List the applications of power meters.

5.0 Understand the construction and working of test instruments

5. 1 Mention the limitations of AC bridge method for measurement of small inductances
and capacitances
5. 2 Define Stray inductance and stray capacitance of a coil.
5. 3 Explain the working of Q meter with a block diagram.
5. 4 List various parameters that can be measured using Q meter
5. 5 Define distortion factor.
5. 6 Explain the working of Distortion Factor Meter with block diagram.
5. 7 Explain the working of digital IC tester with block diagram.
5. 8 Explain the working of logic analyser with block diagram.
5. 9 Explain the basic working principle of spectrum analyser and mention its use.
5. 10 State the need for plotters and recorders.
5. 11 Explain the working of XY recorder using block diagram.
5. 12 Explain the working of plotter using block diagram.
5. 13 Explain the working of logic probe.

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 Analogue instruments
Characteristics of ideal Voltmeter and ideal Ammeter- Construction and principle of
operation of PMMC instrument- Principle of extending the range of DC ammeterPrinciple of extending the range of DC voltmeter- Principle and working rectifier type
voltmeter and ammeter- Construction and principle of series and shunt type ohmmetersUse of Megger for measuring the insulation resistance- loading effect with an example-

Need for high input impedance for Voltmeters- working of FET input voltmeter with a
circuit diagram- Drift problem in FET Voltmeters- Working of differential voltmeters- Use
of high voltage probe and clamp-on current probe- Construction of AC BridgeConditions for bridge balance- Types of AC bridges- Use of above bridges- Resistance
measurement using Wheat Stone Bridge- Inductance measurement using Maxwells
Bridge- capacitance measurement using Schering Bridge- important errors and their
prevention in bridge measurements
2.0 Digital instruments
Advantages of digital instruments over Analogue instruments- Working of Ramp type
digital voltmeter with block diagram- Successive approximation type digital voltmeters
with block diagram- Specifications of digital voltmeters- Working of digital frequency
meter with block diagram- Important specifications of digital frequency meter- Accuracy
and Resolution of a meter- Factors effecting the accuracy and Resolution of a frequency
meter- Working of digital LCR meter with block diagram- specifications of digital LCR
meter.
3.0 Working principle and use of CRO
Block diagram of general purpose CRO - Function of each block- Necessity of time base
and deflection amplifiers- Deflection sensitivity of CRO- Conditions for stationary
waveforms- Conditions for flicker free waveforms- Triggered sweep with necessary
circuit- Advantages of triggered sweep- Function of various controls on front panel of
CRO- Procedure for measurement of - Voltage (DC & AC) b) frequency - Phase angle Time interval - Depth of modulation-Define a pulse - Waveform of a pulse-Define the
pulse parameters - Pulse width - Rise time - Fall time - Duty cycle-delay timeprocedure for measuring above pulse parameters with CRO- Different types of probes
and connectors used in oscilloscopes.
4.0 working principle of AF, RF signal generators and power meters
Working of AF Oscillator (sine & square) - Block diagram- Front panel controls and
specifications of AF Oscillator- Working of function generator with block diagramApplications of AF oscillators and function generators- Working of RF signal generatorSpecifications of RF signal generator- Important Applications of RF signal generatorsImportance of shielding in RF generators- Working of AF power meter- Applications of
power meters.
5.0 Test instruments
Limitations of AC bridge method for measurement of small inductances and
capacitances- Stray inductance and stray capacitance of a coil- Q meter with a block
diagram- Parameters that can be measured using Q meter- Distortion factor- Distortion
Factor Meter with block diagram- Digital IC tester with block diagram- Working of logic
analyser with block diagram- Working principle of spectrum analyser and uses- Plotters
and Recorders- XY recorders- plotter- logic probe.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques Albert D. Helfrick William David Cooper-PHI Publications
2. Electrical and Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation - A.K.
Sawhney , Puneet Sawhney Dhanpat Rai & Company, 2010

3. Electronic Instrumentation - HS Kalsi ,-Tata McGraw Hill

ANALOGUE COMMUNICATION
Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week
Periods/Semester

:
:
04
:

Analogue Communication
EC-304
60

Rationale: Analogue communications is another core subject which forms the basis for
Analogue Communication Hence the understanding of Analogue Communication is
very much essential for an electronics and communication engineering student not only
from the industry point of view but also from knowledge perspective also. Stress is laid
on study of fundamentals . This course serves as a foundation for other advanced
courses.
TIME SCHEDULE
Sl

Major topics

No. of
periods

Weightage of
marks

Short
Answer
Questions

Essay
Questions

Basics of
Communication System
& Noise

10

16

Analogue modulation
techniques

14

26

Transmitters & Receivers

12

26

Antennas

14

26

Wave propagation

10

16

Total

60

110

10

OBJECTIVES
On completion of the study of the subject a student should be able to comprehend the
following:
1.0 Understand basics of Communication systems.
1.1 Describe the basic elements of a communication system with block diagram.
1.2 Explain frequency spectrum and mention the usage of frequencies for different
applications
1.3 Define modulation
1.4 State the need for modulation in communication systems.
1.5 Define amplitude modulation
1.6 Draw the wave form of an AM wave
1.7 Define Frequency modulation
1.8 Draw the waveform of FM Wave

1.9 Define phase modulation

1.10
Distinguish between baseband, carrier, and modulated signals and give
examples.
1.11
Explain the relationship between channel bandwidth, baseband
bandwidth and transmission time.
1.12
List causes of distortion in transmission and measures for distortion less
transmission.
1.13
Explain the terms time domain and frequency domain.
1.14
Classify different types of noise
1.15
Distinguish between internal and external Noise
1.16
Define signal to noise ratio, noise figure and noise temperature
2.0 Understand the principles of Analogue Modulation Techniques
2.1 Derive the time-domain equation for an AM signal.
2.2 Define the modulation index of an AM signal.
2.3 Draw the frequency spectrum of an AM signal.
2.4 Describe the effects of over modulation.
2.5 Calculate the bandwidth of an AM signal.
2.6 Derive the relation between total power and carrier power in AM
2.7 Solve simple problems
2.8 Explain the need for DSBSC and SSB modulation
2.9 List the advantages and disadvantages of SSB
2.10 List applications of SSB.
2.11 Explain Vestigial side band transmission
2.12 State the need for angle modulation
2.13 List two types of angle modulation
2.14 Derive the time domain equation for FM signal
2.15 Define the modulation index of an FM signal
2.16 Explain noise triangle in FM
2.17 Compare AM , FM and PM
2.18 Explain narrow band and wide band FM
2.19 Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
2.20 State the need for pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM
3.0 Understand the working of transmitters and receivers.
3.1 List the requirements and specifications of transmitters.
3.2 Draw the block diagram for high level modulated transmitter and explain
3.3 Draw the low level modulated Transmitter and explain.
3.4 Distinguish between low level and high level modulation
3.5 Draw the block diagram of basic SSB transmitter
3.6 Explain the function of each block.
3.7 Draw the block diagram of indirect FM transmitter (Armstrong method & PLL
method).
3.8 Explain the function of each block.
3.9 Draw the block diagram of TRF receiver
3.10 Explain the function of each block.
3.11 State the limitations of TRF Receiver.
3.12 Explain the need for super heterodyning in radio receiver.
3.13 Explain the working of super heterodyne receiver with a block diagram.
3.14 Explain the choice of IF.
3.15 Define sensitivity, selectivity and fidelity, image rejection ratio

3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20

Explain the need for AVC (AGC).

Explain the process of demodulation in AM receivers.
Draw the block diagram of FM receiver.
Explain the function of each block.
Explain Foster-Seely discriminator.

4.0 Understand the methods of wave propagation

4.1 Explain the properties of electromagnetic waves (Absorption, attenuation)
4.2 Define power density and electric field intensity
4.3 Calculate power density and electric field intensity for waves propagating in free
space.
4.4 Define polarization of EM waves
4.5 Explain vertical and horizontal polarization.
4.6 Define the characteristic impedance of free space.
4.7 Explain reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference of EM waves.
4.8 List 4 types of wave propagation methods
4.9 Explain ground wave propagation
4.10 Explain sky wave propagation
4.11 Explain different layers in ionosphere
4.12
Define the terms critical frequency, MUF, skip distance and virtual height
in sky wave propagation.
4.13 Explain space wave propagation
4.14 Define the term line of sight
4.15 Give the expression for LOS
4.16 Define fading
4.17 Explain the methods of diversity to reduce fading effects
4.18 Explain duct propagation
4.19 Explain tropospheric scatter propagation.
5.0 Understand the working Principle of antennas
5.1 Explain the principle of an antenna
5.2 Define radiation pattern
5.3 Define isotropic antenna and draw its radiation pattern
5.4 Explain an elementary doublet
5.5 Explain half wave dipole and give its radiation pattern
5.6 Define the terms power gain, directivity, beam width, radiation resistance
and front to back ratio of an antenna..
5.7 Explain the terms antenna impedance and polarization.
5.8 Explain the concept of grounding.
5.9 State the need for folded dipole.
5.10 State the need of antenna array.
5.11 Explain the operation of broadside and end fire arrays.
5.12 Define resonant and non-resonant antennas
5.13 Explain the construction and working of Rhombic antenna.
5.14 Explain the working of Yagi-Uda antenna.
5.15 Explain turnstile antenna
5.16 State the need for binomial array
5.17 Explain the principle of parabolic reflector.
5.18 Explain different feed arrangements
5.19 Explain the working of Horn and Loop antennas
5.20 Explain the working of Helical and Log periodic antenna

5.21 List the applications of dish antenna

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 Basics of Communication systems.
elements of a communication system - block diagram- frequency spectrum frequencies for different applications- modulation- need for modulation in communication
systems- amplitude modulation- wave form of an AM wave- Frequency modulation waveform of FM Wave- phase modulation- baseband, carrier, and modulated signals relationship between channel bandwidth, baseband bandwidth and transmission timecauses of distortion in transmission -measures for distortion less transmission- time
domain and frequency domain- types of noise- internal and external Noise- signal to
noise
ratio,
noise
figure
and
noise
temperature
2.0 Analogue Modulation Techniques
time-domain equation for an AM signal- modulation index of an AM signal- frequency
spectrum of an AM signal- effects of over modulation- bandwidth of an AM signalrelation between total power and carrier power in AM-Solve simple problems- need for
DSBSC and SSB modulation- advantages and disadvantages of SSB- applications of
SSB- Vestigial side band transmission
angle modulation- types of angle modulation- time domain equation for FM signalmodulation index of an FM signal- noise triangle in FM-Comparison of AM , FM and PMnarrow band and wide band FM- pre-emphasis and de-emphasis- need for preemphasis
and
de-emphasis
in
FM
3.0 Transmitters and Receivers.
requirements and specifications of transmitters- block diagram for high level modulated
transmitter - low level modulated Transmitter -Distinguish between low level and high
level modulation- block diagram of basic SSB transmitter - block diagram of indirect FM
transmitter (Armstrong method)- block diagram of TRF receiver - limitations of TRF
Receiver- need for super heterodyning in radio receiver- working of super heterodyne
receiver - block diagram- choice of IF- sensitivity, selectivity and fidelity, image rejection
ratio- AVC (AGC)-Explain the process of demodulation in AM receivers- block diagram of
FM receiver - Foster-seely discriminator.
4.0 Wave propagation
properties of electromagnetic waves (Absorption, attenuation)- power density and
electric field intensity- power density and electric field intensity for waves propagating in
free space- polarization of EM waves- vertical and horizontal polarization- characteristic
impedance of free space- reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference of EM wavestypes of wave propagation methods- ground wave propagation- sky wave propagationdifferent layers in ionosphere- critical frequency, MUF, skip distance and virtual height in
sky wave propagation- space wave propagation- line of sight - expression for LOSfading- methods of diversity to reduce fading effects- duct propagation- tropospheric
scatter propagation5.0 Antennas
principle of an antenna- radiation pattern- isotropic antenna - radiation patternelementary doublet- half wave dipole and give its radiation pattern- power gain,

directivity, beam width, radiation resistance- and front to back ratio of an antennaantenna impedance and polarization- concept of grounding- need for folded dipoleantenna array- operation of broadside and end fire arrays- resonant and non-resonant
antennas - construction and working of Rhombic antenna- working of Yagi-Uda antennaturnstile antenna- binomial array- principle of parabolic reflector- different feed
arrangements- working of Horn and Loop antennas- Helical and Log periodic antenna applications of dish antenna

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.

Electronic communications systems by Roy Blake, Thomson Delmar,2002.

2.

Electronic Communication System by George Kennedy- Bernard Davis Tata

Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited

3.

Principles Of Electronic Communication Systems by Herbert Taub & Donald L

4.

Schilling, 3rd Edition-2009. McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Radio communication by G.K.Mithal- khanna publishers
5.

Antennas and Wave propagation by K.D.Prasad- Sathya Prakasahan

Publications.

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Subject Title
Subject Code :
Periods/Week:
Periods/Semester

:
:
4
:

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
EC-305
60

Rationale: Digital Electronics is a core subject as Digital Electronics form the basis for
Digital Communication and Microcontrollers .Hence the understanding of Digital
electronics and their applications is very much essential for an electronics and
communication engineering from the industry point of view Stress is laid on study of the
behaviour of various devices and circuits including practical applications. This course
serves as a foundation for other advanced courses.
TIME SCHEDULE

Sl

Major topics

1
2
3
4

Basics of Digital Electronics

Logic Families
Combinational Logic circuits
Sequential Logic Circuits
Registers and
Semiconductor Memories
Total

No. of
periods

Weightage
of marks

18
6
12
16

16
29
29
26

Short
Answer
Questions
3
1
2
3

10

60

110

10

Essay
Questions
2
1
2
2

OBJECTIVES
On completion of this unit the student shall be able to

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12

1.0 Understand the basics of Digital Electronics

Explain Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number systems .
Compare the above with Decimal system.
Convert a given decimal number into Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal numbers and
vice versa.
Convert a given binary number into octal and hexadecimal number system and
vice versa.
Perform binary addition, subtraction, Multiplication and Division.
Write 1s complement and 2s complement numbers for a given binary number.
Perform subtraction of binary numbers in 2s complement method.
Explain the use of weighted and Un-weighted codes.
Write Binary equivalent number for a number in 8421, Excess-3 and Gray Code
and vice-versa.
Explain the use of alphanumeric codes (ASCII & EBCDIC)
Explain the importance of parity Bit.
State different postulates in Boolean algebra.

1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

Explain the basic logic gates AND, OR, NOT gates with truth table.
Explain the working of universal logic gates (NAND, NOR gates) using truth tables.
Explain the working of an exclusive OR gate with truth table.
State De-Morgans theorems.
Explain De-Morgans theorems
Realize AND, OR, NOT operations using NAND, NOR gates.
Apply De-Morgans theorems related postulates to simplify Boolean expressions
(up to three variables).
1.20
Explain standard representations for logical functions (SOP and POS form)
1.21
Write Boolean expressions from the given truth table.
1.22
Use Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean Expression (up to 4 variables only)

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21

2.0 Understand different logic families.

Give the classification of digital logic families.
List the important characteristics of Digital ICs
Explain logic levels and Voltage requirements of TTL and CMOS ICs
Define propagation delay and Noise margin,
Explain Fan-in and Fan-out capacity of a digital IC.
Explain Power dissipation.
Explain figure of merit of a logic family
Explain the working of open collector TTL NAND gate with a circuit diagram.
Explain the working of Totem pole output TTL NAND gate with a circuit diagram.
Explain the working of CMOS NAND gate with a circuit diagram.
Compare the TTL, CMOS and ECL logic families.
Give IC numbers of two input Digital IC Logic gates.
3.0 Understand the working of combinational logic circuits
Give the concept of combinational logic circuits.
Draw the Half adder circuit
verify its functionality using truth table.
Realize a Half-adder using i) NAND gates only and ii) NOR gates only.
Explain the operation of full adder circuit with truth table.
Realize full-adder using two Half-adders and an OR gate
write truth table for the above circuit.
Explain the working of 4 Bit parallel adder circuit using full adders.
Explain 2s compliment parallel adder/ subtractor circuit.
Explain the working of a serial adder circuit.
Compare the performance of serial and parallel adder.
Explain the working of 4 X 1 Multiplexer circuit.
Give the IC numbers of TTL & CMOS Multiplexer ICs
Mention any 3 applications of multiplexer circuit
Explain the working of 1 to 4 demultiplexer circuit.
Give the IC numbers of TTL & CMOS De-multiplexer ICs
Mention any 3 applications of De-multiplexer
Explain the working of 3 X 8 decoder circuit.
Mention any 3 applications of decoder IC
Explain the working of BCD to decimal decoder circuit.
Explain the working of Decimal to BCD encoder circuit.

3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20

State the need for a tri-state buffer

List the two types of tri-state buffers with IC numbers
Mention the use of Tristate buffer in digital circuits.
Explain the working of digital comparator circuit.
4.0 Understand the working of Sequential logic circuits
Explain the concept of Sequential logic circuits.
Explain NAND and NOR latches with truth tables
State the necessity of clock
Explain the concept of level clocking and edge triggering,
Explain clocked SR flip flop circuit using NAND gates.
Explain the need for preset and clear inputs .
Explain the circuit of level clocked JK flip flop (using S-R flip-flops) with truth table
Explain the race around condition.
Explain the working of master slave JK flip flop circuit with necessary diagrams
4.10
Explain the level clocked D and T flip flops with the help of truth table and
circuit diagram and timing diagram.
Draw the symbols of above Flip Flops.
Give the truth tables of edge triggered D and T flip flops
List two applications for each type of flip flop.
State the need for a Register
List the four types of registers.
4.16 Explain the working of 4 bit shift left and shift right registers with a circuit and
timing diagram
Explain the working of 4-bit bi-directional shift register with a circuit and timing diagram
Explain parallel in parallel out shift register with a circuit and timing diagram
Explain the working of Universal shift register (74194 ) with a circuit and timing diagram
List the four common applications of shift registers.
5.0 Understand working of Counters and Semiconductor memories

5.1 Define modulus of a counter

5.2 Explain the working of 4-bit asynchronous counter with a circuit and Timing
diagram.
5.3 Explain the working of asynchronous decade counter with a circuit and
Timing diagram.
5.4 Explain the working of 4-bit synchronous counter with a circuit and Timing
diagram.
5.5 Distinguish between synchronous and asynchronous counters.
5.6 Explain the working of asynchronous 3 bit up-down counter with a circuit
and Timing diagram
5.7 List any 2 commonly used IC numbers of flip flops, registers and counters
for each.
5.8 Explain the working of ring counter
5.9 Give three applications for the above circuit
5.10 Classify various types of memories based on principle of operation,
physical characteristics, accessing modes and fabrication technology..
5.11 Explain the terms memory read operation, write operation, access time,
memory capacity, and address lines and word length.
5.12 Differentiate between ROM and RAM
5.13 Explain basic principle of working of diode ROM

5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18

Distinguish between EEPROM and UVPROM.

Explain the working of basic dynamic MOS RAM cell.
Compare static RAM and dynamic RAM
Explain the working principle of NVRAM
State the difference between Flash ROM and NV RAM

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 Basics of Digital Electronics
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number systems comparison with Decimal systemConversion of a given decimal number into Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal numbers
and vice versa- Conversion of a given binary number into octal and hexadecimal number
system and vice versa- binary addition, subtraction, Multiplication and Division- 1s
complement and 2s complement numbers of a binary number- subtraction of binary
numbers in 2s complement method- Use of weighted and Un-weighted codes- Binary
equivalent number for a number in 8421, Excess-3 and Gray Code and vice-versa- Use
of alphanumeric codes (ASCII & EBCDIC)- importance of parity Bit- Different postulates
in Boolean algebra- Basic logic gates AND, OR, NOT gates with truth table- universal
logic gates (NAND, NOR gates) - exclusive OR gate with truth table- De-Morgans
theorems- AND, OR, NOT operations using NAND, NOR gates- De-Morgans theorems
related postulates to simplify Boolean expressions (up to three variables)- standard
representations for logical functions (SOP and POS form)- Boolean expressions from the
given truth table- Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean Expression (up to 4 variables only)
2.0 Different logic families.
Classification of digital logic families- Important characteristics of Digital ICs-Logic levels
and Voltage requirements of TTL and CMOS ICs - Propagation delay and Noise marginFan-in and Fan-out capacity- Power dissipation- Figure of merit of a logic family- explain
TTL NAND gate with open collector- TTL NAND gate with Totem pole output- CMOS
NAND gate circuit - TTL, CMOS and ECL logic families- IC numbers of two input Digital
IC Logic gates.
3.0 Combinational logic circuits
Concept of combinational logic circuits- Half adder circuit -truth table- Half-adder using
NAND gates only &NOR gates only- Full adder circuit - Truth table- Full-adder using two
Half-adders and an OR gate - a 4 Bit parallel adder using full adders- 2s
compliment parallel adder/ subtractor circuit- Serial adder -Performance of serial and
parallel adder- Operation of 4 X 1 Multiplexers- Operation of 1 to 4 demultiplexer- IC
numbers -applications- 3 X 8 decoder- BCD to decimal decoder- Decoders- Decimal to
BCD encoder- IC numbers -Applications - Tri-state buffer - Types of tri-state buffersApplications - Digital comparator.
4.0 Sequential logic circuits
Concept of Sequential logic circuits- NAND and NOR latches with truth tables
Necessity of clock - Concept of level clocking and edge triggering,
Clocked SR flip flop circuit using NAND gates- Need for preset and clear inputs - Circuit
of level Clocked JK flip flop (using S-R flip-flops) with truth table
Race around condition- Master slave JK flip flop circuit - Level clocked D and T flip flops
- Truth table, Circuit diagram and timing diagram- Symbols of above Flip Flops- Truth
tables of edge triggered D and T flip flops - Applications for each type of flip flop- Need
for a Register - Types of registers- 4 bit shift left and shift right registers - 4-bit bi-

directional shift Register - Parallel in parallel out shift register - Universal shift register
(74194 ) - Applications of shift registers
5.0 Counters and Semiconductor memories
Modulus of a counter- 4-bit asynchronous counter - Asynchronous decade counter with a
circuit - 4-bit synchronous counter Differences
between synchronous and
asynchronous counters- asynchronous 3 bit up-down counter - IC numbers of flip flops,
Registers and counters - Ring counter- applications - Types of memories - Memory read
operation, write operation, access time, memory capacity, address lines and word
length- ROM and RAM- Diode ROM- EEPROM and UVPROM- Dynamic MOS RAM cellstatic RAM and dynamic RAM- NVRAM- Differences between Flash ROM and NV RAM.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Digital Computer Electronics by Malvino and leach. 3rd edition Tata McGraw-Hill
Education
2. Modern Digital Electronics By RP JAIN TMH
3 Digital Electronics: Principles & Applications by Roger L. Tokheim -McGraw-Hill Education, 2008
4. Digital Electronics by GK Kharate, Oxford University Press.

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week:
Periods/Semester

:
:
05
:

Electrical Technology
EC-306
60

Rationale: Electrical Machines subject is reintroduced in the iii semester as the

Knowledge of electrical machines is essential for the student to survive in the industry
and also understand subjects like Industrial electronics as per the suggestions of
industrial experts. Emphasis is laid on Fundamental concepts.
TIME SCHEDULE

Sl

Major topics

No of
periods

1
2
3
4

AC Circuits
DC machines
Polyphase Circuits
Transformers

22
15
6
8

26
26
13
16

Short
Answer
Questions
2
2
1
2

AC machines

16

60

110

10

Total

Weightage
of marks

Essay
Questions
2
2
1
1

Upon completion of this course the student shall be able to

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12

Understand the behaviour Of AC Circuits

Recap RL and RC series circuits
Explain mathematical representation of vectors in a) Symbolic notation ,b) trigonometric
c) exponential and polar forms
Solve simple problems using J notation
Explain series RLC circuits
Solve problems on Series RLC circuits
Explain resonance in RLC series circuit
Derive the formula for series resonance
State the conditions for series resonance
Draw the characteristic curves for series resonance.
Define bandwidth of a resonant circuit
Define lower cut off and upper cut off frequencies

1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

Give formula for lower cut off and upper cut off frequencies
Solve simple problems on series Resonance.
Explain Parallel AC circuit containing RLC
List the 3 methods a) Vector or phasor method b) Admittance method c) Vector algebra
method. for solving AC parallel circuits.
Solve problems using above 3 methods
Explain Resonance in parallel circuits
State the conditions required for parallel resonance
Derive Equation for resonant frequency.
Give graphical representation of parallel resonance.
Compare Series and parallel resonance
Solve problems on Resonance
Explain effect of Resistance on Bandwidth.
2.0

2.5.

Understand the working of DC Machines

2.1.
State Faradays laws of electro - magnetic induction
2.2.
Explain dynamically and statically induced E.M.F
2.3.
State Lenzs law
2.4.
State and Explain Flemings right hand rule
State and explain the Flemings left hand rule
2.6.
Explain the principle of DC Generators.
2.7.
Explain the constructional features of DC generator with a sketch.
2.8.
Explain the function of commutator and brushes.
2.9.
List the two types of windings used in DC generators and state their use.
2.10.
Classify DC generators based on the type of excitation and field winding
connections
2.11.
Write the emf equation of DC generator.
2.12.
Explain the characteristics of DC shunt Generator
2.13.
Explain the principle of DC Motor.
2.14.
Explain the significance of back EMF
2.15.
Derive voltage equation of DC motor and condition for maximum power.
2.16.
Derive equation for armature torque of dc motor
2.17.
Derive equation for speed of a) DC series motor b) DC shunt motor
2.18.
Define speed regulation of DC motor
2.19.
Explain torque-speed behaviour of DC motor
2.20.
Explain DC motor characteristics a) DC series motor b)DC shunt motor
2.21.
Compare DC series motor and DC shunt motor
2.22.
Explain power stages in DC motor
2.23.
Mention the Losses in a DC Motor
2.24.
Explain speed control of DC motors and factors affecting the speed.
2.25.
Explain speed control of DC shunt motor by armature voltage, field
control and armature resistance control
2.26.
Solve simple problems related to DC motors
2.27.
Explain the need for starter.
2.28.
Explain with a circuit the working of a 3 point starter
2.29.
Give 4 important specifications of a motor

2.30.

3.0

4.0

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23

Explain the choice of particular motor for a given application.

Comprehend the Polyphase Circuits

3.1 Define a power plant
3.2 List the 4 types of power plants (Hydel , Thermal, Nuclear and Solar)
3.3 Explain the basic principle of operation of above power plants
3.4 Explain With a line sketch how power from a power plant reaches the consumer
3.5 Explain generation of 3 phase voltages.
3.6 List the merits of 3 phase system over single phase.
3.7 Write the emf equations for R, Y, B phases and draw the vector diagram.
3.8 Explain the concept of phase sequence.
3.9 Explain star Delta configurations with diagrams.
3.10
Give the relation between Line Voltages, Phase voltages and Line
currents &Phase currents in Star configuration
3.11
Explain the formation of Neutral at the junction in Star connections
3.12
Give the relation between Line Voltages, Phase voltages and Line
currents &Phase currents in Delta configuration
3.13
Solve simple problems in 3 phase circuits

Understand the working of Transformers

4.1
Explain the concept of self and mutual inductance
4.2
Derive the expressions for self and mutual inductances
4.3
Define co-efficient of coupling
4.4
Explain the total inductance with series connections with reference to direction of
flux.
Explain the working principle of transformer
Give constructional details of a) Core type transformer b) Shell type transformer
Give reasons for using laminations in transformer core
Derive the emf equation of a transformer
Explain voltage transformation ratio
Explain the operation of transformer on NO load and write the equation for no load
current
Explain the operation of transformer on LOAD with the help of vector diagram under
leading, lagging and unity power factor
Solve problems on the above
Explain the Iron loss and Copper loss in a transformer
Solve simple problems to determine copper and iron losses for a given load
Explain open circuit and short circuit tests and their purpose.
Derive equation for equivalent resistance of a transformer.
Define efficiency and regulation of transformer
Solve simple problems to determine efficiency and regulation.
Classify transformers based on power rating, construction and applications
Mention the specifications of a transformer and explain their importance.
Explain the construction and working of an auto transformer
Explain copper saving in an auto Transformer.
Mention any 3 uses of Auto transformer

4.24
4.25
4.26
5.0

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.19
5.20

Explain the three phase connections of transformer, star-star, star-delta, delta-delta,

delta star
Mention the applications of 3 phase Transformers .
Explain the applications of a transformer as a a)potential transformer b) current
transformer c) impedance matching transformer d) isolation transformer
Understand the working of AC Machines
5.1 Classify ac motors based on the principle of operation type of current and
structural features
Explain the principle of induction motors
Explain the production of rotating magnetic field
Explain the constructional features of squirrel cage motor
Define slip, synchronous speed of an induction motor and give the relation
Write the equation for the frequency of rotor current
Draw the torque speed characteristics and explain
Explain the principle of Alternator
Mention various parts of an alternator and explain
Give equation for induced emf in an alternator
Explain the principle of synchronous motor
Explain the effect of excitation
Give applications of synchronous motors
List important specifications of an ac motor and explain
List the various applications and choice of particular ac motor for a given application
Explain the working principle of capacitor start single phase induction motor.
Explain the principle of universal motor
5.18
Explain the working principle and constructional features of Servo motors
Explain the choice of selecting a motor for a particular application
List 3 applications for each of above.

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 AC Circuits
RL and RC series circuits- Mathematical representation of vectors in a) Symbolic
notation ,b) trigonometric c) exponential and polar forms- simple problems using J
notation- Series RLC circuits - Problems on Series RLC circuits - resonance in RLC
series circuit - Formula for series resonance- Conditions for series resonanceCharacteristic curves for series resonance- bandwidth of a resonant circuit- Lower cut off
and upper cut off frequencies- Formula for lower cut off and upper cut off frequenciesSimple problems on series Resonance- Parallel AC circuit containing RLC- methods a)
Vector or phasor method b) Admittance method c) Vector algebra method for solving AC
parallel circuits-Simple problems using above 3 methods- Resonance in parallel circuitsConditions required for parallel resonance- Equation for resonant frequency.
Graphical representation of parallel resonance- Series and parallel resonance-Problems
on resonance- Effect of Resistance on Bandwidth.
2.0

DC Machines

Faradays laws of electro - magnetic induction- Dynamically and statically induced

E.M.F- Lenzs law - Flemings right hand rule- Flemings left hand rule- Principle of DC

Generators-constructional features of DC generator - Function of commutator and

brushes- Types of windings used in DC generators and state their use-Classify DC
generators based on the type of excitation and field winding connections- Emf equation
of DC generator- Characteristics of DC shunt Generator - Principle of DC MotorSignificance of back EMF- Voltage equation of DC motor - Condition for maximum
power- Equation for armature torque of dc motor- Equation for speed of a) DC series
motor b) DC shunt motor- Speed regulation of DC motor- Torque-speed behaviour of DC
motor- DC motor characteristics a) DC series motor b)DC shunt motor- DC series motor
and DC shunt motor- Power stages in DC motor - Losses in a DC Motor- Speed control
of DC motors and factors affecting the speed- Speed control of DC shunt motor by
armature voltage, field control and armature resistance control- Simple problems related
to DC motors- need for starter- Working of a 3 point starter- Specifications of a motor Choice of particular motor for a given application.
3.0 Polyphase Circuits
Power plant- Types of power plants (Hydel , Thermal, Nuclear and Solar)- Basic principle
of operation of above power plants-Transmission of Power from Power plant to
consumer - Generation of 3 phase voltages- Merits of 3 phase system over single
phase- Emf equations for R, Y, B phases - Vector diagram- Concept of phase sequencestar Delta configurations - Relation between Line Voltages, Phase voltages and Line
currents &Phase currents in Star configuration- Formation of Neutral at the junction in
Star connections- Relation between Line Voltages, Phase voltages and Line currents
&Phase currents in Delta configuration-Solve simple problems in 3 phase circuits.
4.0 Transformers
Concept of self and mutual inductance - expressions for self and mutual inductances co-efficient of coupling- total inductance with series -Connections with reference to
direction of flux- principle of transformer- constructional details of a) Core type
transformer b) Shell type transformer- reasons for using laminations in transformer coreemf equation of a transformer- voltage transformation ratio- transformer on NO load
equation for no load current- operation of transformer on LOAD -vector diagram under
leading, lagging and unity power factor-Solve problems - Iron loss and Copper loss in a
transformer-Solve simple problems to determine copper and iron losses for a given
load- open circuit and short circuit tests and their purpose- equation for equivalent
resistance of a transformer- efficiency and regulation of Transformer-Solve simple
problems to determine efficiency and regulation-Classify transformers based on power
rating, construction and applications- specifications of a-transformer -their importanceconstruction and working of an auto transformer- copper saving in an auto Transformeruses of Auto transformer - three phase connections of transformer, star-star, star-delta,
delta-delta, delta star- applications of 3 phase Transformers - applications of a
transformer as a a)potential transformer b) current transformer c) impedance matching
transformer d) isolation transformer

5. AC Machines
Classification of ac motors -Principle of induction motors- Production of rotating
magnetic field- Constructional features of squirrel cage motor- Slip, synchronous speed
of an induction motor - Equation for the frequency of rotor current- Torque speed
characteristics - Principle of Alternator- Various parts of an alternator and explainEquation for induced emf in an alternator
principle of synchronous motor- Effect of excitation- Applications of synchronous motorsimportant specifications of an ac motor - Various applications and choice of particular ac
motor for a given application- Working principle of capacitor start single phase induction
motor- Principle of universal motor- Principle and constructional features of Servo
motors - Choice of selecting a motor for a particular application- Applications .

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electrical Technology by B L Theraja, S, Chand publishers
2. Basic Electrical Engineering by Prof Sunil T. Gaikwad - Wiley publishers
3. Basic Electrical Engineering By V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta S. Chand publishers

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab Practice

Subject title
Subject code
Periods per week
Periods / Semester

:
:
:
:

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab Practice

EC-307
6
90

Rationale: Electronic Devices &Circuits lab is a core lab as the student is expected to
understand and demonstrate practical skills in handling, identify and using different
instruments and various Electronic components with ease .Emphasis is laid on imparting
S.N
No. of
Major Topics
o
Periods
I.

Semiconductor Diodes and Rectifiers

15

II.

Transistors & Field Effect transistors

12

III.

Transistor Amplifiers and Oscillators

15

IV.

Special Devices

12

Circuit simulation using Pspice or equivalent

30

VI

Industrial Training/Visit

Total

90

essential skills that are required for subsequent learning.

List of Experiments:
Semiconductor Diodes and Rectifiers
1. Draw the forward & reverse characteristics of Silicon diode
i) a) Determine Knee voltage, b) Identify Cutoff, and Linear regions
ii) Test the diode with DMM & Analogue multimeter and identify the Terminals
iii) Connect a 6V lamp in series with diode and observe the behaviour a) under
forward and Reverse biased conditions. b) On low voltage AC supply
iv) Observe the effect of temperature on diode reverse current by heating the diode
with a soldering Iron
2.

Draw the forward & reverse characteristics of Zener diode and determine
Breakdown Voltage
i) Test the Zener diode with DMM & Analogue multimeter and identify the Terminals
ii) Produce different reference voltages by using a 12V Zener diode and Resistance
ladder network

iii)

Produce higher reference voltage by connecting two Zener diodes in series

3.

Implement Rectifier circuits using Diodes and observe the effect of Filtering
a) Implement Half wave rectifier with and without filter
b) Implement Full wave rectifier with and without filter
4. Implement Bridge rectifier with and without filter
a) Implement Voltage Doubler circuit
b) Connect a diode IN4007 in series with a 60W 230V Lamp and test it.(Record
your observations)
5.

6.

Build a Regulated power supply and draw the regulation characteristics

a. i) using Zener diode ii) using 3 Terminal +ve Regulator
b. i) implement a ve 3 Terminal Regula r ii) Implement a Dual regulated power
supply using both +ve and ve 3 terminal regulators
Build an adjustable +ve Regulated power supply using LM 317 and Test

II. Transistors & Field Effect transistors

7.

Draw Input and output characteristics of NPN Transistor and determine Beta of the
transistor
a) Plot Input & Output characteristics for CB configuration
b) Plot Input & Output characteristics for CE configuration
c) Test the Transistor with DMM & Analogue multimeter and identify the Terminals
and Type of transistor and find the
8. Use Transistor as a Switch
a) Turn on and turn off a relay using Transistor ( BC148 as a switch.)
b) Connect a 6v lamp in series with BD139 and observe the effect of base current
variation on lamp brightness .
9.

Determine the effective current gain of a Darlington Pair

a) Connect two BC148 transistors in a Darlington pair and calculate the effective Beta
b) Find out the device specifications of TIP 120 from the data sheets and compare the
hfe with that of BD 139.
c) Connect a 6V lamp in the collector circuit of TIP120 transistor and apply few micro
amperes current at the base and observe the effect.

10. Draw the input and output characteristics of JFET and determine pinchoff voltage
and transconductance.
a) Test the JFET with DMM &Analogue multimeter and identify the Terminals
11. Use JFET as a current source
a) Implement a constant current source with a FET by applying appropriate gate bias
b) Practically Verify High input impedance characteristic of the gate circuit.
12. Plot the frequency response characteristics of a RC coupled Amplifier.
a) Observe the effect of connecting and disconnecting the emitter bypass capacitor
on gain, and distortion.
b) Observe the effect of emitter bypass capacitor Ce on voltage across Emitter
Resistance using CRO.
c) Measure the output power using ac power meter

13. Implement a) Colpitts oscillator b) Hartley oscillator and verify the effect of Vary the
tank circuit component values and observe output waveforms on CRO.
14. Implement transistor Astable multivibrator circuit and observe the waveforms on
CRO.
IV. Special Semiconductor Devices
15. Plot the characteristics of a) Photodiode b) photo transistor
16. Implement a Twilight switch using a Phototransistor and a Relay
a) Replace Phototransistor with LDR and Test
17. Plot the VI characteristics of different color LEDs & determine the Vf (forward voltage
drop)
a) Test the above devices with DMM & Analogue multimeter and identify the
Terminals
18. plot the characteristics of i) LDR ii) Thermistor iii) VDR
a) Test the above devices with DMM & Analogue multimeter
b) Implement a simple Temperature controller using Thermistor and a Relay
c) Use a VDR /Trigistor for protection against high voltage surges and verify
19. Plot the characteristics of optocoupler MCT2E
a) Test the given optocoupler and identify its terminals
b) Use MCT 2E to switch on a 6V lamp connected to RPS by applying a Low voltage
1.5 V signal from a cell at input
20. Implement a simple timer using 1 M Resistor , 1000 mfd capacitor ,Transistor
BC148 and a Relay
Part 2: Circuit Simulation using pspice
1) Familiarize with the PSPICE modelling using eCAD software
Representation of passive elements
Representation of active elements
Representation of time Vary signals
Representation of nodes
2) Simulate half wave and full wave rectifier circuits with filters and assess the
performance
3) Simulate 12v Zener regulator circuit and assess the performance for various loads
4) Simulate of CE amplifier and observe the effect of disconnecting bypass capacitor.
5) Simulate Single stage RC coupled Amplifier circuit and observe the effect of change
in component values on output waveform
6) Simulate JFET Common Source Amplifier circuit & observe the effect of change in
gate bias.
7) Simulate Colpitts oscillator circuit and observe the effect of change in component
values.
8) Simulate Hartley oscillator circuit and observe the effect of change in component
values.
9) Simulate transistor Astable multivibrator circuit and observe the effect of change in
component values.
10) Design a PCB for the RC coupled amplifier circuit with built in power supply.
Competencies and Key Competencies to be achieved

Ex
p
No.
1

3.

Name of the Experiment

(No of Periods)

Competencies

Key Competencies

To draw the forward & reverse

Identify meters and
Assemble the circuit as
characteristics of Silicon diode and
equipment
per the circuit
i) Determine Knee voltage, (3)
Use DRB, DIB, DCB and
diagram
ii) Identify Cutoff, and Linear regions
Identify Diode terminals
measure Voltage and
a) To test the diode with DMM &
current
by observation and
Analogue multimeter and identify the Interpret diode datasheets
also with DMM &
Terminals
Analogue Multimeter
and find the
b) To Connect a 6V lamp in series
specifications of
with diode and test it on DC power
components used in the
supply
experiment
c) To Heat the diode with a soldering
Iron and observe the effect on
reverse current
To draw the forward & reverse
Test the Zener diode
characteristics of Zener diode and
using DMM
determine Breakdown Voltage (3) identify Zener Diode
a) To test the Zener diode with DMM
terminals by observation
& Analogue multimeter and
and with DMM
identify the Terminals
Prepare Resistor ladder
b) To produce different reference
network.
voltages by using a 12V Zener
Connect Zener diodes in
diode and Resistance ladder
series
network
Rig up the circuit
c) To produce higher reference
Find the specifications of
voltage by connecting two Zener
Zener diode from
diodes in series
datasheets
To implement Half wave rectifier with Draw the symbols of
& without filter circuits and observe
Transformer , Diode ,
the ripple on CRO
(3)
Inductor and Capacitor
b) To implement Full wave rectifier Read the circuit Diagram
with and without filter and observe Identify Diode terminals
the ripple on CRO
select meters and
equipment
Observe the polarity of
capacitors.
Interpret diode
datasheets
To Implement Bridge rectifier with
Read the circuit Diagram
and without filter (3)
Identify Diode terminals
a) To Implement Voltage Doubler Select meters and
circuit
equipment
b) To Connect a diode IN4007 in Rig up the circuit
series with a 60W 230V Lamp . Observe the polarity of
and test it
capacitors.
Measure & Observe the

Assemble the circuit as

per the circuit
diagram
identify Zener Diode
terminals by
observation and with
DMM & Analogue
Multimeter

Assemble the circuit as

per the circuit
diagram
Use the CRO to
observe the
waveforms
Assess the Power
supply performance
in terms of ripple and
% Regulation
Select meters and
equipment
Rig up the circuit
Observe the polarity of
capacitors.
Measure & Observe
the ripple on CRO

ripple on CRO

To build a Regulated power supply Identify Regulator

and draw the regulation
terminals
characteristics (3)
Find the output voltage
A. i) Using Zener diode ii) using 3
and type from the IC
Terminal +ve Regulator
Regulator number
B. i) Implement a ve 3 Terminal
select meters and
Regulator ii) Implement a Dual
equipment
regulated power supply using both Measure Voltage and
+ve ad ve 3 terminal regulators
current.
C) i) Obtain a voltage above 30V
Observe the polarity of
using Dual RPS in the laboratory and
capacitors.
measure
Use the CRO to observe

Identify 3 terminal
Regulator and its
package &pin
Configuration
Find the output voltage
and type from the IC
Regulator number
4. Use the CRO to
observe the
waveforms
5. Assess the Power
supply performance
in terms of ripple and
%Regulation

the waveforms
Interpret IC Regulator
datasheets
To build an adjustable +ve Regulated Identify Regulator

power supply using LM 317 and Test

terminals
(3)
Select meters and

equipment
Rig up the circuit

Measure Voltage and

current.
Observe the polarity of
capacitors.
Use the CRO to observe
the waveforms
Interpret IC Regulator
datasheets
To draw Input and output
Identify Transistor type &
characteristics of NPN Transistor and
terminals with DMM

determine Beta of the transistor (3) Select meters and

a) To plot Input & Output
equipment
characteristics for CB
Rig up the circuit

configuration
Measure Voltage and
b) To plot Input & Output

current.
characteristics for CB
Note the package

configuration CE configuration
&differences between
b) To test the Transistor with DMM
BC148A, 148B, 148C
& Analogue multimeter and
and BF194 from the data
identify the Terminals and Type
sheets.
of transistor and find the

select meters and

equipment
Measure Voltage and
current.
Observe the polarity of
capacitors.
Use the CRO to
observe the
waveforms

Identify Transistor
type& terminals with
DMM
Select meters and
equipment
Rig up the circuit
Measure Voltage and
current.

To use Transistor as a Switch &Test Identify Transistor type & Rig up the circuit
a) To Turn on and turn off a relay
terminals with DMM
Measure Voltage and
using Transistor ( BC148 as a
Rig up the circuit
current.
switch.)
(3)
Measure Voltage and
Test the circuit
b) To Connect a 6v lamp in series
current.
with BD139 and observe the effect of Test the circuit
base current variation on lamp
Note the package of
brightness .
BD139 & specifications
from datasheets
To determine the effective current
Identify Transistor type &
gain of a Darlington Pair (3)
terminals with DMM
a) To Connect two BC148
Rig up the circuit
transistors in a Darlington pair Measure Voltage and
and calculate the effective Beta
current.
b) To find out the device
Test the circuit
specifications of TIP 120 from Note the package of
the data sheets and compare
BD139 & TIP120
the hfe with that of BD 139.
specifications from
c) To Connect a 6V lamp in the
datasheets
collector circuit of TIP120
transistor and apply few micro
amperes current at the base
and observe the effect.

Identify Transistor type

& terminals with DMM
Rig up the circuit
Measure Voltage and
current.
Test the circuit

10

To Draw the input and output

characteristics of JFET and
determine pinchoff voltage and
transconductance. (3)
a) To test the JFET with DMM
&Analogue multimeter and
identify the Terminals

Draw the symbols of FET, 1.Determine the pinch

Identify the JFET
off voltage

Identify
the ground,
terminals using DMM
and multimeter
drain, gate and
Rig up the circuit
source terminals
using multimeter
Interpret the JFET
(DMM and Analogue)
characteristics and
also by physical
determine the pinch off
observation
voltage
Interpret JFET
datasheets and finding
the specifications.

11

To use JFET as a current source

Identify the JFET
Rig up the circuit &Test
a) To Implement a constant current
terminals using DMM
Measure voltage &
source with a FET by applying
and multimeter
current
appropriate gate bias (3)
Rig up the circuit
b) To practically Verify High input Measure voltage &
impedance characteristic of the
current
gate circuit.
finding JFET current
rating from data sheets

12

To Plot the frequency response

1.Identify the coupling
Assemble the circuit as
characteristics of a RC coupled
and bypass capacitors
per the circuit
Amplifier.
(3)
and noting their values
diagram
a) To observe the effect of
Measure the amplitude
Identify the coupling
connecting and disconnecting
and frequency on CRO
and bypass
the emitter bypass capacitor on Observe the 3db points
capacitors(types,
gain, and distortion.
values)
Apply correct level of
b) To observe the effect of emitter
input signal to produce Observe the
bypass capacitor Ce on
distortion(clipping ) of
the distortion less output
voltage across Emitter
signal on CRO and
Resistance using CRO.
adjusting the input for
c) To Measure the output power
distortion less output
using ac power meter

13

To implement a) Colpitts oscillator b) Identify Tuned circuit

Identify different
Hartley oscillator and verify the
Identify the active
sections in the
effect of Varying the tank circuit
Oscillator circuit
component and amplifier
component values and observe
Identify the Type of
circuit .
output waveforms on CRO. (3) Identify feed back circuit
oscillator
Observe the waveforms Measure amplitude and
frequency of
on CRO.
waveforms on CRO
Vary the core of inductor
& observe the effect on
o/p frequency Identify
the crystal in the circuit
& note the component
number

14

To implement transistor Astable

multivibrator circuit and observe
the waveforms on CRO. (3)

15

Identify transistor type &

Terminals with DMM
Select correct values for
components
Rig up the circuit
Change R & C values &
observe the effect on
output frequency on
CRO
To plot the characteristics of
1.Identify the devices
a) Photodiode b) photo transistor (3) 2 Draw the symbols
3.Note down the
component values
4.Identify photo diode
terminals with
DMM/multimeter
5.Assemble the circuit
6.Measure Voltage
&Current

Select correct values

for components
Rig up the circuit
Change R & C values
& observe the effect
on output frequency
on CRO
Plotting the
characteristics of the
Photo diode, Photo
transistor and LED
Identify the device
from the
characteristics.
Test the devices with
DMM/multimeter
Assemble the circuit
Measure Voltage
&Current

 7.Note the specifications

16

To Implement a Twilight switch using Select the devices

a Phototransistor , BC 148 ,12V
Identify the Photo diode
Relay & Test
and Relay terminals
a) Replace Phototransistor with LDR
with DMM/multimeter
and Test (3)
Assemble the circuit
Test the circuit

17

a) To Plot the VI characteristics of

different color LEDs & determine
the Vf (forward voltage drop)
b)To test the above devices with
DMM & Analogue multimeter and
identify the Terminals (3)

18

To plot the characteristics of a) LDR

b) Thermistor c) VDR
a) To test the above devices with
DMM & Analogue multimeter
b) To use a VDR /Trigistor for
protection against high voltage
surges and verify (3)

19

To plot the characteristics of

optocoupler MCT2E (3)
a) To use MCT 2E to switch on a
6V lamp connected to RPS by
applying a Low voltage 1.5 V
signal from a cell at input

20

To implement a simple timer using 1 Identify the components

M Resistor ,Transistor and a
Observe polarity
Relay
Rig up the circuit
Test the circuit

Identify the Photo diode

and Relay terminals
with DMM/multimeter
Assemble the circuit
Test the circuit

.Identify the devices

2 Draw the symbols

3.Identify LED terminals

with DMM/multimeter
4. Determination of series
Resistance

5.Assemble the circuit

Measure voltage &Current
7.Note the specifications
from the datasheets
Identify LDR , Thermistor
& VDR
Test the devices with
DMM(Resistance Test)
Rig up the circuit

Measure Voltage &

Current
Note the device
specifications from data
sheets
Identify the terminals of
Optocoupler MCT2E
with DMM
Rig up the circuit &Test

Measure the voltage and

Current

1.Identify LED
terminals with
DMM/multimeter
Determination of series
Resistance
3.Assemble the circuit
Measure voltage
&Current

Test the devices with

DMM(Resistance
Test)
Rig up the circuit
Measure Voltage &
Current

Identify the terminals of

Optocoupler MCT2E
with DMM
Rig up the circuit &Test
Measure the voltage
and Current

Identify the
components
Observe polarity
Rig up the circuit
Test the circuit

PARTB
1

Familiarize with the PSPICE

modelling using eCAD software
A. Representation of passive

Use pspice interface

Use Pspice/or eCAD
Define circuit parameters
tools
for circuit
simulation
and
Model the circuit

elements
B. Representation of active elements
C. Representation of time Vary
signals
D. Representation of nodes
To simulate half wave and full wave
rectifier circuits with filters and
assess the performance

Simulate the circuit

Observe and interpret
results
Saving the files

Define circuit parameters

Model the circuit
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files
To simulate 12v Zener regulator
Define circuit parameters
circuit and assess the performance Model the circuit
for various loads.
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files
To Simulate of CE amplifier and
Define circuit parameters
observe the effect of disconnecting Model the circuit
bypass capacitor.
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files

To simulate Single stage RC coupled Define circuit parameters

Amplifier circuit and observe the
Model the circuit
effect of change in component values Simulate the circuit
on output waveform
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files

To simulate JFET Common source Define circuit parameters

Amplifier circuit and observe the
Model the circuit
effect of change in gate bias.
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files

debugging
.Set circuit parameters

Use Pspice/or eCAD

tools for circuit
simulation and
debugging
Setcircuit parameters
Use Pspice/or eCAD
tools for circuit
simulation and
debugging
.Setcircuit parameters
Use Pspice/or eCAD
tools for circuit
simulation and
debugging
.Setcircuit parameters

Use Pspice/or eCAD

tools
for
circuit
simulation
and
debugging
Set circuit parameters

Use Pspice or
tools for
simulation
debugging
Set circuit
parameters
To simulate Colpitts oscillator circuit Define circuit parameters .Use Pspice/or
and observe the effect of change in Model the circuit
tools for
component values.
Simulate the circuit
simulation
Observe and interpret
debugging
results
Set circuit
Save the files
parameters
To simulate Hartley oscillator circuit Define circuit parameters Use Pspice/or
and observe the effect of change in Model the circuit
tools for
component values.
Simulate the circuit
simulation
Observe and interpret
debugging

eCAD
circuit
and

eCAD
circuit
and

eCAD
circuit
and

To simulate transistor Astable

multivibrator circuit and observe the
effect of change in component
values.

10

Design a PCB for the RC coupled

amplifier circuit with built in power
supply

results
Save the files

.Set circuit
parameters

Define circuit parameters

Model the circuit
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files
Define circuit parameters
Model the circuit
Simulate the circuit
Observe and interpret
results
Save the files

.Use Pspice/or eCAD

tools
for
circuit
simulation
and
debugging
.Set circuit parameters
Use Pspice/or eCAD
tools
for
circuit
simulation
and
debugging
.Set circuit parameters

ANALOGUE COMMUNICATION LAB PRACTICE

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week:
Periods/Semester

:
:
03
:

Analogue Communication Lab Practice

EC-308
45

Rationale:
Analogue communication lab is included to comprehend the concepts of Analogue
communications , Network theorems and also to impart skills of using software tools

S. No.

I.

Major Topics

No. of
Period
s

I.

Verification of Network theorems

II.

Electronic measuring equipment

III.

Measurements using CRO

12

IV.

Modulation , Demodulation Techniques &Antennas

V.

Pulse and wave shaping circuits

VI

Resonance & Filters

Total

45

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Verification of Network theorems
1. a) Verify Thevenins theorem.
B) Determine the Thevenins Resistance of a Potential divider network
C) Verify Nortons theorem

2. A) Verify Super position theorem.

B) Verify Maximum power transfer theorem.
C) Connect Four 4 ohms speakers to obtain 4 Ohms Impedance and test for
maximum power output by Audio amplifier at 4 ohms output terminals

II.

Electronic measuring equipment

3.

Measure the component values using special equipment

A) Use DMM/ Multimeter to measure DC current , AC Current ,Beta of transistor
B) Use the AC bridge/Digital LCR meter to measure Resistance , Inductance ,
Capacitance and Q
C) Measure the Distortion factor using Distortion Factor Meter.

III. Measurements using CRO

4.

Familiarize with CRO front panel controls and observe the effect of different settings
A) Set intensity , Astigmatism and Focus controls to display i) Medium frequency
ii) Low frequency iii) High frequency.
B) Apply different waveforms using function generator and produce flicker free
waveforms
C) Set the output of function generator to desired amplitude and frequency (say 20
milli volts and 1.5 khz) by observing on CRO.

5.

Determine Vertical and Horizontal deflection sensitivity of CRO by applying

standard signal provided on CRO
A) Observe the effect of Trigger control on the waveform and display the waveform
from the set point
B) Measure signal amplitude using x10 CRO probe.

6. Use dual mode for simultaneous observation of two signals .

A) Use ADD mode observe the resultant wave form
B) Measure the Time period and frequency of a signal in Time base multiplier mode
7. A) work with various controls on Digital CRO
B) Practice with i) Manual measurements ii) Cursor measurements iii) Automatic
measurements By repeating sub experiments in experiment number 4& 5
.
C) Observe charging and discharging curves of a capacitor using digital CRO and
determine time constant of given RC circuit
IV. Modulation & Demodulation Techniques &Antennas
8. A) implement and observe AM signal and determine Modulation index using CRO
I) Using Envelop method
Ii) Trapezoidal Pattern method
Iii) observe the effect of Over modulation and under modulation
B) Implement diode demodulator circuit and observe the detected waveform
9. Identify different sections in AM/FM radio receiver

B) Observe the different types of inductors used in the radio tuned circuits.(Local
oscillator coils, IFT coils, Ferrite cored)
10. Generate FM signal and determine Modulation index
A) Demodulate F.M signal and compare the output signal with original modulating
signal .
IV. Pulse and wave shaping circuits
11. A) Measure the Rise time, Fall time , duty cycle, Pulse width, Pulse amplitude ,
Overshoot of Pulse on CRO
B) observe the effect of Offset control on function generator on output waveform
12. A) Design and implement RC integrator circuit
B) apply a square wave and observe the output waveform on CRO.
C) use a differentiator circuit to convert a long Push button trigger signal into a
pulse for use in Timer circuits
D) Use integrator circuit for producing triangular wave / Ramp
E) Design a Low pass filter Using Integrator circuit for a given cut off frequency
F) Design a High pass filter Using Differentiator circuit for a given cut off frequency
13. Realize Clipper and Clamper circuits and observe the waveforms on CRO
A) Realize Series and Parallel clippers
B)Assemble Positive and negative clipper circuits with and without bias
C) Connect a Zener diode in place of diode and measure the output voltage with
DMM and also observe waveform on CRO
D) Realize a Clamper circuit and observe the input and output waveforms on CRO
V.

Resonance &Filters

14. Plot resonant curves of a tuned circuit

A)Series Resonance., b)Parallel Resonance. C) Wind a small coil and determine
its inductance
15. Design and construct constant K filters of 1st order
A) Design and implement a Low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 10 khz(or any
other frequency) and evaluate the performance
B) Design and implement a High pass filter with a cut off frequency of 10 khz (or any
other frequency) and evaluate the performance
Competencies & Key Competencies

Exp
No

Name of the Experiment

(No of Periods)

Competencies

Key competencies

a) To Verify Thevenins
theorem. (3)

Assemble the circuit

Select meters and

components

Observe the polarity of

b) To Determine the Thevenins
Open and short the
sources and meters
Resistance of a Potential divider
Use voltmeter and
Circuit terminals with
network
ammeter correctly
care
c) To Verify Nortons theorem
Choose correct Ranges Use voltmeter and
ammeter correctly
Follow the sequence of
procedure
Verify theoretical &
Practical results
Troubleshoot any faults
2

a) To Verify Super position

theorem.(3)
b) To Verify Maximum power
transfer theorem.
c) To Connect Four 4 ohms
speakers to obtain 4 Ohms
Impedance and test for
maximum power output by Audio
amplifier at 4 ohms output
terminals

Assemble the circuit

Use voltmeter and

ammeter correctly
Observe the polarity of
sources and meters Observe Polarity
Use voltmeter and
ammeter correctly
Choose correct
Ranges

Find out correct series

parallel combination to
obtain desired
impedance

Troubleshoot any
faults

To measure the
values
using
equipment(3)

component Identify the RLC

Identify RLC meters
special
bridge/Digital RLC meter
Use the RLC meter
and note the front panel
and Distortion factor
controls.
a) Use DMM/ Multimeter to
meter
measure DC current , AC Measure component
Use AF power meter
Current ,Beta of transistor
values by selecting the
proper mode and range Use AC voltmeter in dB
b) To Use the AC bridge /Digital
scale
LCR meter to measure
Use distortion factor
Resistance , Inductance ,
meter for measure
Capacitance and Q
percentage of distortion
c) To measure the Distortion Use AF power meter
factor using Distortion Factor
Use function Generator
Meter.
Use AC voltmeter in dB
scale

To familiarize with CRO front Use Function Generator Use Function generator
panel controls and observe the
Use various controls and Use CRO controls and
effect of different settings(3)
select appropriate ranges selecting Correct
a)To set intensity , Astigmatism
on Analogue CRO
Ranges
and Focus controls to display i)
Connect BNC Probe
Produce flicker free
Medium frequency
ii)
waveform and
Low frequency
iii) High Test the BNC Cable
measure the
frequency.
before applying the
amplitude , Time
signal
b) To apply different waveforms
period and frequency
using function generator and Observe Positive and
of signal
produce flicker free waveforms
Negative peaks of a
wave form.
c) To set the output of function
generator to desired amplitude
and frequency (say 20 milli
volts and 1.5 KHz) by observing
on CRO.

To determine Vertical and Apply standard signal & Apply standard signal &
Horizontal deflection sensitivity
calibrate
calibrate
of CRO by applying standard
Display the waveform Display the waveform
signal provided on CRO (3)
from set point using
from set point using
a) To observe the effect of
Trigger control
Trigger control
Trigger control on the waveform
Determine Vertical and Determine Vertical and
and display the waveform from
Horizontal deflection
Horizontal deflection
the set point
sensitivities and carryout
sensitivities and
b) To measure signal amplitude
accurate measurements
carryout accurate
using x10 CRO probe.
measurements
Measure the amplitude
and frequencies of small
and high level signals
using CRO Probes

To use dual mode for

Select XY mode in CRO Select XY Mode in
simultaneous observation of two
CRO
Apply signals to correct
signals (3)
Measure phase angles
channels
a) To use ADD &INVERT modes
by Lissajous pattern
observe the resultant wave form
method
Measure phase angle by
b) To use XY mode to measure
Compare frequencies
lissajous pattern method
phase angle and compare
by interpret Lissajous
and interpret them
frequencies using Lissajous
pattern
patterns method
Compare frequencies by
Lissajous pattern method

a) To work with various controls

on Digital CRO (3)

Use Controls on Digital Use Controls on Digital

CRO
CRO

b) To practice with i) Manual

measurements ii) Cursor
measurements iii) Automatic
measurements by repeating
sub experiments in experiment
number4& 5.

Use different modes of Use different modes of

measurement
measurement

c) To observe charging and

discharging curves of a capacitor
using digital CRO and
determine time constant of given
RC circuit
8

Use storage function of Use storage function of

Digital CRO to capture
Digital CRO to capture
transient characteristics
transient
characteristics

To implement and observe AM

implement AM Circuit
Perform the
signal and determine Modulation
and Test
Experiment as per
index using CRO(3)
procedure and
Identify maxima and
calculate modulation
i) Using Envelop method
minima on the displayed
index.
waveform
ii) Trapezoidal Pattern method
Identify maxima and
iii) To observe the effect of Over Overmodulate and under
minima on the
modulate the AM signal
modulation and under
displayed waveform
modulation
Use CRO in XY mode to
Use CRO in XY mode
determine modulation
to determine
index
b) To implement diode
modulation index

Identify
diode
demodulator circuit and observe
demodulator circuit
the detected waveform

components

Identify different sections in

AM/FM radio receiver

Note down the Radio

frequency Bands by
observe the Dial.

Identify different
sections n Radio
receiver and measure
a) identify the different types of
the signal at test
inductors used in the radio tuned Identify the tuned circuits
points
circuits.(Local oscillator coils,
corresponding to different
IFT coils, Ferrite core(3)
bands
Observe Band selection
switch connections in AM
receiver
Identify different sections
in Radio receiver .
Measure the Voltages at
Test points with
multimeter

10

a)To generate FM signal and

determine Modulation index

Observe the FM signal Identify FM signal, on

on CRO
CRO

b)To Demodulate F.M signal

and compare the output signal
with original modulating signal
(3)

Measure the amplitude Measure the amplitude

and frequencies of carrier &Frequency of
and Modulating Signal
baseband & Carrier on
CRO
Measure the Frequency
Measure frequency
Deviation
deviation
Identify FM Detector
circuit and note down the
IC numbers
Identify the amplitude
limiter section on FM
detector

11

To Measure the Rise time, Fall

time , duty cycle, Pulse width,
Pulse amplitude , Overshoot of
Pulse on CRO(3)
b)To observe the effect of Offset
control on function generator on
output waveform

Identify the Pulse

waveform

Identify the Pulse

waveform

Measure pulse
Measure pulse
parameters using CRO
parameters using
by selecting correct
CRO by selecting
Timebase and Volts/Div
correct Timebase and
Volts/Div

12

To Design and implement RC

Identify Passive
integrator/Differentiator circuit (3)
Differentiator and
integrator circuits.
a) To apply a square wave and

Choose correct values

for components

Rig up the circuit

observe the output waveform on Choose correct values
Observe input /Output
CRO.
for components
waveforms on CRO
b) To use a differentiator circuit
Vary the Time constant
to convert a long Push button
Use the Differentiator
trigger signal into a pulse for
and integrator circuits for
use in Timer circuits
wave shaping
c) To Use integrator circuit for
applications
producing triangular wave /
Ramp
d) To Design a Low pass RC
filter Using Integrator circuit for
a given cut off frequency
e) To Design a High pass RC
filter Using Differentiator circuit
for a given cut off frequency
13

To Realize Clipper and Clamper Choose correct values Rig up the circuit
circuits
and
observe
the
for components
Observe & Measure
waveforms on CRO(3)
Rig up the circuit
Input/Output
a)To Realize Series and Parallel
waveforms
Observe & Measure
clippers
Input/Output waveforms Vary the Time constant
b) To Assemble Positive and
Vary the Time constant
negative clipper circuits with
and without bias
Use clipper and Power
c) To Connect a Zener diode in
place of diode and measure the
output voltage with DMM and
also observe waveform on CRO

clamper circuits for

protection

d) To Realize a Clamper circuit

and observe the input and
output waveforms on CRO

14

To plot resonant curves of a

tuned circuit (3)

To identify the TUNED

circuit components

Identify tank circuit

components

a)Series Resonance.,

connect L and C to form Identify the resonant

b)Parallel Resonance.

c) To observe the effect of

change in RLC Values

a series and parallel

resonant circuit
Identify the resonant
frequency by observing
waveform peak on CRO

frequency by
observing waveform
peak on CRO

Determine theoretical
Resonant frequency
15

Design and construct constant

K filters of 1st order (3)

Identify the Filter circuit Design the Low pass &

components
high pass Filter for a
given cut off frequency
A) Design and implement a Low Design the Low pass &
pass filter with a cut off
high pass Filter for a
frequency of 10 KHz(or any
given cut off frequency
other frequency) and evaluate
Observe and locate 3db
the performance
points on the response
B) Design and implement a High
curve
pass filter with a cut off
frequency of 10 KHz(or any
other frequency) and evaluate
the performance

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB PRACTICE & eCAD TOOLS LAB PRACTICE

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week:
Periods/Semester

:
:
06
:

Digital Electronics & eCAD Tools Lab Practice

EC-309
90

Rationale: This is a core lab . student is expected to understand and demonstrate

practical skills in handling , identify and using different instruments and various Digital
ICs with ease .Emphasis is laid on imparting practical skills useful in the industry. CAD
tools part is also included to enable the students learn latest software tools used in the
industry .

S. No.

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI

Major Topics

Basic Gates and Logic Families

Realization of Boolean Functions using Gates
Realization of Boolean Functions using Multiplexers
and DeMultiplexers
Flip Flops & Timing Circuits
Counters & Shift Registers
Digital Circuit simulation using eCAD tools

No. of
Period
s
12
12
12
12
12
30
90

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
I. Basic Gates and Logic Families
1. Identify Digital ICs and noting down pin details from data sheets
a) Identify the given digital ICs and draw the pin diagrams. ( use TTL and CMOS
ICs of
AND, OR,NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with two and three inputs)
b) Realize basic gate functions using toggle switches and a bulb

2. Verify the truth tables of AND, OR,NOT, NAND, NOR Gates

a) Measure threshold voltages resulting in change of a state of a NAND gate
b) Verify the truth table of 7403 IC (open collector quad 2input NAND gate).
c) Verify the Truth table of 4073 IC
3. Realize AND, OR, NOT, functions using 2 input NAND and NOR TTL Gates
a) Implement Wire AND & Wire OR circuit and verify the truth table
b) From the data sheets find out CMOS Equivalent of above ICs
II. Realizing Boolean Functions
4. Implement XOR Logic using 2 input Nand Gates and NOR Gates and verify the
truth table
a) Implement a 4bit complement generator using 7486 quad XOR IC
b) Realize a simple comparator using XOR Gate
c) Realize a NOT gate using XOR gate
5. a) Implement the given logic function with 3 variables using 2 input CMOS NAND
Gates only
b)Implement given logic function with 3 variables using 2 Input CMOS NOR Gates
only.
6. Implement Half adder and full adder circuits using TTL/CMOS gates and verify
the truth tables.
a) Verify the truth table of BCD to 7 segment Decoder 7448 IC
7. a) Verify the Truth table of Decoder and Explore the Features of 74138 Decoder
IC
b) Combine two 3 to 8 decoder to realize a 4 to 16 Decoder
8 . Verify the Truth table of 74148 Encoder IC
a) Verify the function of 74148 Encoder and write the truth table
b) Combine two 74148 Encoder and Verify the truth table
III. Realization of Boolean Functions using Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
9. Verify the Truth table and Function of Multiplexer IC 74153
a) Verify the truth table of IC 74153
b) Combine two 74153 Multiplexers ICs to realize 8:1 multiplexer
c) Implement the given function using IC 74150 16:1 line multiplexer
10. Verify the Truth table and Functions of De multiplexers (Using IC 74154)
11. Verify the function of 4-bit magnitude comparator 7485IC.
a) Verify the effect of giving different logic inputs to pins 2,3,4 of IC

b) Realize a simple 2bit comparator using XOR Gate

IV. Flip Flops & Timing Circuits
12. Construct and verify the truth tables of NAND & NOR latches
a) Realize a Bistable element with two NOT gates and a Feedback Resistor
b) Implement a bounce Elimination switch using the above Gates
c) Realize a clock circuit using 4093 CMOS Nand Gate , Resistor and capacitor
and observe the waveform on CRO
13. Construct clocked RS FF using NAND gates and Verify its truth table.
a)Verify the truth table of CD 4013 Dual D flip Flop
b)Verify the functionality and truth table of 74L71 RS flip flop with Preset and
Clear
c) Verify the Truth table of JK FF using 7476 IC.
d) Construct D and T flip flops using 7476 and verify the truth tables.
V . Counters and Shift Registers
14. Construct and verify the function of decade counter using 7490 ICs.
a) change the modulus of the counter
b)Cascade two 7490 decade counter ICs to count up to 99 or any other modulus
c) Display decimal number using 7447
d) Cascade two 7447 ICs to count up to 99
15. Verify the function of up/down counter using 74190, 74193
a) change the modulus of the counter and verify
b) Verify the Functionality of CD4029 up/down counter
c) Load the Preset inputs of CD4029 Counter with a binary number
16. Verify the function of shift register (ICs like 7495, 74194 etc.)
17. Verify the function of Johnson counter using CD 4017 IC
a) Change the modulus of the counter
b) Design a Frequency divider circuit using 4017 IC
c) Implement running LED circuit with 4017 IC
18. Identify Various Memory ICs and Note their pin Configuration from the
datasheets
a) RAM b) ROM c) EPROM d) EEPROM
Part 2:eCAD TOOLS LAB PRACTICE ( 30 Periods)
19.Familiarization of usage of ORCAD suite of tools for the design and layout of printed
circuit boards (PCBs).(3)
20.Simulate a 4 bit full adder /subtractor and test.
21.Design and simulate code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

22.Design and simulate 16 bit odd/even parity checker /generator using IC74180
23.Design and Simulate 4 bit ripple counter with Mod-10 and Mod- 12
24. Produce PCB layouts for above circuits
25. Design a PCB for the DAC80 circuit
Competencies and Key competencies :
Exp
No

Name of the Experiment

To Identify Digital ICs and noting

down pin details from data

sheets(3)
a) Identify the given digital
ICs and draw the pin diagrams.
( use TTL and CMOS ICs of
AND, OR,NOT, NAND,
NOR and XOR gates with two
and three inputs)
b) Realize basic gate
functions using toggle switches
and a bulb

To Verify the truth tables of AND,

OR,NOT, NAND, NOR Gates(3)

a) Verify the
Functionality of Different logic
gates and Write the
corresponding truth table
b) Measure threshold
voltages resulting in change of a
state of a NAND gate
c) Verify the truth table of
7403 IC and give your
observations
d) Verify the Truth table
of 4073 IC

Competencies
Identify digital IC from the
number printed
Give Pin out diagram
Identify +ve and -ve Power
supply pins
Insert and remove the iC into
and from the socket by
observing starting (1) pin

Key competencies
Identify digital IC from
the number printed
Identify +ve and -ve
Power supply pins
Insert and remove the
iC into and from the
socket by observing
starting (1) pin

Make switch connections

Write the truth table for any
Logic gate

Apply correct Logic

level Voltages

Apply correct Logic level

Voltages

Test the IC for its

correct functionality by
verifying the truth table

Find out IC details from the

datasheets
Test the IC for its correct
functionality by verifying the
truth table

Test the IC by feeling

the heat by touching

Test the IC by feeling the

heat by touching

To Realize AND , OR , NOT , Substitute 2 input NAND or

functions using 2 input NAND
NOR gates to obtain the
and NOR TTL Gates(3)
functionality of any logic gate
a) Implement Wire AND & Wire with any number of inputs
OR circuit and verify the truth Use open collector logic
table
gates with pull up resistor
a) From the data sheets
find out CMOS Equivalent of Read the data sheets
above ICs

Substitute 2 input
NAND or NOR gates
to obtain the
functionality of any
logic gate with any
number of inputs
Use open collector
logic gates with pull up

resistor
4

To Implement XOR Logic using

2 input Nand Gates and NOR
Gates and verify the truth
table(3)

b) Implement a 4bit
complement generator using
7486 quad XOR IC

c) Realize a simple
comparator using XOR Gate
d) Realize a NOT gate
using XOR gate
a)To Implement the given logic
function with 3 variables using 2
input CMOS NAND Gates
only(3)
b)Implement given logic

function with 3 variables using 2

Input CMOS NOR Gates only.

Realize simple Boolean

functions using NAND &NOR
gates

Verify truth table by

observing inputs and
outputs

Verify truth table by

observing inputs and outputs

Use XOR gate in

simple logic circuits

Use XOR gate in simple

logic circuits

Realize simple Boolean

functions using karanaugh
maps method
Applying correct logic
voltages to CMOS ICs
Follow precautions

Read data sheets to check

Fan-in and Fan-out capacity
6

To Implement Half adder and

full adder circuits using
TTL/CMOS gates and verify the
truth tables.(3)
b) Verify the truth table of

BCD to 7 segment Decoder

7448 IC

Realize simple
Boolean functions
using karanaugh maps
method
.Applying correct logic
voltages to CMOS ICs
Follow precautions

Realize simple Boolean

functions using karanaugh
maps method

Design Half
adder/Full adder
circuit

Design Half adder/Full

adder circuit

Use 7448 IC in the

circuits

Use 7448 IC in the circuits

To Verify the Truth table of

Develop logic for Decoder
74138 Decoder IC(3)
Circuit
a) Verify the function of
Use 74138 in digital circuits
74138 decoder IC.
b) Combine two 3 to 8
Combine Decoder ICs to
decoder to realize a 4 to 16
Decoder
handle more bits

Use 74138 in digital

circuits

To Explore the Features of

74148 Encoder IC(3)

a) Verify the function of

74148 Encoder
b) Combine two 74148

Encoder

Develop logic for Encoder

Circuit

Use 74148 in digital

circuits

Use 74148 in digital circuits

Combine Encoder ICs

to handle more bits

Combine Decoder ICs to

handle more bits

Combine Decoder ICs

to handle more bits

10

11.

12

13

To Verify the Function of

Multiplexer IC 74153(3)

a) Verify the truth table of

IC 74153

b) Combine two sections

of 74153 Multiplexers ICs to
realize 8:1 multiplexer

c) Implement the given function

using IC 74150 16:1 line
multiplexer
To Verify the Truth table and
Functions of De multiplexers (
a) Verify the truth table of IC

74154(3)
b) Combine two sections
of 74155 DeMultiplexers ICs to
realize 1:8 Demultiplexer

c) Implement the given function

using IC 74154 16:1 line
multiplexer
To Verify the function of 4-
bit magnitude comparator
7485IC.(3)
a) Verify the effect of
giving different logic inputs to
pins 2,3,4 of IC
b) Realize a simple 2bit
comparator using XOR Gate
To Construct and verify the
truth tables of NAND & NOR
latches(3)
a) Implement Latch circuits with
7400 and 7402 Ics
b) Realize a Bistable

element with two NOT gates and

a Feedback Resistor
c) Implement a bounce

Elimination switch using the

above Gates
c) Realize a clock circuit
using 4093 CMOS Nand
Gate , Resistor and
capacitor and observe
the waveform on CRO
b) Interpret the
specifications of 4093 IC from
data sheets
To Construct clocked RS FF
using NAND gates and Verify its
truth table.(3)

Develop logic for Multiplexer

Use 74153 in digital circuits
Combine Multiplexer ICs to
handle more bits

Combine Multiplexer
ICs to handle more
bits
Use Multiplxer ICs to
realize given function

Use Multiplxer ICs to realize

given function
Develop logic for
DeMultiplexer
Use 74154 in digital circuits

Combine
DeMultiplexer ICs Use
DeMultiplxer ICs to
realize given function

Combine DeMultiplexer ICs

Use DeMultiplxer ICs to
realize given function
Develop logic for magnitude
comparator

Verify the function of

Magnitude comparator

Verify the function of

Magnitude comparator

Use 7485IC in digital

circuits

Use 7485IC in digital circuits

Develop logic for Latch
circuits
Use Not gates for Latch
circuit applications
Use latch circuits for de
bouncing application

Use Not gates for

Latch circuit
applications
Use latch circuits for
de bouncing
application

Use Schmitt trigger NAND

gate for clock circuits

Use Schmitt trigger

NAND gate for clock
circuits

Develop logic circuit for

Clocked RS flip Flop using
7400 IC

Verify the truth tables

of CD4013 and 74L71
IC

14.

15

16

17.

a)Verify the truth table of

CD 4013 Dual D flip Flop
b)Verify the functionality
and truth table of 74L71 RS flip
flop with Preset and Clear
c) Verify the Truth table
of JK FF using 7476 IC.
d) Construct D and T flip
flops using 7476 and verify the
truth tables.
e) Verify the function of

octal latch 74LS373

Verify the truth tables of

CD4013 and 74L71 IC

Use Preset and Clear

Inputs

Use Preset and Clear Inputs

Verify the Truth table

of 7476 IC

To Construct and verify the

function of decade counter using

7490 ICs.(3)
a) change the modulus
of the counter

b)Cascade two 7490

decade counter ICs to count up
to 99 or any other modulus

b) display decimal
number using 7447
c) cascade two 7447 ICs

to count up to 99
To Verify the function of

up/down counter (3)

a) Verify the truth table of 74190
a) change the modulus
of the counter and verify

b) Verify the Functionality

of CD4029 up/down counter
c) Load the Preset

inputs of CD4029 Counter with

a binary number
To Verify the function of shift
register (3)
a) Verify the truth table of 7495
b)Verify the truth table of 74194
Universal shift register in all
modes

.Develop logic for

implementing Up/down
counter

Verify the Truth table of 7476

IC
Modify 7476 to function as D
flip Flop and T Flip Flop
Use octal latch 74LS373

Change the modulus of the

counter
Connect Counter IC 7447 IC
to display the count

Modify 7476 to
function as D flip Flop
and T Flip Flop
Use octal latch
74LS373
Change the modulus
of the counter
Connect Counter IC
7447 IC to display the
count
Cascade Counter ICs

Cascade Counter ICs

Develop logic for
implementing Up/down
counter
change the modulus of the
counter

Change the modulus

of the counter
Load the Preset inputs
of CD4029

Load the Preset inputs of

CD4029
Develop logic for
implementing shift Registers

Verify the truth table of

7495Ic in all modes

Verify the truth table of

7495Ic in all modes

Verify the truth table of

74194 Universal shift
register in all modes

Verify the truth table of

74194 Universal shift
register in all modes
To Verify the function of Johnson
Develop logic for
counter using CD 4017 IC(3)
implementing
a) Change the modulus
Verify the truth table of
of the counter
b) Design a Frequency
Johnson counter
divider circuit using 4017 IC
c) Implement running Set the modulus of counter

Set the modulus of

counter to required
value
Use 4017 in frequency
divider circuits and

LED circuit with 4017 IC

to required value

other digital circuits

Use 4017 in frequency

divider circuits and other
digital circuits
18.

To Identify Various Memory ICs

and Note their pin Configuration
from the datasheets(3)
a) RAM b) ROM c)
EPROM d)EEPROM

Identify memory chips from

other Integrated circuits by
observation and IC number

Find out the memory

capacity from the IC
number

Find out the memory

capacity from the IC number

.Identify different
memory chips

Identify different memory

chips
19

Familiarization of usage of
ORCAD /kiCad suite of tools
for the design and layout of
printed circuit boards (PCBs).
(3)

Use ORCAD suite/similar

software and its features

Select Components

Select Components ,

Draw the circuit &

simulate

Draw the circuit &simulate

Debug the errors

Debug the errors

20

Simulate a 4 bit full adder

/subtractor and test.(3)

Develop logic for

implementing 4 bit full
adder /subtractor
Select Components ,

Select Components
Draw the circuit &
simulate
Debug the errors

Draw the circuit & simulate

Debug the errors
21

Design and simulate code

converters using logic gates (3)

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and
vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

Develop logic for

implementing 4 bit full
adder /subtractor
Select Components ,

Select Components
Draw the circuit &
simulate
Debug the errors

Draw the circuit & simulate

Debug the errors
22

Design and simulate 16 bit Develop logic for

odd/even parity checker
implementing 4 bit full
/generator using IC74180 (3)
adder /subtractor
2.Select Components ,
Draw the circuit & simulate

Select Components
Draw the circuit &
simulate
Debug the errors

 Debug the errors

23

Design and Simulate 4 bit

ripple counter with Mod-10
and Mod- 12 (3)

Develop logic for

implementing 4 bit full
adder / subtractor

Select Components
Draw the circuit &
simulate

Select Components

Debug the errors

Draw the circuit & simulate

Debug the errors
24

Produce PCB layouts for above Prepare a PCB layout for the
circuits(12)
above circuits
Place the Components
Draw the circuit & produce
PCB layout

Place the
Components
Draw the & produce
PCB layout
Debug the errors

Debug the errors

25

Design a PCB for the DAC80

circuit(3)

Prepare a PCB layout for the

DAC80 circuit
Place the Components
Draw the circuit & produce
PCB layout
Debug the errors

Select Components
Draw the circuit &
produce PCB layout
Debug the errors

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB PRACTICE

Subject Title
Subject Code
Periods/Week:
Periods/Semester

:
:
03
:

Electrical technology Lab Practice

EC-310
45

Rationale: Electrical Technology lab is included to enable the student to supervise and
handle electronically controlled electrical equipment with confidence when they join the
industry. Sound knowledge in electrical engineering greatly helps the students in
understanding the concepts in subjects like Industrial electronics. Emphasis is laid on
basic electrical engineering skills.

S. No.

Major Topics

No. of
Period
s

I.

Basic electrical equipment and Instruments

21

II.

DC Machines

12

III.

Transformers

IV.

AC Motors

Total

45

List Of Experiments
I. Basic electrical equipment and Instruments
1.

Identify Electrical Machines and Equipment, wires cables etc

2.

Identify & test Single phase Transformer b) Auto transformer c) single phase
Induction motor d) 3 Phase induction motor e) DOL Starter f) Star Delta starter g)
Loading Resistance h) Electric Lamp Load i) Water load Identify and test Electrical
Instruments.

3.

Identify A)Moving coil Volt meters B) Moving coil Ammeters c) Moving Iron
Voltmeters d) Moving Iron Ammeters e) Dynamo meter type watt meter .

4.

Convert and extend range of PMMC meters

a) Extend the range of voltmeter using multiplier
b) Observe the Loading effect of volt meter on high impedance circuit

c) Open and identify the following parts a) Permanent magnet b) Coil c) Former d)
Phosphor bronze springs e) Pointer, Multiplier/Shunt etc a) To convert an ammeter
into Voltmeter

5.

Extend the range of ammeter using a shunt Resistance

a) Measure current using voltmeter and standard Resistance.

6.

Measure the power consumed by a 100 watts incandescent lamp using Voltmeter
and ammeter method a) On AC 230V b) DC 220V

7.

Apply a Low voltage to an Incandescent lamp using auto Transformer and observe
the effect of voltage on Light output (Measure the Voltage and current)

8. Measure the power consumed by an Electric motor (Fan) and Lamp load
separately using wattmeter , Voltmeter and Ammeter and Determine power factor
9.

Connect a 2500 ohm 1A Rheostat in series with a 100 W Lamp and observe the
effect of Variation of Resistance on the input current and Light output
10. Draw the OCC Characteristics of Shunt generator
11. Control the speed of a DC shunt motor using a) Armature control method b) Field
control method
b) Reverse the direction of a DC shunt motor
12. Plot the Load characteristics of DC shunt motor
13. Start a DC Series motor Using a 2 point/4 point starter
14. Determine the transformation ratio of a 1 phase transformer
a) Apply rated Voltage to the secondary terminals of transformer using auto
transformer and measure the Voltage across primary winding
15. Perform OC and SC tests on transformer to determine Efficiency and Regulation at
any given load
16. Start a single phase AC motor with DOL Starter and determine Power factor
17. Start a 3 phase AC motor with star/ delta starter and also reverse the direction of
rotation
18. Run the AC 1 Phase motor in forward and reverse directions using DPDT switch

Competencies and Key Competencies

Exp
No

Experiment name
(No Of periods)

To Identify Electrical

Machines and Equipment,

wires cables etc. (2)

a) Identify a) Electrical

Control Panel a) SCR

Power Rectifier unit b) DC
shunt Generator , c) DC
Shunt Motor d) DC Series
Motor e) 3 point starter f) 4
point starter e) DC Motor
Generator Sets

Competencies

Key Competencies

Identify the Control Panel switch on/Switch Off

and Correct Mains switch
the correct mains
Identify DC power Source
switch in the panel
corresponding to the
Identify DC machines by
experiment location.
their Size ,Shape and

Identify
the correct
Name plate details d)
Machine in the
Identify the DC Motor
laboratory by Name
Starters by their
Identify the
construction.
appropriate starter
for the DC motor
To Identify Single phase Identify the 1 phase
Identify the
Transformer b) Auto
transformer & Auto
transformer/Auto
transformer c) single phase Transformer
transformer capacity
Induction motor d) 3 Phase
Interpret the name plate
by size and weight
induction motor e) DOL
Interpret Name plate
details b)Identify AC
Starter f) Star Delta starter
motors
and
Interpret
details and Estimate
g) Loading Resistance h)
name plate details c)
the fuse wire rating .
Electric Lamp Load i) Water
Identify AC motor starters
load(2)
d) Identify Different
electrical loads and
operate them

To Identify Electrical
Instruments. (2)

To practice using PMMC

meters (3)
a) To convert an ammeter
into Voltmeter
b) To Extend the range of
voltmeter using multiplier
c) To extend the range of
ammeter using a shunt
Resistance
e) To observe the Loading
effect of volt meter on high
impedance circuit

Identify MC and MI

Ammeters by observing
the dial , Symbol , Polarity
Marking

Identify the Range

Identify Wattmeter
identify the PMMC meters
by observing the linear
scale.
Measure meter Resistance
Calculate Multiplier and
shunt Resistor values
Measure current using
voltmeter.

Identify different types

of meters and Use
Identify the Range
Select Correct meter
with correct Range.
Identify PMMC meters
Extend the range of
meters.
Identify the parts of
PMMC meter

f) To open and identify the

following parts a)
Permanent magnet b) Coil
c) Former d) Phosphor
bronze springs e) Pointer ,
Multiplier / Shunt etc
To Measure the power

consumed by a 100 watts

incandescent lamp using
Voltmeter and ammeter
method a) On AC 230V b)

DC 220V(3)

To Apply a Low voltage to

an Incandescent lamp using
auto Transformer and
observe the effect of voltage

on Light output (Measure

the Voltage and current) (3)
To Measure the power

consumed by an Electric
motor (Fan) and Lamp load
separately using wattmeter ,
Voltmeter and Ammeter and
Determine power factor (3)

To Connect a 2500 ohm 1A

Rheostat in series with a
100 W Lamp and observe
the effect of Variation of

Resistance on the input

current and Light output (3)

To Connect the Rheostat as

a potential divider and
produce a variable voltage
( 3)

Select Correct meters and connect Voltmeter and

Ranges (Both AC and DC)
ammeter in the
for measure Voltage and
circuit
Current
Choose Correct
Substitute Lamp load for
meters and select
Resistive load
correct Ranges
Verify power consumption
for both AC and DC
reading the meter scale
without parallax error
Identify autotransformer
Use the Auto
terminals & Make
transformer and
connections
adjust to produce
adjust the Auto transformer
required Low/ High
Voltage
to required Voltage
Connect Wattmeter for

power measurement b)
choose correct ranges ,
Type for wattmeter ,
Voltmeter and Ammeter
Verify the effect of
Powerfactor
Familarize with the

construction and operation

of Rheostat ,

Set rheostat to minimum

and Maximum positions
Use the rheostat as a
variable Resistance
Familarize with the

construction and operation

of Rheostat ,

Setting rheostat to
minimum and Maximum
positions
Using the rheostat as a
Potentiometer d)
understand the heating
effect of Electric current

Use the Wattmeter to

measure the power

Use the rheostat as

variable Resistance
Setting rheostat to
minimum , Maximum
and to desired values
of Resistance
Use the rheostat as
variable Resistance
Use the rheostat as
potential divider

10

11

12

13

14

To Draw the OCC

Characteristics of Shunt
generator (3)

Interpret name plate

details
Identify the Terminals on

shunt generator with

multimeter
Set the Rheostat to
minimum and maximum
Resistance positions
Identify the following parts
1)Yoke 2)Pole shoes 3.
Field winding 4)Armature
5) Commutator 6)Brushes
7) Coupling 8) Bearin
To Control the speed of a Interpret name plate

DC shunt motor using

details
i) Armature control method Identify 3 Point starter

ii) Field control method

Set the Rheostat to
b) To reverse the direction of minimum and maximum

Resistance positions
a DC shunt motor (3)
Make connections as per

circuit diagram
Measure the speed with
tachometer
Interchange armature/ field
connections
To Plot the Load
Change the load on with
characteristics of DC shunt
Brake arrangements.
motor (3)
Choose appropriate wires
(Gauge and Colours) and
Correct meters.
Measure the speed with

tachometer
Follow the precautions
To Start a DC Series motor Identify 2/4 point starter

Using a 2 point/4 point

Make connections as per
starter

circuit diagram
Reverse the motor
(3)

direction
Follow precautions

Identify field and

armature winding
terminals.
Make connections

Make connections as
per circuit diagram
Vary the speed with
field Rheostat and
armature Rheostat
Measure the speed
with tachometer
Reverse the direction
of motor

Change the load on

with Brake
arrangements.
Measure the speed
with tachometer
Follow the
precautions
Make connections as
per circuit diagram
Reverse the motor
direction
Follow precautions

To Determine the
Interpret name plate
Identify the
transformation ratio of a 1
details
transformer windings
phase transformer
Identify Primary and
Interpret name plate
b) Apply rated Voltage to
secondary windings i) by
details and know the
the secondary terminals of

transformer using auto

observation ii) by test with
transformer rating
transformer and measure
DMM
use transformer for
the Voltage across primary Making connections as per
Step down and Step

winding (1 2 )

15

To Perform OC and SC tests

on transformer to determine
Efficiency and Regulation at
any given load and Power
factor (3)

16

To start a single phase AC Make connections to

Make connections to
motor with DOL Starter
starter and start /Stop the
starter and start

(1 2 )
17

Motor
Follow precautions

To start a 3 phase AC motor Make connections to

with star delta starter and
starter and start /Stop the
also reverse the direction of
Motor

1
rotation (1 2 )
18

circuit diagram
up applications
Measure AC current and Determine
voltages
transformation Ratio
Performing experiment as
per procedure
Interpret the results f)
Determine transformation
Ratio
Verify the step up and step
down functions of
transformer.
Interpret name plate
Make wattmeter
details
connections
Identify Primary and
Determine transformer
secondary windings
losses Practically
Using Autotransformer to
apply desired voltage
Short circuit the secondary
winding
Connecting Wattmeter,
choosing correct range
and finding Multiplication
factor
Interpret the results and
determining the copper
loss
Calculate % Regulation ,
total losses , Efficiency at
any given load

/Stop the Motor

Make connections to
starter and start
/Stop the Motor

Follow precautions

To Run the AC 1 Servo Identify AC servomotor To

motor in forward and
familiarize with the

Identify AC
servomotor

reverse directions using

1
SPDT Switch (1 2 )

operation of AC
servomotor Interpret
name plate details
Using SPDT switch for
reversing the AC
servomotor direction

Reversing the
direction of rotation.