INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN MUSIC i THE SCALES OF SOME AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (As measured in the field at the time of recording!) The means of pitch measurement employed was by comparing unisons agsinst a set of fifty-four scientifically made tuning forks, (supplied by W. Rage & Co. of Sheffield, Fngland) ranging from 212-424 vs., the difference between each fork being 4 vs. Each note on the African instrument concerned was sounded separately and compared for pitch with its nearest tuning fork or, where necessary, against its octave. This gives the observer « theoretical accuracy of plus/sinus 2 vs. in the middle register which, at the lower end of the set, is equal to one sixth of a tenpered semitone (c. 16 cents) and at the upper end one iwelfth (e. 9 cents), As the tuning of instruments is done by an African player through his fanate psychophysical senses with no reference to a fixed physical norm or mathematically determined pitch, this degree of accuracy should be enough to give a reasonable indication of the approximate ideal scale tovard which the musician vas striving or, alternatively, the Gegree of tolerance which he was prepared to accept for his cultural purpose. The fect that within several local commumities the tuning of instruments of the sane Class shows remarksble concordance, would indicate that there may yet be fomd a nunber of ideal tunings or scales for each of the several groups in Central and Southern Africa. It is too early and too doctrinaire to expect greater accuracy at this period of time. The need for greater unanimity in «1 B will be necessary only when much closer social contact is the rule between the different groups than in fact occurs today (1973). The mechanical transmission of music by radio and records may either hasten the process or confuse the issue. Slight inaccuracy of tuning is always a possibility as the tone sensibility of music Kans varies, However, my experience of African music has convinced me that if reasonably accurate measurement of the various African scales were nade, particul arly those on instru ments of fixed pitch such as the xylophone and nbira (plucked reed) families, that an aware ness of relative pitch would eventually evolve anongst African folk musicians who might then take the necessary steps to determine an acceptable musical consensus of scales for any one comunity. At present it seeus clear that no African scale can be considered to be an epproxination of the western tenpered scale, and striving to acquire this foreign scale Succeeds only in destroying or partially deflecting the natural modality which so greatly adés to the musicality of authentic African compositions. This may not be understood by Svsical Philistines but is self-evident to sensitive musicians and composers. Te will be of interest to those who questicn the accuracy of the use of a set of Suning forks to note that the student, whoever he may be, has only to judge 0: vals hich are liable to subjective distortion ~ the agreement of the note whose pitch 1 See the year of recording noted against each item in Volume I1.92 SouND OF AFRICA Series — LP RECORDS he is measuring against the nearest tuning fork. He can also, as a rule, ask the African musician with whom he is working to check the accuracy of his unisons by indicating which tuning fork he himself prefers for each pitch. Most of the scales presented here have boon checked with the player in this manner. It will also be borne in mind that too great a degree of accuracy in measurement of pitch may in itself be misleading, as all musical scales are subject to pitch tolerances rather than exactitudes, (e.g. the vibrato employed by Westem violinists). Measuring the apparent pitch of a note to an accuracy of several decimal points by means of an electric stroboscope may be scientifically correct but largely irrelevant in the present circumstance: where acceptable degrees of local pitch fluctuations and tolerances have not yet been cul- turally ascertained. The scales set out here are an indication of what I found in the home: of the many instrumentalists at that time, and as such, may form a point of reference hither: to mavailable to musicians and musicologists. In general terms they indicate clearly whether the instruments are normally pentatonic, hexatonic or heptatonic, and to what extent if any, they are influenced by the harmonic series. Other conjectures vill require several years of field work to substantiate or refute, and, for the moment, this chapter reflects, without pri iy a part of one man's firsthand factual evidence. judice or hypothesis, Visual Octave $e: In order to comprehend the significance of vibration numbers, both as a scale within also the size of the several intervals employed, it is advisable to set out each seale in graph form. ‘he pitch of each note in vibrations per second is converted into its logarithnic code number according to 100 cents represent one tempered semitone he Cents System in whi (Diagram 3). The position of each note within the octave can then be plotted disgrematicé ally, (Diagram TI), This makes it possible to make direct comparisons between various scales regardless of the pitch of the tonic or accepted starting point. Where the identity of the tonic is not certain, the scale from any alternative start~ ing point can be readily assessed as the consecutive relationship between the notes of the scale reneins progressively constant. Visual Interval Seale the smaller diagram below each scale ‘ladder’ represents the comparative sizes of the intervals in sequence within the octave. It will be remeubered chat many African instrumentalists think of their scales in descending rather than sscending order, of may not conceive of a regular order of notes 3INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music 93 alt In terms of pitch direction, but in sone other sequences which, to then, seem equally lesical. This diagram enables the student to see at a glance the comparative size of the intervals and observe their preferences at any point in the scale. It is evident, for Sxisple, fom these random exanples that none has an interval ae small as a tempered semi- fone, and that the Chopi scale is nearly equitonal, Visval evidence of this nature may offset the strong tendency of non-African observers So rely wpon subjective judgements which are firmly founded upon cultural prejudices both in Susical styles and in scales, DIAGRAM 1 TR-207 (8-4) _chopi TRe36_(B-1) _Luvale/twens Sega MESUREMENT OF SCALE) es OF EE = Stat —— meh | Cate wo. tneeae | MERRIE] F sows | cases. | nwa ESER|| es cote So mena [ERIE ei fom Ne | ieee | Beary tse. | seit | eas | anes so | tneney | cena 596 | 65, | 2200 : . ja - - [+ eas fare | 177 7 023 es | gas, izes || - . - ee fase Po howe ffs fous P21 Wise Lanse | 3200 Bee fae FOL gos MT oe Pare fe ats | ea fp eee B63 | 1 ong be fama, PY asa ff ane Fauve fs | ee Poe ssa J POT yy re 7 240 + 960 P77 I a6 Hata f iost 8 fae flea fata | an a3 | M7 | ase Hass | soe | 28 | ces He 36 len ose, | 1? oe ffzse | owas | 29 o ff xe fuser ye °DIAGRAM I1 \ bic wei foe ane a renin t Cente 40 ap age 4 do 4 ©. 1s OT 6 op ® ii © 3592 Conc i in | Siem oe rr welt | 160 MOSES] 1 un J L: Ee ©. 4 ifs : | pep : ae Sof three 3 ocae a) pen 7 IHoptatinie evatonie: LE hpddige! Chikenbt TREO! Labo) +6 SGHOITY d'] — SUWAG VIRIY do GNnOSINTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN MUSIC 95 TABLE OF CENTS To convert an Interval between two notes expressed In vibrations per second to cents, (100 conts=1 tempered semitone. 1200 cents=1 octave.) The code number will be found in the appropriate digit cclumn opposite the Nine showing the Hundreds and Tens. Subtract the amallas from the gre code number to find the result in cents, 170—340 VIBRATIONS PER SECOND 2,934 56 7 8 9 . 0 | 30 40 50 60 oF WW 89 | 17 rLrt—~—r—S——S—sSCisSCis¥sMC Nol aie va | yas] 823 | ars 298 | 306 315 | 324 332) 340 349 357 | 20 382 | 390 398 | 408 414 | 422 4301 38 | 462 | 469° 477 | 485 492 500 516 | 22 538 | 546 553 | 580 567 | 575 5e9 | 23 il} 618 625 | 632 640} 848. $60 | 24 $81} 688 695 | 702 708! Fis, 728 | 25 748 | 755° 761 | 768 774! Ter 794 | 26 813 826 | 832 838] 245 857 | 27 876 2 888 | 894 900] 906 918 | 28 936 | 942 948! 954 960! 945 977 | 29 994 | 1000 1008 | 1011 1017 | Yo2s 1034 | 30 1089 | 31 4051 | 1056 1082 | 1067 1072 | to7e Hoo N05 | 1110 1146 | rat 1126 | 1132 1142 [32 1194 | 33 N53 1188/1163 eB | 1174 1179 | T1a4 : ao as 67 9ae SOUND OF AFRICA SERIES — LP RECORDS SCALES OF SOME AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS RECORDED IN CHORDOPHONES 10.1- MUSICAL BOW THIS SERIES String Instruments Tt is usually played by plucking. TR-193, TR-134 TR-28 TR-63 ‘TR-72 10.1022 Round section, no resonator, braced string, plucked. nar! Tsonga “10.111 x 3+ Round section, separate resonator, plucked. ekinongo x 3 Nyoro/Nkole 366292198 673 - 382 cents -10,121- Round section, resonator attached, vertical open string, struck. hadi (uHadi) Xhosa/Gcaleka 260 288 vs. 177 cents wdicto- 276 308 vs 190 cents Liguby Swat 240 260 ve 139 cents ~10,122- Round section, resonator attached, vertical, braced, struck. 288 720 vs. 1586 cents kalumbo (with mirliton) 228 416 vs 1041 cents nakhweyana 160 182 vs 224 cents wéitto- 288 340 vs 288 cents 288 340 288 ~ 118 180 200 ve 183 cents Rundi Valley Tonga 2ule Swat 364 stopped vs cents TRoS8 R41 TR-42 TR-10 TR-72, TR-72 TR-72 The stick is flexible and may be of round, half round or flat section. 8) (B-1,2) (4-3,4,5,6) 8) (8-8) (a9) (a2) (3) (8-3,4,5,6) (81,2) (8-3) =4,5)INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music oe Scales of some instruments (cont'd) ~20-1311~ Youth resonated, open string, plucked, ikinki Mhosa/Gealeka 12-63 (B-2,3) “F609 292 ve ees 201 cents ~10.171~ Half round section, resonator attached, open string vertical, struck. ugubu zulu TR-1O (B-t,2) 228 252 vs _ 173 cents TAO3_ZITHER Aa instrument in which the strings are attached from end to end of the es ering T1032 x T- Experimental, on guitar type Fesenator, plucked, bangwe m'kulu x 7 Yao TR-66 (3-6) Se Hs pees che oem 366 | eeaea a eect 710.3515 x 5- Trough zither, extra resonator, plucked. malimba Gogo TR-154 rs Te 325 - 173 ~ 111 - 242 cents “10.3716 xB Zither, shallow crough, plucked. "68 85 93 105 116 136 vs 437 ~ 105 = 210 = 173 = 275 cents TRSB (846) wditton Bwandi TR38 (01,2) a1 Ol 122 136 150 162 yy eae 382 - 327 = 188-170-133 cence “10,3817 x 7 Zicher, shattow erough, extra resonator, plucked. Banga Nyoro/Haya TR1G5 (4-3) Geek Ose ee eek oe 143-67 ~ 202 = 114-132 193 cents mditton TRS (5-9,0,5) 106 124 136 166 160 176 vs 272 - 159 ~ 99 - 182 - 166 cents wditto~ TR146 (5-1) M40 12g 178 192 210232256 vg M3 ~ 254 - 150-155-173 170° cents WeSe BOARD OR RAPT ZITHER Strings stretched tengthways over a beard or raft. SAD BOARD OR RAFT ZITHER OES I” Board sither vithout resonator, Plucked, bango Tumbuka/Hengs — TRI89 (pes ange Tunbuka/itenza M0 ge ool Z6, 210 232 260 259 ES 188 = 209 ~ 305 = 173-197 = 126" conte98 SounD oF AFRICA SERIES — LP RECORDS Scales of some instruments (cont'd) “10.41- bangwe Tonga 50 162 184 224 258 300 vs. 133 - 220 - 341 = 231-275 cents -10.43- Board zither, with resonator, plucked. pango x 7 Nyakyusa 166198 212-252-296 332 vs 205 - 119 - 299 - 279 - 198 cents bango x 7 Tunbuka/Henga 140156 178 198-216 236-256 vs 188 - 228 ~ 184 ~ 151 - 153 - 141 cents bangwe x 7 Nyanja/Mang' anja 196° 220 248 272-308 344 392 vs 200 = 208 - 159 ~ 215 ~ 192 - 226 cents trom x LL 304° 336372, 408448 496 546s 173 = 176 ~ 160 ~ 162 - 177 = 159 cents ~ditto- x 7 32352388 464 520 624 «104 vs 209 - 168 = 310 - 197 ~ 326 cents ~ditto- x 6 Nyanja/Chewa 432 488 520576 616 vs 211 - 110 - 177 = 116 - 109 cents wditto~ x 7 264° 276 308 340-368 «408-432 vs 213 - 190 - 172 ~ 136-179 - 99 cents wditto- x7 304 324 380416 456 488 vs M0 ~ 276 = 157 = 159-117 cents. wditto~ x 7 200284 =312 332-368 380 400 vs 607 - 163 - 107-178 = S6- 89 cents 18-37 TR-158 R189 ‘TR-88 TR-88 TR-88 R92 TR-92 TR-92 -ditto- x1 Sens/Tonga TR-91 ny eee) er 215 ~ 151 = 176 = 177 = 145 ~ 177 - 159 wditto~ x 7 TR~84 300 324352388416 133 = 144 = 168 ~ 121 - seki x 5 TR19 1546 194 232 284 ve 400 - 310 = 350 cents 710.6-_LyRes -10.6116- Box Lyre, laced. itungu x 7 Luyia/Ragoli TR-162 pone 2228 26816268 0001 66932, 1 Gietog) 189 ~ 116 - 134 - 218 - 254-289 cents (-1,2,3) (A-9,10,11) (A-3,4,5,6) 1,2) (83,4) (5,6) (A-2,3) (4-7,8) (B-5,6) (1,2) (6-7) cents (58,9) (81,2) (8)INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music. Seales of some instruments (cont'd) 710.62- Bowl Lyre endongo x 8 Ganda 224 264 296 340404 448 528502 vs 284 - 199 - 240 - 298 - 179 cents Atongoli x 8 Soga —rs—sesSseseN 202 220° 348 ve 148 - 269 = 177 ~ 329 - 258 cents thun x 8 Luo We a) 300 = 168 - 194 - 298 - 240 cents kipukandet x 5 Nandi Teo" 206 232-256 308 vs 234 - 206 - 170 = 320 cents ketuba x 8 sigis 120° 138 162 184 212-240 vs 242 = 278 - 220 ~ 246 - 214 cents ~10.64- Frame Lyre, wishbone shaped with external resonator. chepkesem x 5 Kipsigis TBB 220 240 268 316 vs 272 ~ 150 - 192 = 284 cents TLO.7-_ HARP w10.71- Bow Harp, vertical. x5 Zande /Bandiya 240 288 324 352 vs 315 - 316 = 204-144 cents wdicto~ ES ei 269 - 90 - 416 ~ 196 cents waitto- 188 210 220 264 512 vs W91- BL - 442-163 cents nditto- TG Eg oy 186 = 63 ~ 411 - 206 cents -10.73- Bow Harp, horizontal. ckidongo x & yoro 020/51 az ee lols 1800, 706, 200 ours 193 - 251 - 247 ~ 292 ~ 217 cents ~éitto- 168 200° 224 252-304 336s 202 - 196 - 204 - 325-173 cents Bango x 8 Ganda 144 168194 248-286 336 v5 249 = 426 - 246 = 279 cents TR-136 TR-142 ‘TR-168 TR-164 TR-165 TR-165, R122 ‘TR-122 TR-132 ‘TR-139 99 (81,2) (8°2,3,4,5) (35,6) (42,344) (355) (B=4) (8-5,6,7) : (B-2,3) (83,445) (81,2)SoUND OF AFRICA SeRies — LP Re Scales of some instruments (cont'd) 710.73+ ntongoni x 6 Soga/Guere TR-140 (8-9) 98 310 140 158 196 220 vs 417 = 209 = 374 = 200 cents tongoli x 8 Dhola TR+130(A~8) Tes 186 210 244 280 328 372 420 vs 260 - 238 - 274 - 218 - 210 cents adedeu x 5 Teso TR-130 (B~3,4) Té2 172 190 212 284 vs 332 - 172 - 190 - 504 cents bonguna x 5 Balendy TRLL9 (B+3,4) 724 252-292 324-296 vs 204 = 255 - 180 - 347 cents “1111+ Wooden homs, end blown. pala x 7 Youe TR-118 (5-5) 192 204 236 268 «(288-336-384 ve 105 = 252 = 221 ~ 124 - -11.323- Vertical Flutes, ensembles of single pipes. nalenge x 10 (6) 336 380424 448 ABO 5a 313-190 = 95 - 119 = 227 = viyanzi x 13 (81,2) 792 336 392 440520584 243 ~ 267 - 200 = 289 - 201 cents ditthaka x 19 Tsvana/Lete TR-111 (B-2) T3Z S84 664 760 864s 522 - 222 - 234 - 222 cents xa Yenda TR-193 (A-1) 716 228 268 280 316 348 380 032 vs 94 = 146 = 209 ~ 209 ~ 168 - 152 - 222 cents weka x 9 (8-9, 10) B48 372-412 AWB 88544 592 vs M5 = 177 = 165 = 148 = 188-147-112 cents shanga x 10 Sena/Tonga TR85(A-3,4) 384 416 G48 S04 552 «600680744 TBA Us 139 = 128 - 204 - 157 = 145 - 217 = 155 = 91 cents -11,42- Panpipes, in ensembles. mishiba x 16 sets Luba/Songe (a2) 268 316 352-380-408 448s. 284 - 188 = 132 ~ 123 - 162 centsINTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music lor Seales o£ some instruments (cont'd) IDiorPHoNES TeLoPHonEs 712.2-_xvLopHoNEs Tik22_xYLopiowes, “2-21 Yylophone, tose notes on supports, without resonators. nadinda x 12 Genda (A-5,6) ise ee vw oe econ oi eae wdittom x 17 TRA37 (B-3,4) 312 364 416 464 560 624 vg 267 ~ 231 ~ 189 - 325-178 cents ~éitto- x 12 TR-138 (A-1,2,3,4) 232 264 308 360 396 464 vs eae 2022 0st ete Kponingbo or akpeningbo x 9 Zande/Bandiya R123 (4-1) 196 ety 284 332-360 «392s 408 - 234 - 270 - 140 - 148 cence wéitto- x U1 244 282396 392440488 vs 311 = 243 - 267-200-179" cenee (5,6) ndara x 13 20” 256 280 340 404 ago vs 12-155 = 137 - 298-298 cents Dhola TR-130 (a-4,5) 712,23- Xylophone, notes fastened on Supports, without resonators, agogodo x 10 Nyanja/Mang'anja 1-85 (8-6,7,2) sSececde mem atang! anja 240 288 312384424 ago eee too) oO eel aria peer ce kpingbi x 6 Benge TR-i28 (B-1,2) 7928 496528 592 672 vg 231 ~ 177 - 107 - 199 = 219 centa 712.262- Xylophone on frame, with resonators, open mirliton, silioba x 14 Luba (4-1,2,3) ry ey 386 vs 718 ~ 150-1139 = 177'= 182 = 334” cones wdittom x 15 Kanyoks TRAS (ar1,2 196 ne gti? 260 292 328 yoy KBB¥2 231 - 119 - 139 = 201'= 201-309" conve siyamboka x 9 Lozi TRE? (5-89) 208 goth 272 312356 aE 176 = 200 - 105 ~ 238 -'228 = 253 conve Silimba x 12 Valley Tonga TR-G5 (B-1) FE ee gy 288 288 320 368 goo SS vs 182-192 = 124 — 162'= 242 = 145" 133 cen102 Scales of 712,262- -12.263- 12. 264~ Sounp oF ArRica SERIFS —~ LP RECORDS Some instruments (cont'd) ylimba x 21 Nyanja/Mang'anja 26 144 158 174 190 210-232-253 vs 231 ~ 160 ~ 178 ~ 152 - 173 - 173 - 143 cents 4ylophone, on frame, notes with mirliten and trumpet. timbile Chopi eae 206ee 008 006 37 besi2 asceerie 184 - 190 = 151 = 176 - 177-176 = 146 cents nditto- 248 272 300336372412 448696 ve 159 - 170 ~ 196 = 176 = 177 - 145-177. cents wditto- 248 276 300 324 360 404440496 vs 184 - 145 - 133 - 182 ~ 200 ~ 148 - 108 cents ~dittor 248 300 332368404448 ABB 496 us 329-175 ~ 178 - 162 - 179 - 76-101 cents wditto~ 268 300 328 364 400440488536 vs 195 - 154 - 281 - 163 - 165 = 179-163 cents ~ditto- 268 304 336 360 400440488536 vs 218 - 173 ~ 119 - 183 = 165 ~ 179 - 163 cenes weit 248 272 296 328364 40h 4B 496 ve 159 - 147 ~ 177 ~ 181 = 180-179 - 177 cents ~ditto= 248 272 300-328-364 404 4B 496 ve 159 - 170 ~ 154 = 181 - 180-179 - 177 cents Xylophone, on frame, resonated, tube mirliton. nadimba x 10 Luba/Lulua MscheieO, | 17s: a7 7aeeesc och | vs 333-185 - 398 - 90-194 cents r12.0- MBIRA Plucked reed instrument. -13.112- H13. 114 Moira, one manual, board, external resonator. chisanzhi x 8 Luchaz 256 278 =320 348388 424 512) 130 = 256 - 146 - 188 - 154 - 326 cents Mbira, one manual, fan-shaped, external resonator. kankowela x 10 Valley Tonga 240° 264 = 296 320-356 400432480 vs 165 = 199 ~ 134 - 185 - 202 - 133 - 182 cents TR-89 TR-200 TR-202 TR+206 (1,2 1,2) (3-3) (Bs) O1,2,3,4,5, 6,7) (°1,2,3) TR-207 TR-35, TRIES TR-&) (4,5) (3,4) (e-e)INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN MUSIC Scales of some instruments (cont'd) “13.114 ~ditto~ Valley Tonga TR-AL 264 292° 328 356 396 432-472 98 195 - 201 = 142 - 184 - 152 - 153 - 194 cents wditto~ TR-42 eee ogee 320355, 001 4321 e0le cae) e 165 ~ 199 - 134 - 185 - 202 - 133 - 182. cents chizanzhi x 8 Lunda TR-179 "FIZ 232 268 260 304 34s 380 vg ete 09a 22a er san es ccac ~13:115- Moira, one manual, bell shaped resonator. muzanba x 10 Bemba TR-24 Eo) ese 110 1901 (cic. 230 somesao 165 - 172 - 192 - 173 = 173-143 = 162, cents chilimba x 11 Bemba TR-182 228 252 280 308 340 376424256 vs 173 ~ 182 - 165 - 172 = 174 - 208 - 126 cents sansi x @ Nyanja/Chewa TR-78 gore 232266 ec08| aaaee aon —— 240 ~ 223 ~ 267 - 192-278 cents ~23:116- Mira, one nanual, bell shaped vith external resonator. Sansi x 10 Nyanja/Chewa TR-191 Bee 22h. 226011 29266 092) 57 150 - 267 - 258 - 201 - cents ~13.,117- Mbira, one manual, box resonator. marimbe x 18 Zing TRA? i ei) re emer) or 178 - 179 - 193 - 173 = 182 - 165 - 130 cents inba x 13 Byamweat TRGB P44 284 320 336 372416 Gh EBB vp pede 200 05) 2: 175091948126 tae ore Gogo, TRISA 300 332 404464 536 vs 195 ~ 175 - 340 = 240 - 250 cents Kalimba x 7 ‘Tumbuka/Henga —-TR-90 See oe 15 - 333 - 252 = 299-181 cents “13-118 Mira, one manual, box with external resonator. Limba x 7 Nyakyusa TR158 Limba Nyakyusa, 224 272 320 368 404 448 ve 336 - 261 - 242 = 162 - 176 cents ~ditto- x @ 178 212252 284 312328 356 vs 303 - 299 - 207 ~ 163 = 86-142 cents 103 (3-7) (3-2) (5,6) (a1) (e-7) (1) (4-10,11,12) (4-3,.4,5,6) (1,2) (B-4,5) (8-3) (a5)04 SOUND oF AFRICA SERIES — LP RecorDs Scales of some instruments (cont'd) “tele Mbira, one manual, fan shaped with exemal resonator, kalimba x 10 Nyanja/chewa TR-191 (3-2, 3,4) oe er cie y9961 56475) 613) coders ae 0d gees 702068 ieee Moira (likeube), one manual, box resonated. budonge x 12 Sopa TR-140 (a-6) 3B 368432 496 550 656 ve 199 ~ 278 - 240 = 209 - 274” cents wditto~ TR1G1 (A-1,2) 260304352 400464520 vs 271 ~ 254 = 221 = 257 - 197 cents ikexbe x 10 Rundi /Hangaza —TR~147 (B-1,2) 300 36S 396464 528 600 vs 353 - 127 - 275 - 223 = 222 cence chisanahi x 15 Luba TR4O (4-4,5,6) elope iio) 212,224 240 268 ve 195 - 296 - 303 - 95 -119'- 192 cents chisanzhi (likenbe) x 10 Luba TRI? (3-3,4) eT Zk 86 5u8 bak us 320 - 136 - 272 = 172 - 290 cents “titto= x 10 TR1T7 (3-56) 328 380 392 432 488592656 vs 155-54 = 168 - 211 ~ 335 - 177 cenes véitto- x 12 TRA78 (3-1) 244 268 284 320364440 48s 163 = 100 = 208 - 224 - 328-179 cenes wditto- x 12 (bilonda mode) TR178 (6-2) peer .00te os 99Gu eee gels Ooo Ode eee cole ees ndicto- x 10 R178 (B-5,6,7,8) ise 220244 292 352 368 vs 76 = 324 ~ 311-179-310 cenes ~ditto- x 10 Luba/tulua TR-35 (8-1) 232160178224 236 264 yg a2 18506) sa aeeeeers amalbare (ikenbe) » 10 Nande TR-127 (3-9) ea 88 536 586728 vg Ql = 235 = 163 = 18 562 cents Katina x 9 TR-127/ (B-10) per tee he 52611600 7g ee 2 169s ose ee kiliyo x 9 "R127 (8-11, 12,13) 364 40S 512536632228 vs eae oot 602 Gatos eete careINTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music Seales of some instruments (cont'd) H13.127- 713.157- 23.212 713.214- ekenbe x 10 Binza "FZ 236 284 324 248 372 (424) vs 185 ~ 321 - 228 - 124 - 115 - 227 eenta Kombi x 12 YoRo © 226 260 300 344386 kad ve 258 - 248 - 237 - 190 - 267 cenes mele ko fuku x 10 Mu © 780328360 424472560 vs ie 22e) 10 as aoc eeeenrs Reikembe x 11 Med. 360.396 432 480 528 s92—“Bao vs 204 ~ 165 ~ 151 ~ 182 = 165 = 199° = 134 conte isenzo (likenbe) x 10 Zande 268° 292 328 392 44a 536 vy SE el Len) SPE Seyi ey ekembe x 12 2ande/Bandiya S20 t79 ~ 311 ~ 180 ~ 182 = 348 cones hatine and minu x 10 Alur © 768312” 364 426472536 veg 263 ~ 267 = 264 = 185 ~ 221 cones Mira (likenbe) one anual, box resonated. Buchapata x 10 Luvale/Lwena PHS j268, 32936376 416 ggg ane wena 163 - 263 - 128-195-175 - 276 cents “Pita, board, with external resonator, deza x 26 Valley Tonga Bee ee) ole steers e oo enneny aa Moira, two manuals, fan shaped with extemal resonator, kenkowele x 1) Lal © TSE 260316 328 372 a2 sa 504 vs 282 = 209 = 65 = 218 177 = 114 = 235 conte kalinba x 10 Sena/Nyungwe 220, 248) 276 328 368 gos ayo 208 - 184 - 299 - 199 = 179 = 131 cents kangombio x 14 Lozi PIB ana tg 188, 210 226 250 S76 ve 190 - 212 - 106 = 229 - 112°- 93) ~ditto~ tegen ee coat ss eek 190-212 - 134-191 = 112 = 231-130” cenve mbira x 13 Karange/Duna eee ee e8e) tee eo 353 - 177 = 160 - 128 - 192 = 190 cence TR-128 TR118 TRII9 TR-120 TRL TR-122 TR-124 R36, TRA TRo14 TR-91 TR-67 TR-67 TREO 105 (A-5,6,7,8) (6,7) G@o11,12) (51,2) (8-7,8,9,10) (8-4,5,6) (45,5) (8-1,2) (a3) (4-6,7,8,9) (86) (2,3)106 SOUND OF AFRICA SERIES ~~ LP RECORDS Seales of some instruments (cont'd) -13.215- W13.216- -13.231- W138. 244 713.341 13.345" 713.346" -13..372- -13.411- Mpira, evo manual, bell resonator. nbira x 16 Venda 280 308 348 384 416 468520560 165 = 212 - 170 = 139 - 204 - 182 - 128 cents Moira, two manual, bell with external resonator. mbira x 14 Sena/Nyungwe mer DG reer 139 = 177 = 160 - 188 ~ 186 - 136 - 214 cents Meira, twe manual, board resonated. pbira x 24 Venda 248 272 308 (336 372-412 Aue 696 159-215 - 151 - 176-177 - 145 - 177 cents Moira, two manual, fan shaped, external resonator. kangonbio x 15 Lozi 198 220 236 260 296 320 356396 183 - 121 = 168 ~ 225 - 134 ~ 185 - 184 cents Kathandi x 14 Mounda 194 210 228 244 272 308344 SEB. 137 = 143 = 117 ~ 188 - 215 ~ 192 = 208 cents Mira, three sanual, board resonated. nbira dea waNdau x 28 Ndaw “320 260 296 332364 392440 289 ~ 225 ~ 198 - 160 - 128 - 200 cents Moira, three manual, bell resonator. mbira dea vaNday x 32 Néau 0G 226256 «300348388 SOR vs 162 - 231 ~ 275 - 257 - 188 - 87 cents Moira, three manual, bell with extemal resonator. nbira dea waNdau x 30 Ndau Tes 202 216 252 288 328 «368s. 162 - 116 ~ 267 = 231 - 225 199 cents Meira, three manual, board with external resonator. chisanzhi x 19 Kanyoka 332 «376 456 520 S68 616 664 vs 216 - 334 ~ 227 - 153 - 100 - 130 cents Mbira, one sanual, board resonator, bamboo reeds. kisazhi x 6 Chokwe Tee oe: e118 654 = 153 ~ 393 - 607 cents R193 TR-9L TR193 RSL TRo1B4 TR176 R205 TR-176 TRIS TR-180 (2) (3) (a-3,4) (B-4) (1,2) B-1,2) (3-3) (B-5,6,7) (8-3) (0-5,6,7)INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN Music Scales of some instruments (cont'd) ee a er er, ngonbi x g and TR-121 TH 148 178 200228 268 us 172 = 319 - 202 ~ 227 ~ 260 cents ~ditco- R121 26 tet g 200, 212 236 (278) (304) 30 vs 160 - 163 = 101 ~ 185 271 = 168 = 152° cents MBRANOPHO c14.0- _pRens 714,221- Tuned drum » Sonical, pegged, tuned with paste Nyanja/Mang'anja Tagg 292° 360398 Likhuba x 9 7% 128 152 186 220 256 298 - 349 ~ 291°— 962 cents vditto- x 9 TR-89 $7 118 132 162 194 228 266 394 388 vs 280-253 - 355 - 312° cones wditte- x 8 TR-93 152460 156 168190 228 264 vg 702 ~ 188 = 128 - 213 = 316-253 “cent 107 (B-1,2) (8-34) (47,8) (3-3) (1,2)