Summary of Formulas

1. Determining the sample size

N where: N - the population size

n= e - the margin of error
1  Ne 2 n - the sample size

2. Range = highest observation – lowest observation

3. k = 1 + 3.3 log n
4. C = Range ÷ k
5. Mean of ungrouped data

∑Xi where: ∑Xi – sum of all observations

X = n – total number of observations
n

6. Mean of grouped data

∑FiXi where: FiXi – the product between the frequency

Xmidpoint = and the classmark
n n – total number of observations

∑FiUi where: X0 – any chosen value of the Xi

Xunit-deviation = X0 + c FiUi – product between the
n frequency and the unit
deviation
c – class size
n – total number of observations

7. Median of grouped data

n – cfb where: LMe – lower boundary of the

~
X= LMe + 2 c Median class
fMe cfb – cumulative frequency
below one interval
fMe – frequency of the median
class

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 c – class size
n – total number of observation
8. Mode of grouped data

d1 where: LMo – lower boundary of the

^X = LMo + c Modal class
d1 + d2 d1 – difference between the
frequency of the modal
class and the frequency
of the next lower class
d2 – difference between the
frequency of the modal
class and the frequency
of the next higher class
c – class size

9. Quartile

(n)(i )
4 – cfb where: LQi – lower boundary of the
Qi = LQi + c Quartile class
fQi cfb – cumulative frequency
below one interval
fQi – frequency of the Quartile
class
c – class size

10. Decile

(n)(i ) – cfb where: LDi – lower boundary of the

Di = LDi + 10 c Decile class
fDi cfb – cumulative frequency
below one interval
fDi – frequency of the Decile
class
c – class size
n – total number of observation

11. Percentile

(n)(i )
Pi = LPi +
100– cfb c
where: LPi – lower boundary of
the Percentile class
fPi cfb – cumulative frequency
below one interval

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 fPi – frequency of the
percentile class
c – class size
12. Interquartile Range

IR = Q3 – Q1
13. Semi-interquartile range or Quartile Deviation

QD = ½ ( Q3 – Q1 ) or IR / 2

14. Mean Deviation of Ungrouped Data

 Xi  X where: X – represents the individual values

MD = X – is the mean of the distribution
n

15. Mean Deviation for Grouped Data

F i Xi  X
where: Xi – represents the classmark
MD = X – is the mean of the distribution
n Fi – frequency

16. Variance for Ungrouped Data

Standard Formula Alternative Formula

(X n  X 2  ( X )
2
i  X )2
s2 = n 1
s2 = n n  1

17. Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

Standard Formula Alternative Formula

s= (X i  X )2 s= n X 2  ( X ) 2
n 1 n(n  1)

18. Variance for Grouped Data

Standard Formula Alternative Formula

 F (X n Fi X i  ( Fi X i ) 2
2
i i  X )2
s 2
= s 2
=
n 1 n(n  1)

Coding Formula

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  n FiU i 2  ( FiU i ) 2 
  c2
s2 =  n( n  1) 

19. Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

Standard Formula Alternative Formula

 F (X n Fi X i  ( Fi X i ) 2
2
 X )2
s2 = i i
s2 =
n 1 n(n  1)

Coding Formula

 n FiU i 2  ( FiU i ) 2 
  c2
s2 =  n( n  1) 

20. Skewness

3(X–X) ˜
Sk =
s

21. Kurtosis

Ungrouped Grouped

Σ ( Xi – X ) 4 Σ Fi( Xi – X ) 4
K= K=
ns4 ns4

22. Permutation

n!
a. nP r =
(n - r)!

N! where: N – total number of objects

b. P= n – frequency of each repeated object
n1! n2! n3! … nk!

c. ( n-1 ) P ( n-1 ) = ( n – 1 ) !

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23. Combination

n!
n Cr =
r! ( n – r )!

24. Test Statistics Concerning Means

A. Z-test ( used when n ≥ 30 )

1. Z-test for comparing hypothesized and sample means
(X–μ) where: X – sample mean
z= . n μ – population mean
σ σ – population standard dev.
n – sample size
2. Z-test for comparing 2 sample means
a. When the population standard deviation is given
X1 – X2 where: X1 – mean of the first sample

Z = X2 – mean of the second sample

σ
√ 1 + 1
n1 n2
σ – population standard dev.

n1 – size of the first sample

n2 – size of the second sample

b. When the sample standard deviations are given

X1 – X2 where: X1 – mean of the first sample

Z = X2 – mean of the second sample

√ S12 + S22
n1 n2
S1 – standard dev. of sample1

S2 – standard dev. of sample2

n1 – size of the first sample
n2 – size of the second sample
B. T-test ( used if n < 30 and σ is unknown )
1. T-test for comparing hypothesized and sample means and σ is unknown
(X–μ) where: X – sample mean
t= . n μ – population mean
s s – sample standard dev.

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 df = n – 1 n – sample size

2. T-test for comparing two independent sample means and σ is unknown.

X1 – X2
t=

√ ( n1 – 1 ) s12 + ( n2 – 1 ) s22
n1 + n2 – 2 √ 1 +
n1
1
n2

df = n1 + n2 - 2

where: X1 – mean of the first sample

X2 – mean of the second sample
S1 – standard dev. of sample1
S2 – standard dev. of sample2
n1 – size of the first sample
n2 – size of the second sample

25. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation ( ungrouped )

Method 1: Computation of Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from

Ungrouped Data when Deviations are taken from the Actual Means of the Series.

Standard Formula: Alternative Formula:

 xy  xy
rxy = rxy =
n x  y ( x )( y
2 2
)

σx = x 2

σy = y 2

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Method 2: Computation of Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from
Ungrouped Data when Deviations are taken from the Assumed Means of the
Series.

 x' y '  c c
x y
rxy = n
 x ' y '

cx =  x' cy =  y'
n n

σx’ =  x' 2

 c2 x σy’ =  y' 2

 c2 y
n n

Method 3: Computation of Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from

Ungrouped Data when
Deviations are expressed as sigma scores.
x y
Σ 
σx σy
rxy =
n

Method 4: Computation of Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from

Ungrouped Data
based on Original Measurement.

Standard Formula:

 XY  nXY
rxy =
 X 2
 n( X )    Y
2 2
 n(Y ) 2 

Alternative Formula:

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 n  XY   X  Y
rxy =
 n X 2

 ( X ) 2 n Y 2  ( Y ) 2 

26. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation ( grouped )

Σx’y’ - cx c
n
rxy = * note: Σx’y’= Σuu* = Σvv*
σx’ σy’

27. Spearman Rank-Order Coefficient of Correlation

where: 6 - constant
D - refers to the difference between a
subject’s ranks on the two
variables
N - the number of paired observations

28. Regression equation:

Y = a + bx where a & b are constants and b  0

( ΣY ) ( ΣX 2 ) – ( ΣX ) ( ΣXY ) where: ΣX – sum of all values of X

a= ΣY – sum of all values of Y

nΣX 2 – ( ΣX ) 2 ΣXY – sum of the product of

X
and Y
2
ΣX – sum of the squared
values of X
n – number of paired
n ( ΣXY ) – ΣXΣY observations

b=
nΣX 2 – ( ΣX ) 2

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