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THE TURKIC LANGUAGES EDITED BY Lars Johanson and Eva A. Csaté R LONDON AND NEW YORK ° 4 1s a 2 a Chaghatay Hendik Boeschoten and Mare Vandanne Ottoman Turkish Cela Kerk Terk Eva, Csts and Lars Johanson Turkih Dislects Ber Brendemoen ‘The Turkish Language Reform, Bert Brenderoen Azetbaijenian Turkmen Claus Shonig Tork Language of Iran Genes Boater Tater and Bashkir ArpiaiBena Wiest Kipehak Languages Arpiaiena Kazakh and Karakalpak Muar Kichee Noghay EVs A. Cato an Bisel Kaabog inghie Mark Kiser Urbeke end Boeshoten Uyghur Retard. Haka Yelow Uyghur and Salar ReishrsF Hake South siberian Turkic Claus Sheng 20 26 a 381 = As Ment 76 Nek Stchowsh and 7 cout ? fam chat Appendix Index a List of Maps and Figures Map! The Turkic languages, gure 91 Relaion of Chaghatay with ter writen vais —_—— List of Tables 5 Consonats(eonombered) kerf Turki guages ‘Breen reo Toki ist slabs owel e Proto- Take no-fi bes Or and no Oghur ea ferences Powe ses Cae suties a Simp pst Ope impeave 101 Pesoral pronouns TAL Shortvones Gn Tercloia outon) 112 Cowon Turcloge otaton) 113 Poses safes A Case suze 115. Parodi of personal pronouns £6 pate 142 Ponesiesfies 143 Present an ait take) 144 Simple pst tow le) 165 Imperive 146 Opaive 147 Cocitenal 151 Caesutines 152. Poesessivestfines 13. Present and aon al take) 154 Simple past (t-"row” and“) 15S Opmive-inperatne ge "cme 161 Posoeat sath 162 Kors Tn let feats 163 Divergence fom Tarkish ma 14 ns 6 9 110 a i as 191 194 195 196 197 3 ams 21 a3 213 216 27 22 na na BI 22 Bs ne Possceive sues (Cs sie in Ttar Declension wih seve fies ia Tata Declenson wih powesive sities in Bastkir Dectnson of personal pronouns Declesionofelenve pronouns a Taae Presetin Bache Simple pst Gan past, Optnve imperative Condos! ‘Consonants Posen sins Coplas Penonal markers Oprative imperative Worle Personal pronouns Shor vonels Consonants Pesonl pronouns Copa stines Peron makers puative-impeaive Consonsas Copal orms Thematic stfies ‘owe! phonemes Consonant pnemes ‘one! orem insutxes Pomessive makers Case martng Personal protours Po on En bs 29 2s Est as 285, 20s zo ma m 26 26 a an 3s 35 30 30 xs ae 30 a a a9 mI 247 Demonte pronouns 2U] Mellow Uyghur owels 3h Yellow Uyghur consonants 23 Saar vowels ka Siar consonants BET Slatin corsonans ofthe pos snd accusative sues 352 Pla posessivesuines 13 Derension of iseperon sing pronouns 354 Delenion ofthe Spas pronoun ol 385 Catia amber rom 11010 256 Tens of crn rambers 261 Vowels 382 Consonants 363 Sune amooy 34 Cononart nd vowel variants in suites 265 CasesuTixes 71 Vowels 212 Consonants 1273 Possess sues B14 Case fine flloming pla forms 215 Cae wtfinee 776 Peron prooouss 215 Demeatatepronoans 278 Reftexve pronouns 2740 Penal mater of fie verte Aopendix 1 Usbekscpt 2 Karak sit 3 Uyghur wring syste io 00 aon ” 410, a aa sis a9 20 3s oe oe a9 a8 0 2 45 List of Contributors Kopi Ben, University of Sreped, Monga Hendak Boeschte, Tare University, The Neterands Bernt Brendemoen, Univer af Osa, Norway. {any Clr, Indana Univers, Bloomington, nda, USA. fet A Ca, Unversity of Uppsala Sweden (Gear Dorf, University of Gtinges Germany. Mare ial University of Frankf Geman. Peter Golden Rutgers University. Newark New Jesey. USA. Reinhard Fan, Univers of eae, Washington. USA. Lar Joanion University of Mainz, German. Bel Raho University 0 Main, Germany: (alia Keak, University of Oxford, UK Mast Kiet, University of Frank Germany. Aetid Men, University of Mainz Geom. Anis Rona Tas, Univer of Sroged, Hungary. ions Shiai see Univer Brin, Geman. ‘Marck Stachovai, Univers of Cracow, old Mare Vndimme, Univer of Urea, The Netherlands a Preface ‘A General Introduction tothe Turkie Family ‘spurs ofthis ome eo ese data Doh synchro nd dace Beers neo the works mor langage mes. The book sims 3 ‘ching eesoable coverage ofthe divers ofboth ancien and modern Sfaki Tnguages focusing ocean ey aspects of hit suc abd ison. “Ts ndacton ies rom revou survey of th Tai languages by eying ome the roguiements not oly of Taos, but of 2 variety of ‘Rade Ir intend to Be accesible wo 4 wide feaiship witout any evous knowledge of Turcoogy. The teoretal asi lately new, {idles widely known ems ae ul e4plaoe, she bck despa sere ak general sure of erence rear wth a res nthe Turkic fal. Ie alo tended sa textbook fre wndepadat cr phate cours Tucooyy an ings. Further ‘more it hod that he book wil fer norman of valet scholars Narous disciplines, wach as gees ings, typolorsts and. Rstrcal Tings The volume may aoe wsfl for TucaogssSeching or 'sfrmition on languages fleren rom the oncs they are aed Carla ith Final. the sna feted ray prove ell as background Knowledge ay of Osetal soy and Merce. The edi hae ted {© ema that the bok provides an up-dt survey of arent koe: nthe erie ld covered, ad tha is sufceny cer and expontory foe Aldhe papess meted. ‘The Structure ofthe Volume ‘All chapters in th volume ae writen by specains in he especie Held. Most chp ae devoted to indvdol contemporary lngatge,wheteas some dei with whe branch oss The atetion ascnde a each langage has been dtersned on purely linguistic and hstoial grounds, independent of external poll considerations. Te emaiing chars el wih the dssnbaton an sory of he Ture speaking peoples the slit Sica feitues of Taki entice witen langage, aiphates and Imnscrption problems, the Tunis Inguoge reform, aed he Twi fr ages olen in pacar aren, Iam. Discos fsus ae basically limited to wo chapters one on the reconstrstion ofan ancestor fhe Tuk language witha tri! dscusion ofthe controversial question ofthe Aliic Tinie unity and one on he istry of Taki. iy "The decrpive chapters have heen orpuined acoding to sructaral linguist ertera Te eos have ted 1 sure tha similar range of care tuples is covered inal of hen, The ede of ston ay sir a posible ome i more ety fr te reader f ind comparable Inrmation ot each ofthe guages Tnalatns of frter sores in Engish and ober widely ea anguges| ane provided under References and Furber Reading atthe end of each hapten genera, these references have been Kept tou enim, bat & ter of ies elevator ost apes have Ben Iie under Chapter 5, “the History ot Turse Chapter I, "The Speaker of Turkle Languages i ply based on matron hy the authors ofthe nvidia language ‘haptes. For the presen georapcal lotion of the Turkic langage, ‘erence shel be made othe map oF Pos, [Limitations "The nal length restrictions within volume ofthis kin hve ole faced the ators and the eos wih ficult choices a to which aspects sould fe incloded. Considerable redustions and omistns of detals have Deen cesar, somcimes tthe ak of some cvegeocabaton. Adult overage of crain intresting languages such us Gago, Karim and Foyt bs roves impossible within he nts oe vlan: Homever, the suber of us survey hav also been confone with anther ica the econroverble at at the Tre family sa whale ot yet Sufficient iavesigsed and that mich ofthe necessary detalled linguistic ‘lish ot yet been credo partly, he soto apets on Tanguage ws are under represent ‘On the othe hand. posible deficiencies of these kinds may serve 10 tighlgh seas for pel fre research, o sims few svestgations into tech a oeed by the Tori anpapes. Ths tamu forms raher omageacos groves for comparative and typological work un ofering tingle evidence forthe eonsraction of star evoluton “Te mule nahorsipneiablyconions a cenain verity scconting to the contin dflenng perspectives and range ferent. Theil ‘hue ifer somewhat fom ech er a the lave balance Between the Setons and inthe selection ofthe topes dealt with in det There are ‘hviows difereoes of etmphase and prsetaton. As expected, ere are Sometimes so icrepancies in the Weoetical approaches oped ant ‘Gengeemest aout howto terete ings dt ersiy bas aot coused sty major conadicons ewe the is ae, 2 aimed scopic ven of Sch rs an alowed e et epee sad 8. 0 - sans hive neces been et solved. Some any Tings prot Iearet and unanimous an ae sock ana tht econ et cert son a of ene ano of Ata ae, At seen oF es a documenting the elf cae and pes WEP 2 cing at ston ings THO ea we bation chaacter of the ese vom, a ceala eno We ardanton tus bee neesary. Te a Bas bes © SE rat anedtmisog) wit ol oo yeti ely 8 Pa noel ings he ese on Ce mons a tems inode by Las Johanson (ee vet cater Reaig Chae have ag beso atop. Tie Refactor spn of evra Tushie Peep hue een dsc win dat rework. ‘Acknowledgements ae asi ke to acknowledge te cooperation ofa te indivi ae te tanking them moet sincerely fr ter openness and rede ge cameo condone of his seis Ot special ans re er ed Come, who crinally suggested the publication of the ened tine or int propo for and Tosahan Pace, wh Wea encouraged us to go ahead with our plans. The editors ae ‘SSotnty greet othe eda staf at Route fo tes Ney postin “fsde and wonderel pence drag the preparation ofthe book: pricolar esktue acto Sara all pd Samantha Parivoo, Las, but eral inane wan expres ur ratte to Rosemary Mori fr her ski nd mph copy en Lars Johanson an va Agnes Cs Notes on Transcription and Symbols “Transcription The fil rtopphy of the Republic of Try ie usd fr Modern Tw For aguepeswpoken te Terk. sre of labs and enthoprahical convention aap, ich mks ancpion necessary “The ee invoved Lai aed pe fo Aenea Ture are rot yt atcenlyexublibed A tsteatn of te Cyne sgt vthch fer conical rom each te would ee th pot sap nd make comparison betnon the gues Ant” Al Caples fe imguiges teh swe the Cynic or Arab sop wil th be ee {earsipion. The Sytem api reed oa th “Trg! isl Mental othe ato "Funan eset tn Deny e af 1959, pp.siv-n Gee Referees and Fu Renin. mines) The veto “Sound system) pearly del wit he sods of the langage in guesion and to song thera toiling aforaces tothe polos, hese tons peel cnt mr onthe invemory of phonemes is: which sods ca be wed ine langage 1 Sisingust wore Thovgh some suber lend ore songly Twas once repesettin te tan wl m general ml eps Bones bt aso mae alogon vara Soveyng anno tt fl preamcation Fr example, front ef sc wil rl iespetve ofthe phone i, be ented gd nd the bck salen rand. The pone iferece tse ot ands ck {i ou however te mae. The tanto ss ely bead Whee ees ner ort dear Ben she tase Inertial Phone Asso PN). Vowel Notations Te tnsriponcnleed in eps vole ifs fo he un ‘is ntton mainly wid spect ote representation of ess Th ‘he normal low type [e} with alts variants wren as ella of the "Fundaments’ notion a If paniclar language ako tas higher cacti cna Pele denote a front nded high vowel is i A corresponding. Consonant Notations ‘Toe ollowing table nas he ost import consonant sgh ecusing in tte volune ‘let Coneonants Tahir Pasta io, tr, ee Stas fen Cloke Enyiiest Inthe above table some IPA comespndene gies in square bracket) 1 some chapters he erm velar sued to cover bth posplatal al vel! ‘ular dol Patton i mated with an apostrophe, ak nln some css, he aris placed over the consonant sign; th, he Flas mae 9a ‘tite and f sespevey, Reduced wc denoted with an underng, 4. Some shore we sal capitals oe ens aan with rede oie 8. Chuvash fein) ne" = eb (438). Aspiration Hs iieaed wih a Spencript hep The cite accent ig marks igh pich cea ©. meres te vertcstohe indents sen accent on he folowing Se ig noatons are explained inthe eleva hayes Suffix Notations The sections on morphophonlogy del wih he waysin which he phonemic shape ofan te ca change nile morpologal orn Sutin hve siren Lely phonolgialyproicable~ relation depending sn Phorouktic an harmon prope of stems They miy this te cd in Sendried forms which stars all posible reaiations, eg, (14 for srs inthe Turkish tive sti, re icace Nigh vow sematn fom 2 woh auras ik di, tk, du. I some contribuions to this volume, this ou suf nolo, eaptal lees inde mophuphonemes, ep vowel ateants dot interac ound harmony vara ad cnsonatt sera due to contact simian Note hat not all aes ake ‘onistn ese of these sacha frmuls. Te following res acount Ft tow the abbreviations ae toe ea Parentheses Parentheses around an ial vowel ofa sufi iicte that this vowel is roped when the sfx added to vowel ih str, The owe thas tela onl te SU flows x cosonant, eg, Tari Ips pone STi eat my cbt kad bother Prcrthoses oud th fi eansomant of 3 fix indie that hs consonant occurs ony i the sui al to 3 vowe-Gnl sem. © the Turkish dative soi (4 fn araba-y to lhe crt kardee athe twother the astitv lif) in deer Mec each ter two each Pests: around a Gal consonant of suf ae that is consonant ecu before cane nlfines ep. Twhish fein siden ton Parentheses around n inal zw sige in safe indicate ta the final sol ofthe stem drape when thesis ded, ey” Chath presen in Wise Turkish in son Parentheses around a colon i 2 sfx ine ht the aon of the sulfic a stem inal owe! yiels length eg Tarkmen “ACI en having ren =o (Ko ond bat geen having come’ elcome ‘The capital leer V indicates any vowel tht can occur in siesta in many Tiki languages al vowels except oan. “The capil leer nds eration of high rounded vowel, a, ‘The sign” sands for Old Turkic vowels of controversial photic nate (se pp 7-8), caimed by some scholars to be reduced vowels eg. the ‘sScumtivesfie-()C in seg ay at" hoe’ The cpl eter 4 snicates low towel alma, tat the tof ‘aration of ¢(e, 1) anda). The vowel se when the receding lable ists anditisa when the preceding slab back, eg the Teri tive Stl sin erage ca’ but hurde-eo ae Bho te ‘he Turkmen eee sata 4)1Artn a a Asoron ake’ bt Guede Inugh The aeration may aloe too fart ional comp Example: Turkish shi pron posesive sti in arabs “ihe cat tarde other inher wry Aphex i "focal leer nes an nous lemon languages fhe olen ope tom wot alteration of & and | Costly i Tata 99 8 Four semnon of. 4.8 roy Bashi, Consonants ‘One typeof consonant alsin in sites depends om wheter thet Sud tthe stem soled yokes Members of consonant lasers | ego progressive senation with respect 10 Oe “Te capil eer muy dees ts twol alteration of weed dud snviced eg the Trio cave sui -DA sin ola" te) way uci they milk “The opal leer Tarknh writen denotes the woFol alteration of voiced in Turis ween) angunvened én Turkish writen). Exana: UheTurtish derivation sfi-Cingo-ew "uae busaei' mika The eal lett incats the twofld lation of fon and back consonants ofthe pec ae. Atenas Trkishy 8. ba ‘wine also tans or forall sia aetna ae, Voiced vs. unveiel ofthe peg fs eg the Chapt Ge six, “teak, the arab pp ulin -GAn In some eases onl sgn {twofold iemason between (iced) and (unvoice, the Tush ‘evectl eivative sti inser gafecion boi rink “The capa Ine K inate te oo imation of front and eck 200 fhe ype and eg. Aztjaian nA wih ad ea Ki win ec oie th Notes on Transcription and Symbols ‘Transcription The offi enogrphy of the Republic sf Tukey ised for Maen Tash, For lngages spoken owe Take. a vay of apa ntharaphical convenions we sped, which makes wancpnn neces The ree ineedsed Lan aed ps fer Anca Rhee BS not yet stcentyenabisied A taliraon ote Cre io ‘ch ter eomsiealy rom each cee would don te Pes sage sad make comparison between the languages fic All example on languages which use the Cyril or Arabic srg wl thus be ives in {anicepion. The sysem aplied, eteed to asthe Tucooyc staat ' sly emt wo the rational Fendamets’ pot repented in Deny er als 1959, psn (ce Referees nl Fares Res, meas) ‘The setons ‘Sound systems" primary desl withthe sounds of the Aunguagein"guesion and vlan tng then, In pico. iene "proaches to the problems thse sets general cons emake oe inventory of ptoeres. Le which sound cam be sed the laos ising word Though some ars tend toe soph tonsa Bhonemic representation the anc mln general toa eee onset also major alopons vara thu conveying ans deual prominin, For example, rot and sounds wil a rl, imespetive of ther phone stats. be rendre sg ad ander ack stil sng. Mepheet coe tens ona sk {wil ot, However. be mared."Te tanscripion Tous tabely tad Wherever oscar phonetic deta ae piven nthe waseiton of mtn! Phonetic Asoetton PA). owe Notations ‘Te arscripuon employed in the present volume dies fom the Funds mea notation mainly with spect othe representation of sud, Ta "he somal low type fel with als variate writen a «iad ft pinmena™ ottion df a parla language so ass Rights S| venient inant aoe ocr is se nis wrten The low font vd Ui vowel Pimeried ana Be nprsnt deve afntuanndehigh owl kA comeing tock vowels wits sv Go Tsahorbopay rom oe ‘te writen a 8 bk nde high vows a fuck ode fw ‘ores a st wd ow ve a A ne it 1eMiere by deen Ustek Cen cdo were aan Nonelem wits han nde date Cention an oe dened {Sinoveedo Thorn he wenn of Karin wordy bre be ead 2 iach an epee Te cae ee of 2 pg ‘ated with asad etree", 0 Rese vowel re wien Wi the ioste breve: eg 2:2 The sign =o ved fo ula rooms, fre redued vowel coy, Long vowel ae nae bya maton 8 PMidacotng vowels sok by ade flowing te wwe Consonant Notations ‘Teolloming ale nclods the most imprint onsoaat ios occuring in ttevolume Tahal Pro Papal io a, oo ¥ ws we vs] file Boe 8 has fh Seas" Tiokee Fruita Ine above tbl, ome IPA crespondeaces are given in square bracket Ino chapters the term velar sed cover bth postpaltal and vel! lads. Palatlistion s mated with av apostope, as a In some cases the acti placed ove the corsa ip, tus, te platalised man re Siena sec, Re cs des wah an 2 Some author use sl opal fr lenis variants with edd voice, EB Chuvash ene] "we" = bir (9.435). Asptaon is inated with ‘pence ep The vate ascent sgn marks hgh ich ace cd ‘were the vert rhe ins stress accent onthe flowing lb. Devising not re expaned inthe evant ape Suftx Notations ‘The secon on morphophoalogy des! wth the ways in which the phonemic shape ofan tem cn kang neem morphol forme Seles hare Aiferen = Lspely phonology pedicle - ealuaions deneting oe ‘hontai and harmonic properin of sts, They may that ve ced anaised forms whch summarise all pote maka, ep sae ds-e.ainthe Tks date sli, Jn ow suis notations, capital letrs inte morphuphocees, eg ‘ove alerts dew nteriltcsod harmony varaion sede eran die to contact assimition Nat tht all soho ea ensisten seo these shrtand formas The fllonng Wes yen how the brevis we be rel Parentheses Parents round an inital vowel of» suf indicate that tis vowel is oped when the sf added 0 & vowel fia stn, The ove ea ‘ease only the sis fellows x consenan Tish tpg roves sui n arab car bat nde beter: Parentheses acound ce intial consonant of suff ide tha hin Ssentonant occurs oly ite sux added toa vowel final sem ee te Turkish dative sta 91 im arava" aie car Bardeen water thedstrbatesuls rinirer seach iki yer och, Parnteses around 4 final coasoaat_of sf indete the this consonant curs here ae sufien ep Turkish fan) ih ovinden os Prete aon an nial zo sig i sufi inte that the inal ‘owel ofthe sem drops when the fit is add ep. Chavah rene (W)81.Takish in lor Pareateses arn colon in asf indicate that the sition of te suff 3 stmt vows! yiels length eg Turkmen “At msc. mp having rea og k3 ‘abu geen having come! =. cen Vowels ‘Te capital eter ¥ iodctes any vowel tha in cur in ute, thas in ‘many Taki nguagel vowel except and, ‘Te opal ete Uindcates seman igh ound vowels, and The sig * sands for Old Turkic vowel of controversial phos pce ‘5: 07), claimed by some shar oe reed vowels ep he cuit un 1G sina ay "hone ‘The capial leer A indicts low vowel ae te the twofold eon of «Ge ) anda). The vowel «when the preceding sya {fonts anti when the preceding sable back, eth Tis an sulin 9/4 as in arabs" he cat larder toate rch the Turkmen present six yee asin Aldrin take” ht Care ‘ave. The aeration maya be thee or fourfold avon cor ing vin sh a. he Te pals Re gia tr 1 Inder bh vowel slamato, tor a oft terion of and up fort one comping nse Turkmen Si a hy I oe cts 0 we, ie Fld sero sae withthe symbol X Te es Tor ae {eons 3 allows: 1 The safc vowel whe the preceding sll i fet and its vows roundel ore) ' 22 Then vowel is when he preceding sable i fot and its vowel 3 Then owe in Tuk wien) when he preceding gle intack andi vowel vrounded oe 44 Theat vowel sen the preceding sal on and is vows sounded war), Examples: Twkish hit peson passive Satin in arabs “shee cat carder tthe ta Wier worry ea shri Thee er End as agg of he Volga pe: fom a ofl sheration sé and moat in ata) op fof stematon of 4.1 Bahk, era spent etm .2¢ Ao MARA wth tent ‘The eter Kas stands for furol sfc fi emations fet vs back, voiced vs. unvoiced ofthe type. Ag, 8. Noghay prospective 1ADAA, (ttoman AK. -DUK.s)4)4K, Asetbaan mad wiht aration kor Tots IK with be aeration 8. kg The ied vans cect before ina sfx vowel. The Turkish sitenation Is represented oh. Eaphclly by and alone, eg the derivative safle Tg "art fisher fami monthly say bt aya heer ron salary the prospective sufi 91AcAK i Hac willl wt but Ycack-ar "hey wish ete The capital eter Linden atemans sch a 1d Aplus ‘nist as -LAr may thas maxialy hae he vss ir Le lor, armen a-der dard tate t-te The epi eter in Chuvash suiae stand oad ometines sho 1.0 loouive A= 14, th ablative an rhe, Ipap se pst Rim = rh, cd. le Kar, ts sand or he acmaton between and loss se ie (plural nurse eg (date pla. Father lngtapespectc alirmaions ae discussed in the individual tapi. Other Signs ‘dash othe ight of a word signifies a vetal stem, ee. Takish i ‘go" ‘Adit othe let signifies abou een. asin eg. Turkish UK. The ‘Tucolopel practice of wing pls sgn to indste nominal sims and omit sties is ot lowed ere the ign fora clement ‘Simple arows ae wed for derivation. Ths, = means "i dered rm toc means “is derived a. Double aows ae tsed for coping 8 ‘awrowing') of foreign elements. Th, «= meus cope fom so“ means is copied as The sgn metne has developed fro an > ene "ns develope no Stare tackets | are wed for phone tancipons, sabes for hones representations and angular rickets < > fr gape reese ons Whenever posible, brackets and slashes ae dispensed ith in dr facie reaing The srs * sed in historical context for reconstructed (oe atte) ans. ndeseripive comets, isthe sgh fo st umacepae orm, Name Forms In view of th considerable sn confusing variation in the practices of weting ‘ames of Ture peoples an languages the form o those nanes have Beek Use Kir (oct Kyrgys), Assbajnan (ot Aver or Arthljon Yakut not Saka). Tending ics wed when esrng oa who lange family.eg. Tk, Monpoi tad Tangs. Abbreviations of Grammatical Terms lpg fntpenonphisl sm, sen pss fistperon guar =n Ute 2pot —seconopenonplnnd toc. cave Ghe —secmdperoengaar cr, mulipicave Ino inten pl aac ese Spe thin-penonsingslar te. ——egaon sa Sntive om opie fee Setsatve mar pape cus, came mss pave cou colecve * po com cotatve os. poseaie com compratve fest poston coo. Gomttonl rest poster! cow come me pre como, Goodie res, premptve cn Saye oan presi ben devon sefix temoete om Giecae ® sori en ate ee Feel roe Fae tn eftane wait = ‘nr —— 1 The Speakers of Turkic Languages Hendrik Boeschoten Introduction [Anil become aperet fom the fllbwing chapters ths boo, ss mo ‘Bicol to dow ta he languages spoken by the diferent Tre people a ectcaly rested The often specacalar ferences between the subi Sons ofthe ldo-EurpeanInguage fay are at echoed in he Turkic case, Fergusson of geet relatedness, se Chapter 4 “Catal pate arnong the Turkic peoples ae sebmerged. in tree wiles There ino inte Tuki unifying cor apa from the shared Tingutc bockgrund. Nevertheless, mach of the formation ofthe menor. languages ook place inthe conten of namic civ, which tthe sane time renforced the common inguiticbackroubd of most fhe wibes. The Islami nes vemly provide the tai for many of todays ations, ‘Slough these dd ot Serge ual he eiphcenth century ulmately to be Shaped by the Attest evolution i the case of Tukey. and by he ea ‘ems the Soviet Union and China elsewhere That, he bulk of spetkers of Turki languages lve inthe ol samc hearland, ann es of rambers 2 wells economic importance the the peoples canbe viewed sr pera. rom te pepctiv of Tork sas, fowever, hve wher pegs ey her wm weight In modern Himes thee tue er goes of ieoistion as wel Turkey has always Hen puly Etropean county, abd hs hd song Wester orientation ever since te Repub of Trkey eameinto bing “The Turkic peoples i the forme Soviet Usion, onthe ote hap formed art the community of Sore people foe generations, nhs 19k, we ‘inesing a proceso cocnaton, wth dvrpng and untied otc Inthe diferent ropubics, whl amis senlogysasertng tel ocean ten even in Turkey” Nee tha alliance to scologcal and lita ‘ystems atlargeis syle y choice of diferent altel forth tes languages today the ain hoes re tween a ati, 4 Clic oak ADC Siphaet athe bans or wrtng sytem Some small languages ae ur ‘hehcay preware of amunan languages surrounding he, sch as eo {he languages in South Siti and Yeo Uyphr in Cin. Al eat sre languages sich as Kasim, spoken by small groupe in Lana ad the ‘Utaine an Fin Chine a on he brik of exnction Literary Languages es hat developed in Isic nts modera Take fom Ottoman Twkish and Usb, Keck nd Turkmen from Chaghatay. Oter Ierry languages were tented fn 39 ‘Turcologss aod missionaries and Tater by agencies nthe Soviet Union Soviet polices on nationalities Rave led 10 wholesale manipula of lamps ses ‘Among other things, the Karalpsk, closely related to the Karak, tne their own atonomous repute inde the heres of the Soviet Republe of Urbekistn = not Kazalhsian~and tec own berry language ‘The Karachay ad Balkar peoples, who siete same write language, wee sepa by placing the Karachay nan antoncmous republic gets wih ‘he Cheskessans, a puting the Blk na spate anomeric \oeether wih anther Cancsian people the Kabel sane te the ifeencs between the dale of thee two groups were grey amplified in two separate Iteray languages. Convery, the dese ‘sumed under the Ubek iterary language belong holly 1 tee ‘ane information sbout pater of langage shoe ad engage cg "on among the Kars nor among er ingustic groups or diet. Many ster smaller ene pups ing all ver The, have preserved ther own languages, These incode lao Earoean language cha Grek, dudeoSpansh, Amenian and Serbo Cow. Canaan Tangapes sth 3¢ Chester Georien, Laz an the Serie tnguages Arabica Syra, it so seme Turki lnguapes spony ges fom the Russian Empire ad ‘he Soviet Union, and heir descendants, The rari fe to Anes (0989 for ets on he langage station in Tuk, ‘The linge Turkfcaon of Tarkey iv process tha ecm gig on since he times ofthe fist principles nthe Middle Az a at Roo *pested up afte: Word Wa ae elt of he republican guage ply, ‘Turkish Speakers Outside Turkey ‘Ounside Turkey, Trish i spoken i dierent ras of the Balkans The language i under presse for pit exsns, notably inthe Grek provide of Wiser Thrace In Koso, where a lage prop of Albanians does “Turkish as thei ote tongue in Oteman tines the foto of he langeage oes no Tok eight atthe present Ia Macedon oun were Tash ‘edo have a trong postion, today ony percent the poplin pea ‘according the oficial Gare “Thecnycounty inthe Balkans whet the positon of Trish ssi song 's Bulga. Oficial atts toward the language during te lt decades have varied om very oppressive otolerant "Thee mst be oat milion Seslanguage speakers of Tks e Bulga The posto of he language is stenthened hy the fc that a lege gro of Masn Roma also speak “Turkish their fit nage The Terk of Cyprus were sete thee bythe Otoman government inthe since century. The pesacon of ther miami rit in he Repub of ys proved io be precarious mater. athe ptt tation nih Greece resshed Inthe 1970s ithe breakaway Tush Repub ‘A Twkishspeakng proup from the region in Georgia tat borers 00 | ‘Torky, the so-called Mest, were depot to Urbekisan sp Stns ‘mes They fuel inthe news cary omit beak apo the Seve non, when etic viene a apparel against chen Finally tbe migrant workers who went fo western, cel dog wotheen Europe in the 1960 and 1970. hr fais ar che ffpring Tom smother tre group of speaker of Tekh eal of rove tha ee ili Teople.Natous groups of tee migrans ned immiprans lve seater ‘ver india ches in Germany and te Neen and in smaller hunters in Austin, Belgium, Fance and the Scandinavian counns Patiems of maitencnee er lows of Tuk ae vane, but tok ah a eas considerable pat ofthe inigrante wil fein Turkish a Bit fit Inguage inthe ined utr. Sisabe grup of feene Tash Imigrnts abo lve in Auslia.Altiouph the Tukth varies In ee een locates have gute diferent charset in some espe. hey sllshnre te same andra lnguse, the tana variety of Trey, Gagaur Eire mh aon ks gs ny, ell Stn Thi sal pup. omteng sone T5000 spe in son Mato tow 2.00 sparse thwesen Us ont 1.00) fers Fea 00a Kaaksan sca few eaters orb Batwa Romi rt Gre ade tothe Ohad han ave tt aijonians fae gigs tll elt Tnkish i Arian. As prey nexkocd Arcana ani nen Tbh ave ened in Moo spur comes rng hl ew crt fae ‘prac the fo man tdi of fe Rasalan when some wee {Seta the Rasanenpe wee retcan ovenan, he row indo ep of Arn har ten 8 major ot pring coumy erste blenny of cnry. Modes. [edn encnc hve een mech rons ev tha es Accaipn The tray wnpge of Acton fs oon sda Soviet A Lan pate wil oy rece he Cyc ee n the ea ae. The Arent Bing fo sone, wh Tae ‘wma cy mob a tT ion spend mak op at too que of he popon of an asa ables K maybe bower 5 Sp numer hee asc leguge spe einen, bre Pein Farther Groups in the South Along the southern ee of the Tre word we inthe mit fs lage scien population groups of seminomas who hve retained form ot bal ergoiaion Thre rs Tiki o ater Azerbaijan speaking pat of the population of northern Ig which i ometies called “Ten Sar fo the York ies the Balkans and in Anata. Ope people of tranincae the pon and age confederate Kashay Cue who unit quite retenly wer ri-romads ine provinces of ar and cian and have an iensy te near rom the, Azrbanin eis the Kasay tee the Ayal a in Ahan the Asa, “nnd ed wan Tt, wh Tak form a separate entity, linguistically and in their own conception, There i also 2:aeble Turkmen popusion in tise. The main dy of Turkmen Tne ‘nthe reputicofTunmenstan The Trkrens have ean ea ean ‘semblance of til organisation The sand langage sn based on Se diet of he Take tite. Turknenheunen a agers ae 480 ners nthe lo of Marmara hoth-westom Ahan (5_sreans on TORIC Lancs Avery difereroup esl Khas population nce rn. Kal ‘i Spoken by 28.000 pple who lve i soled vile, aking cleat ‘ein, ora more deed account of Turkic lnguags in ran, ee Chapter 16 ‘The Caucasus Area In the central and northern Caucus several small Kipshak nations lve among thle Cacaianneightours The Kuri lnguage i spoken by proximately 130.000 pepe the north caster ae the Cauca The ‘Karatuy and Balkar¢Malg, Bolg peoples apearin istic source t "pproximaely the same pero ia the severe entry. The ehonym niga as enonenely been scat with the eo the Bla the Kaan pion Traiton fa ate ances ofthe Karachay and Balle eopls lived onthe aorthern slopes ofthe Cates sd the lan beyond ‘hem, od rove int the mounts alta he Mongol pei. They were ‘ory luce the Alans ot the eleventh cena The number of Karachoys inhaling the tangle forme bythe Taberds ad Kuan Rives a8 wel as the high Cauca ean be estimated lost 0.000. The Ballars ive othe wath ad southeast ofthe ra may name 2s many 25 40,00. In 1944, ath peoples were deported a Shera and twas ‘nly afer 1957 da they were permite o ret t this hweland The (Casas region, Small roups ef Kaachys liven Torey. eee show 2 tong dest reserve ter ngage in conratt ter Turki ro, ‘whoare wll uy Toke Noghay Groups ‘tl confederation of Kipctak snd Kipchakicied Mong las called Noghay fit Recame Know inthe fitch cetry and ave played impart ele th istry fhe steppe eer ince The Noga ey has ‘eae tba and hs edo atonal consciousness. The eat the oghay tive inthe feet ares. The Qua Noghayin Digest ae under strong. Kmyk Influnce, wheres the Aq. Noghay inthe Karcha. (Chertessian repute and in Chechenia are under Cherkesinn inflacnce, A thin Nopkay group Ives i the reson of Staropel sor ofthe Cass (Other Nop catered props hve een sorbed vous Taare ‘nine Black Seu ren anise ‘Tatars and Bashkirs ‘The thnonyes Tatts problema ia el Toda. etre Turkic groups te tolled Tatar Ongnally i war probably a Monglion tbl sane ul ae ings Khan he term became incressngly asclted withthe, at est uma. creasingly dominant Kipshak Tack elem in the armies sce Theo fr the Reson ng of tht hey Tt cal al Tae pop i at rp Tr Kara wa aly ‘Stided ect of eT dng ea cety The Rus ‘Soprtd wih te al nfl hc apogee ef mdenaen Sf amc pos win th cp Inf npr mono be neal Kgs we oly tly ed by mona wo Seco Rasn dog be sir etry, Nw ns con om {Gem ve ip nfo incon Asa A owe tines ehg ef ‘Saurwihc Onin impious ners inh Sve Un, Tus om ep pon ane irom aanoout eb hoaph espe Sveti Ty eT iarrepi, who mat up shut ha fe open of Tara, ae Sing ean pester atmomy. cle mx To re 8 feof ae: Mong st er somes. Te hr Tass a 2 {ibe grap wih song oop canen Tote coe of Tat tert we fhe mah body eT oe ed sana ‘ommafting tery npnge Ferhat ind ctr ps ci uan in weer Shera nh Tn. Th nea hte od Ste Bena wel ar he ego Tos Asoo aw Fp, ‘eComcanrewit cued tow The Baki sh ve fren hon he south slopes of he Uni en pend as opt shay desta om he Tar and cet hah ass moe resi dv Tha nd atm sho ste how tomes ee ih Uc ‘helomer restr snip Howe aught Baise oe ‘he cose fen tae ey Ta raise hve to Sec oft Onn in Wry The Basin fr sono om ‘pues eer othe pao Chuvash Another Turkic oupeia he Vlgs are ae th Chath, who, ike the Tatars, "mpd themselves as descendant ofthe Vola Bulphas nthe bss od ultra ene. Is cea stat Chuvash Belongs tothe Ophar branch of Tal (ee pp 81-2) as he Vola Bulghs ais bt na iret evidence for Gachronc development between theo has bes estblahed Aether were ‘ever stint Oph languages in the Mile Ages, Volga Bula cold "epcsent one ofthese apd Chavash anaherpp. 24 45,43), The Rusian Onbodox Chuvash have quite differen istry fom thei "eighboars, the Tats, bu they have neveieess heen in close cla ‘lat wth them, a sear from linguistic evidence. About bal the ‘Ghuvash lve inthe Chuvash Republic the capi of whieh x Cheboksary (Supatiarin Chuvash) nthe southwest corer fe pet bend nt Wolpe ‘ver: According othe 1989 cen, 1A lion Chivas ved nthe USSR scary al ofthese inthe Rusan Federation. About half ofthe Chas tive Inthe Chavash Republic, where they form 68 pe cat of 1s population Homever stghly more thn half Hive ood the republic, moi the outer dst of the Tatar Repbic(138,000). tbe ctl and western ivi of the Bashir Repub (119.000), andthe Samar (118.00) snd Uyanovsk ble (117,00, Karaims ‘Asal Kipchak people ae the Kars, Whose most important and stil ‘bite settlements ae nthe Lihuanaa vw of Teal (Toki in Pol), Sn inthe Ukranian town of Hale in Galea. The Crimean peninsla ‘rinally bs their cent, butte remaining Karim do nt speak thet “Take lnguoge my tere The te Karim refers otha people and 0 a Teg syst, Rain ate believers fn the OW! Testament but conser themeles tobe of Turkic etic orgin, They bate tadtonaly sed the etnew pet or wring thee langage wich is aso used for eremonial purposes. Ther national deity Tacudes pestle conection wi the Khas ond the Khacar Kha, the ring house of wich converted Sais aroend the year 800. The Karam Iangeage is the brink of “xin ap nl th les generation sil peas The Lithuanian Kay ‘ommunity eluding about 200 members making effort reitalse the language la 197, hee were out speakers of the Litany let nd nye speakers of the Habit dec. A ow Karin sil having sae owledg ofthe language vein Poland (Crimean Tatars [Ashi uments, the Crimean Tatars ive in the Crimea ul World ‘NullThe ete ton wa deporte to Central ASa by Stalin Tod. most ‘ofthe Crimean Tatars, nmberng alzost al amin, ve in ral eas of Ueki, where many of them seem to be undergoing a process of Tangoage los, Some Crimean Tatars ve nthe Crime, and many ater rer the, riea languages, a reported fom he ine before the ele, “Sows complen perms of teraction between ares which had been fenced in iferentdegres hy Oxon Tuk Usbeks a Irae tn our atersion to Cena As, ge pst of Trnsoxania(eyond the nner Outs, 2. Ams Daya) i covered by th Republic of Uzbekistan, Moe mos ofthe Usbeks lve. Fist language speakers of Uabek umber {oul of tout 39 ln 70 per cent of he popaltion af the Repeblic of {abelian (16 milion), and smaller groups in adjacent ares of Nother: ‘Nbanstan (13 mils). jks {13 millon, Kiron (60,000) Kazan (350,00, Tokens (50.00) and Xinjiang (a small eoup ar is.000) [Ascot with oter languages as been, an il important for 3 umber of fests ef sda Uatek ii impo to mento the ther ‘Baer Tngause poops in Usbekisan cat ofthe ttl 25 milion of Inuit per sen speak Taji, them ansan ngage, many he (Sbevot Bukhar and Saarland and nthe Fegan valet eat pot Ev speak Roan, masly sn the capa Tashet Te Tarbic languages fepesentd ice rr the Kea fal: 2 po cot Kakapa ial ite Kraak auonomens region, 4 percent Kazakh and 2 per coat Crimean The langage station of Uabek i complex or 8 numberof reasons. a te ft pace the langnge bas fered the mined character of i predecersr av Meaty language, Chaghaty. Thies not jst» nguisie ver the complex etic makeap of the Urbek tain selected ina moch Feo way The etnonym Ushck derives om the Kipchak deh who were staly tne lest gro t9 arve in Central Asi but who have been domsnan politcal ever nce The orginal Tus population, tha spoke different, Eine of Turi ascend with the Karak and. Chighl ees, actly ‘ne closer tas with the Wann speaking Tas, bot inthe ies aed inal aria ell ie ht centr. Neverland of Tuk as ‘mae the largest sontibton tothe srctre of standard Ure. Athi funtion ncelaierhip oon ery language, mer stand Uahek. "The coaomy of Usbetsan in he Sov er nas based nthe rodcton| of eaten, The repuic has ierted severe problems sonreied withthe {ike al tas almost comptely dint pap ean peblens sh zl atas ‘ey the widespead ue of ists, Uyghurs and Other Groups in China ‘Themmber of persons who we nen) Une ster it ange is fstinted 0 te somevtere beeen 7a 1 milion. The vas maj ot these ve in he ones of the Chinee-omiitered. Xinjiang, Uye¥ar Autonomous Region, so known ts Easter Turkestan, where the fret sting an ings dominance I ow being challenged ass eu of are ‘ale migration of aon Terie people rm esem Chi In econ fo ahs hes among he User 8 enya te oa Reference forthe Arabic sgh. SesteUyghar pops at aso found ta Kaaban, Kirghissan and Usbkisan. The Uyghur historical, utraly an tinguistialy, arecloely rtd tthe Uses, "Avery dierent group are the Yellow Uyghi or Yaghur in the Hexi caridor of China's Gansaeovnce. This small group af approximately 12000 people, who are wadtonally Buddhist ath are almost equally divided in speakers of Turki. Mongolic and Chisese:Tuae Yew Usghoris poten the west pat of hs ein, Most ofthe Sal approximately 8,000 he 1990 cnt, ce Musi and inhi farming communis slong the Yellow River, inthe Xue ‘Antoomous County ad inthe Hualoas Hus Astonoms Covsy in Gans, Smaller Salar-speakingencinves a fund in Xiang approval) 3.700 Kazakhs and Karakalpaks ‘The orthestera pat of Utbeksan, othe cas of he Ate Daya, and othe south of Lake Aral formed by Kakapa, formerly a ators Soviet republic. nowadays an sea witha pel ss within the Ube "epi This region more hn 30 per cen inated Wy Karka, ho tas hasbeen mentioned above, clay eld toe Razak “The mai body athe Kaz ive in the vas troy of the Repblicof| Kazakstan in the Seppe bel etwen the Casi Se the Ay ac with higher depres of deasty sn the southern pars Toe Kahin take up ‘ughly af ofthe population the epic Inthe norhrs a athens, ‘sts ofthe covntry we find Resin and Ustian eters sh well se ovale Volga Germans and ake groups who were exiled therein Salin's tie. The Kazabis were Islamicned reatiely Ie someting that Was ‘manly achieved by Tar misionry work dna the last cent, OF the large Tre peoples, the Kezah ogetier with he Tskne, have aed longest th tation scio-econome way fife as nomad hed. ‘Considerable Karak minors ca be found inthe men eon of he Chinese province of Xinjang (more than one millon) i the Rossin Federation and in Uzbekistan Smaller minors lve i western Mongol snd Turkrenstan Since he Independence of Kizakhtan in 981 tend can te noced of Karas lating ther spore countries, esecally Monga, tose in Kazakhstan, whee the ake the paces le bhin by Ruslan od Germans leaving the Yepblic.Alliough the denogranti situation in Kazakstan em inp eerwse,here ste reps Sb a apd process ‘of shit Rosin among the Kazakh Tis mean tht sit of he anges {inte population src in favour othe Keak, he proves of epteson ofthe Karak language hs oye cn oa Kirghiz Mos of be pproxinatly 3 milion Krghi vein he idependent Republic ‘f Kighizstan (bout 25 milion), Uabekitan and Tjian. Mone than 100.000 Kip Hive i the Astonemoge Din of iz te fr west of te Caines Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regio. A stall poup called Figo wee pedo re ty ‘EAM oy Sow Sir and thi ei ish the Rigs Seeker Gee. 83), Another small but never Famous Kirsh SSouniy trom the Pamir mountains in Norbern Afghans Ned 0 Sten ad every eed nthe Vn oes of Turkey. Peoples of South Siberia sem teiheuring as of South Siberia “he At Turks, frmely called Oy, ein the Alay Mountains. The soutern tikes a past! nomads tad show cose comectons wit the nnd i te nr realy fe ta ine Novoussetck region and the souber region of Krsnoyaik ditch we in Turkle gps wbich leeds have absorbed Yeni, Snoyeds an thr elements. Te tony Kaka, ao fe name of 00 of the two Merry langunges in eae, wes adcped ty te load tran eo Te oer ange, Sh, nly te fe ‘Small poupe of the socalled Chulym Turks hve lived lang 00 the (huni uthe language and cure now seem be extn The Trans manly live onthe slopes ofthe Sayan Mountain, et sin the Alay Mountains and orem Xinjiang. AU lest thoe Heng in the ‘axonomoes Repl of TanndcTva are of Bud Delet wih Song Shamans subntatu, Most of thn re Sedeniay cate bres. Tot Gloss relatives te the Tota, previously cilled. Kare, Ting othe toreaem slopes ofthe Sayan Mou, nd he sal ru of he Tt tort of them, ‘Yakuts and Dolgans ‘The Yau tf. senomiaton: Sabha) she Taki ation that es fartest tobe eat they compre sow 348,000 pesos, aly Yak est Sie The capil Yalu onthe Len. Some gros of Yak ve i her tetris gin South Tam, Saalin.on he Amt, te “he eas history ofthe Yah people ite kw Sem ler ha they did not eave thc sather hoelané fer whieh fe ost contac with te other Turkic tribes before the hice century. Mos scolar onset the icenth o sneenth centr the pend of the Yakut mirabon nodvd Tris teyond quem dt the modern Yakut people consns of diverse thc element In the sate cetan the ancestors of the Yak cme hr we homeland, whee hey et ter ee groups. The mot important tthe forthe further devclopment ofthe Yat people and language were “Tunguse ties. The eter main sibsrste group wan probly formed Yemeyic the “wo fats made the Yeu superior al ethic groups they encountered in Serica and hose breeding ni prodcion of ron. Even the Rosia ‘ong in the seventeenth cetiy det change the ethic hte on he nah wa only inthe 1930 tht the Russ ga odoin the ‘epion. The sal group ofthe Dogan, whese language else to Yak ‘comprises bout 00 speakers Unity and Diversity The short overview sould have canvisced the ede tht the Turkic people ane spa ou over avast tenor. peal varying suroundags. They follow diferent religion and are in very diferem sags of ecnomic event Gage of natn he pis he vy tt This Big the case, surpsiegly nave eas aout the wy of the Tie people are sil etersined by may In rerpectable Trish newspapers one Ean of ead ariles about the “165 millon people ll over Ear ho peak Trin In ems, hese ae echoes of the Meloy of Pan Takin, Sn amlaion of and reaction to the Sseoloy of Pan Svan Indeed, in the concerned about he thet posed by the mass of Masi sujet ving i he Seutiem tet ofthe emits, and inthe context of Ruste Soviet Union, ‘usin’ natrly was pracy rynonymos with (Mos) Turkic. The prospet of wing the Turkic speakers in one emp has a superial [traction for some Trish and Tua ieectaas, as ever bee poplar tune the peoples concerned scm nfural tht of epona aad super-eguna pater of cata ‘and economic cont ill each themsves wa ote tit ae 50 Turkespeakiogsepubics Turkey has been acvly tying 10 etal Calta tn esnomi links wi dene The European prs and Kazan atu ook more to the wes for copertion, andthe ese parts have lose comats With he Asan ndasalmtions. Republics sch as Torker ‘he edn which the Thc peoples ca and shal be staid as whole aqui obviously sings a he resent work san aempc to sengtben ula eitige shared bythe Turkic people, the ayer af which cn maby be found in ral iertre, and cen radios shard by peoples geo- optically far pat Te newly segainedfeedom of so many Tre peoples erg hen wo the stenon of broader public inthe west Ie hoped rath rten book cven it concerme more oles speci el rng aca conibaton fo elp remove thei pealing ignorance conceing etTuhcpesking word ‘ible 14 Speaerso Turlclanguass Toalaonieraf Tare emai arf kon Sieh Semition sz 300,000, 3 2 cone Pa than Pan am, Keine terion REPS ag Talramberof Foti ‘Eade oF cm Tc Se ee RunienFeersion, 48min “ meen = ee a im EB lew in, Se “io SPuARERSOFURRICLANOUAGES IS ences and Further Reading Berean) The Iams Pape of Soviet Une, Landon: Raloge & a 19 “ai Gon he Rap Ty Re suite, M (195) The Tare Peper ofthe Word Landon, New Yok ouiae& Kean Pa cote Bon) The Lawes of he Sei Union, Coie: Cane rei Hy of he Pee of Sri, Coe: Cais eke OND te rod bbe Hitory fhe Tic Pepe, Toi nig C98) “rent der Twin, Vebingender and Tenens in der Mena R99) The Tec Larahget and Peoples. radasin Tic 2 The Turkic Peoples: A Historical Sketch Peter B. Golden Origins and Early Notices "The mae Tushic people descend frm an ancien roping of tes who Tough cimguet, Ineracton end assimilation extebded it language and lene of cute srow rai. Thi gins ad earliest sary can te reconsactedenly wih cific. Turkic betongs to the Ali ngage amily The ae of ts lationship (seep. 77), wheter genetic & the ‘esl of lng standing iran, mc debated. Reenter posts an ‘Ata “community” = whatever orgie 4000-3000 ne. fom which Ancient Turki emerged 3000-500 ne On the bass of ancient borrowings from Urabe and Indo-Eropes, st would appear tht the Turiespeaking frouping was the mesternt of the Akai family. The loabon of ths nr Tre wrieinat (gta bist) cea Siac Indo Eaepeans fest to have prncced the development of equestrian bused psa termini the fourth o third erm ne, the acess ofthe east Take peoples must have inhabited reson whete hs ecology coal be trarseedto theme the oes zone tht singe he Esai ins from he north Ts cxigial aba a sen denied with southern Ste, from the Yensey to the Pace in pata the Alay vegan or Tras ‘Baia with he ane Caspian zoe Inthe couse fhe estan tthe bearer of ron-Trkc real over hero redominaty Ino ning rainy cet nd ser Mongolia Ir wast the steppe that his fquetnon, potoral remade cure matured. most pobably i tuter ‘Sonat wih Ido European (ana) pastoral pods "Nomad was one ofthe determing foros Tre Wstry volving tof nna aba speciation adapted to cuogcal nichestha were map ted niet. Earsian mats required interaction with the Sclenary word. Given hele mobi, easly taslaed ino military advan tape. thevomads aided oe rade with yraran aban sce) depending on tthich of hve stapes bough th restr revs and least isk rain oma poled sain were cull Nuk, moving fr tosly eld Wil union tcengust sate oportniis ad ete tml preneted thennelves, Egalitarian in principle, nomads id 8 wing Submit Sync conquers were ocasoaly able 0 ingone these insttons on fom, More ofen, however, nomads, Raving cnguced ley exing ‘Ses, were adap to them (or withow agg) and in tine npely ‘Scie, Nomods i ot necessary seek wo coer sedentry sock, ‘er hey sou regular acoso gods a progets. The acess of he Twkespesking popes wer, uadoubuy, pat of ‘be Heiong-nf Asian Huns union that begun to oublthe borer f Chia inte thd cemary e-The etnoinguii alias of the Hsiung per tee Inian, Plier, Alc ~ remain uncer The Hong poly ke many other ner Ass cotederaion formed tough tal Spe rufeton, was ply and polyglot When began to ek up er fering a ume rious defeats atthe hands Han China ads seppe sis (Gt and scomd centre an) lemens rifled owas western Euria tacking on new clei groping as hey moved Tose Bsa the Fyba/Xjon a the rnin breads sn the Has ho, ater rssing the ‘gs can 370, prove o be dnguting neghtous ofthe Roman Ene The Hsungau were organi x a0 imperil confederacy ich reseed tl ca contin sate ns dealings with he tr werk whi Temaiing more oly sited itera. The spreme lear Wa the Shan (= tarar or jab, aeavely mane er whose power fd autor nthe pla jl spt speres was moc ie at Of the oghans and hans of er Tuno-Mongohan sats The. vera Sect of th Sate wi ig cra ln son iota phe wing, cial ary strut, Te sy) el and peri ikolgy of heavenly mandated realised pares wich thereater woul fe flow by vial al of th arson Tre ates and advanced "ita uno, sing miliary ates uch off sje migrations such a at ef he nd Brean Yoeh.) > p> kee, eg Tush geld cane’ vs. isl wen, Uabek daa 0 the foe” veh "othe door. The Seong relatively weak in some languages. nd no away inated rhoprapical: In the preset volume, ‘tnrgnored inthe notation fos ew anguges, eg. Aztbaluian AKA ‘Cena Languages ply popesie simon of sui 0m 4 ar eto, eg inte purl affix “LAr Kazakh otsor ‘ores der Takes", Bah ta-bar "mountains, Toran aor “hand momar books Some Chovah fixes hae sllomorpts Being wih ater (rn) and with (theres) eg naman ain be et 1a ‘he mountain” (ee Tale 27.5. 439) Many sates have allomorps wih ae iia consonant afer ste fal soely ad witha tl vowel afte stm final coneonans. With the pe Vine vowel dropped when the sem end na vowel, Turkish ‘my house’, Pabo-m ny athe’. Wah the type fC, te consonant i droppod when the stem ends ia'a conontm, eg Tuksh all-yor essing’ aan *eing ert eae er hee each’. There ae hace reason oth vain, at wuld Be wong aim that the ‘Sgmetsndte in rackets ae 'cosctivesoandsimeredepetetialy {o revent ats ot break up consonant cuter {Rape kindof sux variation i doe toe socalled "pronominal cccweng i ny languages Rewoen third-person ponesve snes nd oe auc eg Turkish fe in forms Such as besa“ bisher ta The main factor im wor-evel accent isthe capacity o cary high pitch UUnderied items ar accenable, ea "ors or unacenible. ep ad, too" Most Ture Tangoaes have pth scent hat exes of he Lone height on te ae sable of mae ea toms Sues te ese nt accentble tes eg Twkish Dl in Ui 1 slp ad nor accentable oes, eg. (yin Ui "Two ep Ph scar aceon the at accenable saben word forme, Tash aed the vile ‘hea le, pesoral suffixes ofthe pronominal ype, copula markers, epatcnsuttes (except the negative -mAz of -mAS aos) ee ae Unescentd, eg Uygur Sen Knsen? "Who are you, Yom "(Se id ot Site’ Th rai te of ence partic chad “ad, 0 There ao an inracing changeable dysamie Suess ace, chan SIRUCTREOF TURK 35 ened by ore energy faculation Ite ofall an the fist lable, ant {Rows beths orginal factor of tesla roresive und hanya {aby patterns im Old Ture poctry. Being sense to pote facts Sich ie weight i often fas on heavy syllable, haf closed sales or ‘ples with along vowel eg Turkish nde [ev] et home’ ch and tres acvent may’ eine na non-finslabic, followed by s corresponding fall nthe neat syste, which yllés 8 higher degree of Fromncor. Lexical ess dling this feat a mony ffi xa ‘ent borings or lace an personal ues Te accent fills on tc nearest Feswy penal oF anepenuk. eg. Turkish lotans ok Sl "resort pence Upnser] "winds none ofthe splables heavy. on the fears igh alae Sach patterns may. powever, be replaced byword Tow scconuable suse llr podace a coincidence of pitch and sess accent on the immedily receding syllable, eg. Turki. Gitlin [Lys] "You ae teatturThis phenomenoe allows minimal contra Between words sch ab Uzbek yond [jéeme} do not wie" and (jum) “ening, aig (in| “Tow and Ee “your Rose, Conjunction and verbally used lees tend vo be cet on the fit spade eg Talat rma ma ‘be Turkish ya an) nly compare hil one {Gee ems of compound origin and duplications hehave say Tar nie el how many. cpp pk] vey white Turkish nase {nisl "how. ind [Fm "now Ts aceon isle wed fe aectv or fmphatc eta eg, Turkish voratve hardy kar] brother” = Troi Both acon ypes ate subordinated to higher pitch an ses ates ase, cle and sentence level The competent of word se re aap SSsrmucd diferent in the indivi Turkic languages. Cental Asta, langues fen end to gre more prominene to the iil syle Lunguges of the Vlga‘Kaiarepon tothe la ylale. The aifferences econ pitch and tess accent ae aly igooredin tees of Tri acent systems In genoa ela dates Taki protic phenomena re ahet ‘Src. Inlenaton pater are pariculalypoorly invested Morphology Word truce Sinhesis and Sutopstion ‘The sautre ofthe Turkic Word is agluinatve, tha x character by @ Nighy Syntecstuctare wth numero bound morn, a! Jota ing technique with clearcu marpheme boundaries and predictable all ‘morphic variation An example i the Tush word poraelitlordan hecase of hie poveny, consisting of para Toney private stb Tew UK abstracts fit") Spl poses sai, DAn slave ai "There ue rch posibilies of expanding sens by numerous bound smorpetns which Seve word formation andthe expression of gramaticl ‘ns, Far many grammatical tons, the syetc expression ite only "vuole method. Turkish passive yup "he done casei sedi ‘use 10love" genie fran the king's ofthe King” A hgh dere of ominabiiy alow lng chin of mrp. Since handed of oes ay be ‘ered rom each single primary som, i culo presen complete "To hound morphencs mostly hive ahihlygeerlised conten an ths “igh appleby, For example, Turkish IK sen and CI “poesona eguarity PN these factors contibue to a considerable morphologies. The tench he fe an ociopealy pe smo, aed Irene shove. The agguinaive technique yields aroparency: regula, fsllysegmenablesbucttes The conten i realy matched with #6 Seginenal expression eg. TuRtsh (ler ‘flat + plural + give’ ‘teat ny Rsom of sigsifcant a, Yor intance, in the Lain counterpart Tis eel shoud, however, ot ised o unjustified shpifcatons onceming the reaning of complex fons, Cenain combinations of morphs hve grammatical functions no derivable from the functions of te compo: ets Accent may also distinguish seeing teal ors, "The few exepons to phonological pesca into the choice of cxmaive allmerpe and he coe btwoen high od low vowel fa the sors salt (Vir Tehish id" eo alate andes Inti "knows dcr tus Sane sregulrtes la prmary stems ave Bees Dntdou above, Neverthe, Turkic nage acl ak eens nd cojogatonl elses eel verbs, upline ferns “The method x comintemlyafxng, one morph folowing fer the tee The primary stem i the eto mph fot segmentbe syehoniall) ‘he ies ae ths suites, mostly monosyllabic nes. The primary stem an alvays be wed ea reform eg Toric aor” (nominal stem), At Throw!” (eral sem). It remains sac, wit fees, ade Ot replace clement. The few exces relat the declension of ponoues {Se Trhsh on", hana Yo me’. Nether are thre usally rea pei {dees receding primary stm re sty seal lent a an al seu a free forms, dein the Takis oan aston dng one prvie for = French prevr. Some langmges uc sans facie nfloence ave few copied petnes eg Lnek ny nconeet “The rigs of loarwords often represent oxpbologial processes lin to Tutkic.petbaion abla mettre, ef One Arab. rot may be repeseied by various forms, om Turkish nero ke? ‘soon hain edge’ hai “is man sentenced mene a our muhikome Tava’ ukem “slid set. Such pote a vnpre Sts he Turki ngapes tht inch the Imes question Copies of Arabic pals wth intemal inflection are somtines wed 0 ‘ogulars and provided with Turkic pal snes, Turkish cca for Serhan singular i seo afices Iisaypel feature of Turkic to use morphologies devices economical rt void rduntance, There are few cases of apeement Third penn singular forms ae fen urmarked andthe singular sus arcs and cen sumiaes suchas number cae posesve and copula marry sae by sever syntactically paral sepmeats and only sachet the lat of ‘hem eg Turkish Gris ve donald They a sen and heat it The ade of sings ie subject ig vles Sines form distin cusses scoring tthe ably o occupy eltve postions win the wad, (har is tei relaive tance tothe primary stem, Sufienmediyng The mary stom del ae clot 0 which mean hat dervtonl anes precede iaectowal ane. ach aed rlfix tends to my the whole esting em. Kriz lrimd Che pal © myn) iy Sufier and Ent Parcs Suites mas! he diingished from ence pats, which awe fee ‘raceme units The la popostons ros the iy aa items ee Uzbek burn aor’ et wae Trkish A tht Ecc ate silat stein that hey are ln abet asin pocenes ‘och ar sound hanvons eg Trkish A “and too Noe that some fet elite markers have sulfites of the unacentable ype vans. ep “Tekh dl =9)01 "ome A with’ Oona a — Sino Stem Forma Vera and nota stems are sharply isingise Ronny mous stich as English fce being extemely fev, ep a) "he hong anf. nget hing" Alten, wheter primary or econ, cat be sede Forms rom veal and omial sen, expanded vert or aml se ae formed. Sine nomial sens take on denominal sift, an! verb ss take on devera ane, tee ae four poses of dara 1 enominl nominal tems, ©. Turkish sold “lio eae” ~ yok 3 devon eal stems, Turkish la send = olay 4 evra veal stems. eTuksh yt. "be sent = yall send ‘The as wo devices shold he compared wit the posses oF sna ‘alse veal pases cotining any verbs rover) teh ae “typo incorporated amiga elements Which donot Tuscon 3 ee abject eg Turkish eat‘ (compre inca. ae. "erive ‘Sirs. enver an form ofa seca ver ay form ver phrases nth song eran fasion,” Use ip Kl ng” aking Ce) irl bi: Crying sen’) "start crying’ For poster constuction see 42 Tre ae also combinations of temic tems (oe p42} with auiny fest chaser be ol "eso Word Cases ‘The main word clases of Turkic languages are nominal and verbal. This Avision novel wih he classfiction in nominal and verbal ems, Since tests my ako be nominal stems. Nomnale compte nour, ‘relered 10s indeclinables. Wherever an indefinite aril is wd, iti Formally Men with the ‘mera on" ir in Torkish i ir ta goad ore Many lnginges tse this device rather itequely, eg Kit Zng at “athe pod hare Tusk lacks. Gefate acl, though “demonsave prenousay sometimes seem io be usd in 4 simar way. Grama pener i hsent and thus cannot constiue an agreement factor. Even morgho- Topely marked fermnine lexical ems ae lacking, except afew deed sere gn any Thea arm Rai Nouns ay conta pal, posessve an case ufies There and ombinabty 5 basicaly common to all Turkic languages though in {Chivash possessive suites precede the plural sua Examples of itn pa ae pene nal ate of he eet "The plural suf genemlly Ar or LAr eg. Tata golalar ‘ca’ the ‘ef wo as singular Tos houph ey abo have gener sa coletve tes beep 3 Posse sine pc expres poston ad corespnd in ae on Englsh posinepromone They oe sofas ach a ym, ‘io (OMe) mk (pl tana) staling penn and suber oe Fats ea sd gro plan ome cota pu lene fe “cea uly five cre ces expel by accent suns: 3 geste np cent dive GA or pam scueve in of Sits tcatve ve “BA, and an abaive in Dan Mean pce Sato wih sues tn pe neg Kighie Bl yom Ts ons isny tote’ The ominive issn withthe bare em ‘Thre re mang devin fom scheme cede of arcane {bine in Chavsh facet and gene Use Gals, Rank {nd Karn Baar ac of the one mak ad pring we of DA ine same langage Many sae Stine coreopond in neton te Engin ‘posto. The ae ces do ol ial vey see ation ane ‘her we fsa aes Toe gee the Seas and aly De ive aration once = ‘eran dsenpons ako rekon wih 8 te peripe e of cass, equtve Cle) deecve Cowan), eine Co) care ogee wit) inset (by means peeve Secor fprve (thin, ee The makers of hie ep ae manly unacenle Some them ate he ie psptons se hey gon pry ees Naty ‘mer sftey tcuding several OW Tic ones common) Ip atc meyer pron nse Aaecivs fajetves re ot eal ing om nan in mapa respect However some sine prima fom aden cp Tash, wich caly atch zou Aj pace ome fn aie eae fires wt stn of pe for tie Usk waking pace Inner" = slain sr Chva a ca (wth oan) tat“ Under frig fens languages yar sjecives wh spel eopied safes Ousmane fm AD Tah ala clog a Alyy RRS ay-say, coped it Ronn nivel “The adjective in cmparutve censrcons (ee 7p 567) iin some languages lowed by a ompartive sl which ny so sy ia 9 gh dee of» property, ep Urtek Kian sy chal hs oval amps cues Type), Tense foms maybe foed fun adjectives and adverbs with » epee epi efapa, Beeee ie econ an he ‘inv animp rors inure epaigs pone ye al ea, 4: Old Uyghur op ary cle Utd ym ie pen Kgs Lopkok eninly Nae" Chuvash up zara "etblsk’, Taksh tbat Pronouns Penal ad deminsraive prosouns fom a suepbologicaly sine mia sels Trey en eahib cigar tems hat er fo tele ‘Gandesinctone re king p Bashir a i bebe "Rs for person pronouns, lr Tors. wth corespining precave forms aoe wed for plitades. Reflexive proms can sometimes be the more polte third penon pensar promouss, eg TUR Rend “Pe in peso" Assaults wter Turi anges domo play very ‘Demonstrative most dsingush ever dtc types for which etes och an choice, dunce and silty sem Be relevant. Mot Turkic Tanpunges havea eat heey system, BSS Boe hoa ‘ct cqivtents inthe English sem "ner. Tuber ava. Thee are Conespomting see of dennsraive nmials abd adverbs. Turkish Tho tis place's Pura ror here Csespnding resrogaties are "Tks eres bal place’ nerds "uber. Uabek gayera where 2 Examples pronrinal sae Kaz yd this Yat ad, Twa qn, Onoman nef wha, Kirghiz ans ere "What neces toda ‘amex ronoun r fomallygenitives of perioral and demonstrative rooune Tey are fen, ot not vay, used foremphas, eg Tehmen| ent adin "my name’ Uyghur meni kp "ay books Especially i ‘oles varices: a fee poreve pronoun may lp be fllawed by a noun Thou posse sf eg. Turkish ir ay. Uyghur Beige “ot Vilkge Batok ang Kip “owt Book Kirghie meni ain. Chas natn laity ndepenten Tons are rete with aie ofthe ‘Ope leg Dukish i, Urek cn, Kazakh sti, Chuvash irénnt Tor There ae alo coregndiag iieogatine, reise and oer prancans eg. Uyghur Aimight whore’, mils ‘elonpng 0 wba ‘een belonging 0 se Rercnve penne sch as Leni dz ot, Chih a ae wed ney im sense of mn eg, Uyghur vi my own book Kirghi UTgolu now hang Tove Bsane ony ows wor apd ithe ‘ie of "nyse te, wth powessve stings eg Uyghur ment) Zz, Yakormin bee anyelf Tuvan boa to nye -Chvash ester yo yourciver. Karchay asim vei There are also resis) pean ly ofthe type brn each ther ‘Neterals Modein Turkic lange sonaly have lexi cardinal mers forthe hone tine forte een tony. for andre forthe ee The ters Sty 1 ninety ae of the mukiplaive types mz em, etsen {iu they emt th it iw ie alt yet, sek dog) Somme {ixgenges ive mice juxtapostione Formed with 2 ten for lower Norse well eg Tuvan den hiy™ Kirgistan seven) Puy lind ony ‘Ordinal oe often formed with suffies ofthe type Di, eg. Ktghia skint secon. Usk nein, Crimean Ta go which one uvash wen te sls sn. Colleive numer are formed withthe pe Geui e4. O Uyghur atepa hee topeter Kigis alt nn tage There aie alto the yes Uyghur ulm Men “wo lope Tuvan Tallin eg. belle “ive tpeter, Khas (OIA, Cg allay “ik opti. and he space Chuvash possessive clement 22 02 "two Wien api Distress often formed wih the pe tro 46, es Tash bejer Chinas ple ive each, Crimean Tatar Sarma“ Perumal Markersom Nomi! Prdiates ‘The fini and secoed-peson personal markers on nominal preicas, ‘bjt eteenaiverndkting the peron ane fhe st scant (ie p. 523), are ueaceable copa clement developed Irom pero! ‘roms, Turkish Fvdeyin “am at home” Bask Min yes fv writer, Kirghiz Mn groin “Tam a Kip the Wt person, thre emty no persnal mskeravacopa eg Kazakh Dos Zag adam My fend 1 go maa Khas Ont ‘He ss 3 worker’ In some langues unacenale suis of he ype Ir rar tr maybe ‘sin he thi person ‘erative copie sre formed wth pales such a Kez. Kissin Uyphoremes,Urbek amy, Chuvash mar, Tish def Arebajnian dei Twrkenen dt Tar Bashir 2’. UyghueU mali emes We ‘otter Kazi Men mayalimemespi ‘sm nl echer. Tush Pena dei ob! The enc copula most the pas fom ad“ f theo ver ‘bese Trkish Pra ded (ede) twas nt ba. The Chuvash ‘ounsspart 20 Thre re alo cena copula paces ofthe pe ene if and indectve ones sich as mi and hen fp. 45) The ld rol of ‘has agely bee ken over by copla verb sich (bol "bate be Verba Verba Morphology The vebal mombology is comples, compasing productive marke of setonlty, sie posi. aegaton, xpos. mo, tee, pion, ine "gation, i oval othe orer given here. Lang derived ster ca hs probed. eg Twkish Konan Chesca» Herve + pasive + ncption + pstteminal + anesio + pp’) "We hd not been pesca ‘Serra acionaliy (German Alona). amy veal phase) has a atta acon cont with respect fo phase sacar. Teensformaties Trp an ieberen crcl int sna ug oi, eth he staiment of ‘hich a tansfomation takes pice, edo, he downy ie" They mpi two suelo fin-rnsfonates,in whch he no he tion iS the cuca limite. e's an nio.ronformaive, i wich the extoning of the scien iste sri mite yet he dow, He Now trunfrmative oop ny herent eral poi)" ‘Reonality safes, moulyng the acon expesed by the verb lem ince marke of nent. equity Cmean Tatar kesees ut contineonly, Tuva beg "wre repeatedly There ae ao liens and natives such a Ok UyphorViGeh and Viale, eg nian "waot ose Alii pretend come ‘Simple wufies offi type are meklytpeseted in moder langage. Analytical ends of deneaton ae tae strongly developed. Av sealy tote aconverb fail verb and asecond ian verb may fom veka Prose wit song semantic fusion. Sach pirates have 3 common Soy Pater ad fsention of skis between the two ver ors bea) Festi, The second yerh~mosty with lo excl ani and generalised [runmitil mening = may conte wo dscaing the aton a mre curse manner eg Utbek sla grasping take) see Ughur lip bars (taking gov) ea’ Chaat ie (taking go) ing Tewki olap bosom ea happen Kern at gos aang pa) "lat ou frenpcscactnaly. ie specify pase ofthecontn ofthe posed verbot {diate wheter the ation ssing repeat momenta aemple et “Tush yp dur ting sand) "we permanent glver: laughing {Eve butt laughing Uzbek lab bdr Crying sent) ayn Ugur gap tar (teulng see) ty to read Sach aca aus, oe ‘rune cle “epect verbs, comespnd odo Europea pve and tna threfoealsobe refered poner Ther s sometimes sion the two vers eg Uyghur inal yep al wrkng ake), Tan iit < bispn-Cwrtingtent) write dowa “arous theate stems can aso combine with copulave vets suchas cer he and ole “econ, eg O18 Tasic {Vr bo Ceocome Sm “emling the tans oa tater tae ce pp. 4-2), Turkish ml oh Cbecome having Jone) signaling the tagsen ino 8 post emina sate Geep a, Wie is expressed by passive, refletvemidile, causative and oopeive-ecprocal sixes, which moa te meaning of the preceding Serf scm and aes astancy pate by changing te sytacte oes of Tettas The mot common pase sfx we 4V eg orl "be covered Sutiacs of the ype Vm often expres the mle oie, g- OM Uygh, svcrinsornumiae 42 Karki bn take for ones. Causative suf inlade Vr, GU, Ur (Vi. -DUr (Vie ey eg lar. “hl bdr "give to ea ooperiveecialsulies sre generally ofthe ype (VIE hraé ‘Seach oer, meet Noe dat these suites are used to exes play ip Kiphz ver puradigms, ©. Ql “They emained singular Quld esa "They wet’ singl Tost obity marke re onverbal combinations of cones with unary vet ch tb (ad ol “ake Kirghis Bere lat "(Se a Dre" Mosof them have developed ito suites. Turkish Verebiir (Se Em eve The vera negation sui is -MA ee, Turan Kee You Saat come suitors expensing spec ood aad te. Cain ver fora yor tothe aed asain en ts portato ath thy doa the ential measings in these diferent symac functions This is oft ben gored by grammars. inte Forms Fite Tht arms Fite items const independent sentences and express various aspects {nd ml prspecives eave to gieo temporal renaton points, oy {em are meephologialy nominal mse. Takih gel coming'gelip having come geieok orven to come they ready ull the yma ‘oe of contig sentences. As ented, however. hifi fUnctions ‘ism thei nie oes ‘eltively high and ther designations are not standardised the grammatical Tieratre. Maver guages exhibit numero pas tenses, moaly more then ‘one resenzne, ut Seldom genie ure ts Turks lnganges make sof number of aspst or viewpoint markers, whic free ways of enapng events ith vespct othe it, ‘Satis thei beioning ad the ed: nate, poteias ud ip terminals Mont languages exit ale laboateaspetoterpot tes Inueatrminal,Postterminal, Terminals With internal tems sch {presents aninpefots the events eniage within ith er 1s begining and efve Ms end. Some are more foc, tng & nao {eckson what ie ciretly gong ona the eieation poi, sometines inthe setse of English pogressiver ep Usbek Kelair Snecma Noghay Barayatr She asso. Kazath 2p ot. Uyghur Yes ‘ide "ne wring’, Trish kuaktoyon, Kip odin“ 0m ‘onder eid of ime, fer pace, tabi general evens eg Bese ‘ley “She works Noghay Barad (She gor Ta Yas, Uyghor aie "Soke writes, Urhek lamin“ know’, Razak O! ty iy al “She alway ikea ate bi fe Thar fe cowespding pst tems nce o ls cal ips sch ag ‘uskmen farina jot eng, Azebjnian Al eal) “Soe set king, ook’, Kuryk Bara edi Tas eoing wen, Chav Sati ‘was wring’ Seve Ianganges ko have specs hail pt forms Karath Barat (She esol to pKa Oxuciman I ned 10 ie, "With pot termial tems such s perfects, te evet is eovisge ater rslevan mi, ypclly afer ih Bon care oat The relevant it ‘aris sctrding tothe achonal coment (se p42), Moe foal Ker tha ‘aw focus on the erienton pon re tie rae, ep Tarkish ‘may lamar (isn the ste of having ie) (Sets Gu) de Less focal ems ar sim to English perfctsigaling the coment relevance of a past event eg. Uzbek Yazyan (She hs Ween, Kumys Surya (Se has gone Uyghur Bu Lapn’ men geyan have once red tisk” Tete se. Avetanion Vcd yuan ai) We ad writen, Keg ‘Special aepatve tems includ categorical pss such as Unb Ydeyanin og (there as ot been ary weing of mine) have nt wien a al, Karak Koren tg Babi Kurgentm yg T have ot seen Tsk taken pce. eg Kirti Keleck "Se has nt come yet rm A wet, Yak Bara Se has at gone ye AI Turkic languages hve simple rina tems which present the event ist and va hoe, implying the aainment erlang pant preter’ )othetype Die Usbek Yad Chavos Sm wrt Modal Forms Tus ako wes verbal suffixes to convey cenain od meanings with respect othe peers te. Imperatives eahivt diferent forms fetioang at various levels of politeness The tematic marr of the seco peen sing eB eg Al Trac! Opiatnesexpce voluativemodalay aa fen ci npn clauses, Optatves hve clone cme with perivesandcondtonl tometer oscuring in similar functions Thre sre so ncestatve oF obigatve ems of the types mak, “IAs, mA cc eg Kirghiz, Sonam We ras Set Oa Tatar Bars "We ust B Aetbaniah Gime “ch oc an neon ens sich a Usbck ol, ‘The sled “sort in (Vis mostly ml, expressing disposition, nlnaon, progecvty ee, eg: Tar Kier “Sib mail come eet ¢e Tas Kite (Sve lone’ ot Tce hnpeger tae ‘acl presume ver forms. Tuksh Updater + DP Prasat) "She posably seeping Tween OF ogni {she pb ening. Uy sand stern + ne Indirctive Perms Turi languages alo poses indiceveeatgovis {leruin Kinds evidential tems used to guy the expeence ofthe event Sfohen ht Inrstvesttementsconemihe consisonepardinganeven inusdonot presente ve tefiasrectway Thesourceofinfrmatioe yt beara. infrenefrom eas ordiet experince anos | eur ot ec) Teeeapresuon of hi psec iain ais ass langeges Post teil such a and (Vp tend to ge incective interpretations as subjectivepasseg THkis Alem Ahas[eporely "sen cian come” Urb Fir “They appear to have writen Baw Hein yeas ave we Keath Bor Ay ‘ese hee devel pat tone devices, thee ae ao tense irene cools pales af the sypen imi. chen which combine wit minal stems, eg Turkish u(y. eg AU elyormay “A sas Trego, aperents, obvious] coming’ Uyghir imi, eden, Turkmen mi ten Ube i ok. The partic en eds cane the EAE ena Maken, The non periperc infection ems are pentoral markers, “subject representatives’ indeting the persan ind umber ofthe fst scan (se Pp. 52-3, The deminant typeof fit and cond esa maer the On (ad afer nominal redistes oe 4 unaccenable markets of ron Falergt.e. Turkic Gey su "You come, re coming Kirghie Keli "We coma The thd pean unmarked ce somes marked by an useable si ofthe ype -Dir starr sande Crm teat ses aly the simple ps ake om accent ues of he possessive pe fe. Usk Keli eame Ne that ene thors nthe present woke ‘a analy these past at DI + personal markers Pm, Bt aes "D+ personal markers fn The ecliic copia partes, develope fom fom af he absolte verb fe’ ave aleay hee eioned. Pst mashrs ofthe type ed “vas Iteatete thematic perspectines temporally. eg Turkish Geng "She bat ome’ The res af inletve copula paisley nich a em and che have [Nofnite Forms Turkic ich in noite prcatve forms hsied om action pours, alts and conser, The Coresponing suties function as thematic Fhucsand serve to norfntse eben Some of hee on personal ‘rake Action Nouns Acton nouns refer 1 action: and are ase 10 const ompenet clues, cg Trish -DIK, (ACA, lm Urbek Gan “Ganlik,o)itean, asap, -aipan-ygam, Token “AC, “ek Chuvash They ats ale, sd with possessive sles “abet Fprsntatves eg. Tukish aldsfon my fing) eT akeook™ Aft hominem, corresponding copoltive marke ate wed. e. forms of {pala ver sich a (Da "become, be cools parc ofthe ype een. fg Uae chin, skal or ther older derivates of er". eg,Otoman dik, Tookmen “alk. These makers ssn cay possessive sates, ©. Tori hast oan (my Diag i) hat Canvas Pattcples Paris refer tents patting nations, an can be ‘ind atibutes or without a hea They ae often seca F wih ‘con nouns Tha, the Tors form deyduum “my Rearing” mean. in Soliton, eth the at hat Thea what Theat Many longages have spi tatcrinal preset pices, poses ing the evet sx cuent, eg. Urtek (o)argan, Kazakh A zg, Chuvash (Alkan, Khakas pot Tovan (Vp ura. Trknes “ym g- Kia “arp Jogan sade "asve sade who fuss reading Some of these intial paripies ar less ole Uzbek ign ygan. Tee a ts prices with pos tral o exina meaning (pee parts), fe Austbajuian “is -DIK {yin Turkmen “A, Tar “CAR, Ube ‘Ga, Chuvash Thre ae also prospestive (ature) pails such a Bashir -())sAK. Kush (ARAK, Taran {Vr Chava (Als. eg Kank outa “eho wl teat and necsive parties such 26 Tatar “48646, Chava -mAlA, fg Tiar paca Chavash Simalla “recessary) 1 wie’. One pe of ail denots events that Rave not ye ten ple (ariipm nondam Fat. parisiplo th no ye done, e, TavasAlglt ‘ot having ome Yet Atay Higeek ot having eoered ot Kh? Rr ll nt Bove Seen yet (ompare 18.827. "Aue partilesse.g Cammy fe, notably nol lnguass. refer to enti diferent om the fr acta the vx, This may Ye impersonal Funston and seemngy “pase ealngs witout peste fines, whichis theta fo “ingesoralnrpetains of eave clauses (sc p52) 8 hs sy-om ink miksereow)"atbecow that some has mie Insoch cases. possessive markers ma uncom na way reminiscent oferative Inher ir em in Sera) hal have ce CConverds Convers are adverbial fom of the ver signaling varios Seman reltion to the content of the spent clase A few corer kere ae simple, morphologically unatalysble, eg. (Vie, GA {Ghé 7A. Mere elaorne forms re Deed on eral Now and nly faked with adverbial cates ach av Inctve, dt, alae, ste ute or wih pospostion. Some comer lack clear one-one ‘Satonsip of afimaave and nye forms Inraeinal conven are formed wih 19), -()MrAK, Vr +c, fice Basi lo "king. Tuvan fle ‘cig’, Tush giderek (by) fing” Converts in (9) tnd to sur in pains eg Yak 0200 032 fie Bashi aly, Tuvan aya “having taken” Al Tak igang ve terminal cooverb mare of he type VIB, Chavsh vt Yak “An, © Tush “ip in gidip “going (and. (ce p64) Conditional ay sometinesbeerin ine fection esol Safixes ‘Action nouns and parties generally tke on pemon ssies of the pasesve type, eg Turkish elit my coming) a | omean’ Mat simple convests do not carry pessoal ses, but in YAR they geceally conjugate for person and umber eg herammin “me ping! Faving gone’. More elshorste converh endings fen consi. perooal markers. OU Turkic lordug mas 5 Jove The simple conitonal mos takes o acceable son sufTines fhe psessve ype, eg. Tukinh pelsem fT should come” hype ‘hich ao cone wid the past copula parte, eg. Tish elseif Tame’ counterfactual) Thee we als combination f sonal eos ith condtonal copula mates of the ype eae Wh Seg. Takis felisem I come. Indestinable Word Classes ‘The indelible word elses che adverbs. psposions, copa pat ‘ls imerjeaos and cannons or snr ears sigalg conestons eicenthe prs fa sentence Adverbs ‘vers do ot continte morphologically welled exezres in mae Btu. Gu no’ Ung rk eed tow nom nonin yesrtay Bashi Os yer” Kips er her Many’ of tem ar foals ease forms such hol dete ce Insremcni od paris and converts, or forms of unknown og ate opr “tenvard, Bashir yee in summer OW! Tks eb ‘wel bie tee’ Adverbs may ao be Fred with pedactve equative sae nach a IA or Ds, Thich gir erly, Usha nay "this nay Case ove of pronoun are fen eda conjctonal aver, ‘aljtcias’ (ce pp ¥8-9. eg. Karak sondigon “har, Cenain Turkic Tingoages make frequent we of conver fom ss alverbs ee. UyEMuE hare waranty azn manly way Pospostons Turks ha ich systems of apostons, grammatical eats which if ate the reatana coeeps expres bythe ees. They a fice rd Fors and, ascording tothe ll trachingsynta, ppt. Some are homonyms with verb ile "Wit or saga Some fo back toconvertn eg Urb kid acerding "dip -ronUpthar grap Many of thm govern axes, eg the abla, at in Uyghur Bistin burn fore wo the dave as in Gaga ban dyn or me Sate goer he gett of personal and denonseaive pronoun, eg Kitghz mena menen Urb mdi) Blin with me Uyghur tment or you ‘One kind of poston clay goes tack o nouns, nals space nouns (vomiea oc), provided with postesve and can wanes, Be. Urb ‘Alama beter me unig dna to hii The poses sal ay ‘efertoa preceding noun prac nthe gentive othe nominative Tish Hin) tine “in rot ofthe howe ef) arkaindn om behind he owe’ ache Je tne onthe te, Uyghur Seer yeni the ‘own’ Chavash 1p sneonthe pend ‘hic lngnges hve fw concton ven connate conjucons Iain ua’ "afr St nce fom Pesan: Nei Resins, ee 2 Usha pqs bt, Show no Sal Tre day fe een such compa Tuvan May ngage tcc rsh Ui fia el (Sh cme ef lanes decing "i etme exes r spose sch ot ‘te and ley be odd serdatve dence eg. Uygha ata een es mete Tk ara ithe co and fo Covi nat pains ad pice’ Wa itesg Eaepea ition, pre jupsion itt syncs lames a ‘comes eq “Tue ler reembadddhy man of sed sone emer, surfinte precatve makers fence av saben (pp. 9-0) The we of fee brave tems, conncton anlar focus thos unyple. Where ach ito do oor they ae homooyon with intone gate on Who Cope om angge, Feed conver of vern mung ay dei ieee tn aga degen see igeng pric td sr que dees mph srcimenta bugis etek lain ebay Yu wlcome ih the eta yo willow comet de saying: maybe go!) in oder i bi oninctional adverts refered to here as aontors oa. OM User Karahanid nn theeere Ky sael Tor hal season’, Kazakh fond "us, Chuvash ana however” Uyghur Seplaiga "eter, Syntax Since Tackle nat i basicly hea ial ret ranching. dependents recede their ead according 1th soled Yecum-eens rl the Dead {a nominal phase succeotn modifi such av adjectival, genial snd paris mrbutes. A common oder pate is demensaive prom + Ace the later ends san nex! Wo the bead, eT bay ire Unban birdy" big house’ These is wo aprectent in number rcs between dependens od eas ‘One pe of nominal pas the combination aes nba + rou, x Tue ay ier tones es wth ete Iulig’ Aldon ev "the bone | sayhtayed in" (ee tlave clases 1.615 “The atribative ws of avers is Hime, eg, Crimean Tatar tan ‘ata Seath by sarvion, Toke tatan daar" fone’ Ld (onan) bir Tk Tuk ving) Leno hala yapdan hice erice (tendered) ste pope Some adverbial expos cin be ted atib ‘ively wit the adn ofthe eg. Turkish oda ada the wan in tbe see gunk gore ony’ meeting Genitive Comicon Inthe combination genio stbte noun. the fist clement expresing the Dosesse, x povided witha possessive sufia. Examples with thin person Possess sles ae Kip atr ba, Chuvash aan path hose’ ead Usbek ddinig st Can's hoaxes) he man's hoe’ Tish ‘Baremnin Kitab the teachers book ein kapat the Sor ofthe hue Tat tpi the cover he book Bahk glan9 agua te pa of he town In Yak, which lacks ged sia, the abe is he “Turkish Alin beemesi “A's waiting. Kirghit anda is "the rise of the sum, thas prenve fre, Le. can take complements Genitive osutons wih beads adjstives may beamed to capes sujet, 2 Uyehuramip ays ie et of he) bse The domurant type of nomial compound ales othe possessive ptern aun + noun + thie-persan pesreive sii. eg Tush of puma at handbag’ aps fron-dor Turkmen yt here Kighefol t rood ati’. Uyghur asyar hell the Uyphe people. Kise give the Kip language A posseve sft expressing persona oasession eplcethehire-peson sulle. Turkish gammy nde” Unie Inthe penive constuction, no element an be insted between the pos Numerous cases of absence af the pomesive sft, hy nominate foms ofthe comping. re cbse i ocr and memos, aracay-Bala alma ere appe-ee" (compare cates ach lima eg inden from ane appl-uee). Thre tala tsar pelosi Turkish ‘ompound type, eg Budinbi (peopl seen) eg)” entity atribaton meas that tw nouns rfering to the same entity are jntposedssyndeticaly as qualiving stribte + hea. e. Turkish kaon ‘gremen woman acer aya pos "rian poicemt- down MY {rend Al”. The atte ‘fen rele 0 tates ee. tap Llp “sone bridge’ Chuvash al sar soe hese nd olen watch Turis alin ena goden apple’ The atte ty as ea pre wth predate force. ht isthe bas fa rlatve clase Trish Rona ‘adam the man who speaksspoke evn kadin he woman one The ayndeti type noun + nn ao asd in coordi compounds so-alie vin wort inom Ta his case two paral outs wih sar Imcnings form a sjnony compound, hendiagyes ef ON0 Tre ae (vor suength) ‘fer, oa hyponym compound to exes higher fomepi. eg Ure birt mg. coming) mutual ron’, Ka cay ibe taking giving’) "wal Usbek ddd lather, be, Yakut aye (mother father ‘parents Tuvan ist ( mann fy) ‘ying ists. Ts wpe often cade allan ad tyme formations, 8. Kazakh Kiyindesok ‘lating Turkish darken Cate, husband) “mated couple’ dedikod sd) "gos. Semaine oly one of the ements has a xia mearag. Keaton Tukey epee. ‘rene Turkish oat goal emily, wie and chile’ “Turkic languages fen diplaycchlely comstration expressing “ee ‘eran he ik’ a given ward followed by a sekupcatng echo word ‘wih inal ail cosanan beep, wtih plate poste eal oesonsnt eg Urbek nn nad sca baker's wane Compound aeives such as Karachay goragat “wih Sack eyctiowa"are Inter frequen: Due ote bedi sre aves pce he head in the adjective pra, eg. Urbek fa ig “very ho, Karim at kath "ery har Aajcives may alo be used ts hes of neal pases Ustek alr "Yeung oner-In eer languages snd some men Sitesi langage. adjectives may serve brace denoting suite. Yah By ‘bis Without 8 SUH fhe type K,whien for st ou fhos Tork languages Karachay Big we se of Postesive and Pla Forms In aation fo 1s pomal possessive function, a thint-perwn singular psesve fix ay refer toa know ety, aaphorialy soning freseding iin the deo, eg Kirghie birt al (ti them) Takish ipa the oer one) Ths ned fonction ds aot make Ke 3 Sfite tice inthe proper sense. Thee ae often sopatons of the pone sai ach an Turkish rts “one of thee Ueki. st oie Third person singular posesve sutes can alo have adverb fueciors, eg. Untek kbar sigh Pal sufiaes aly sg stv plurality, eg. Takish elmalar| {singe apples Chuvash purtem [a ramter o nda) howe The singular hs a eo, partly number iferet range of 36, which al includes cole o gene veerence, ep Trish Ena al bough septs) Pal sizes may also be we in an hone sence, expess ‘pec Plural expressed by cardial uta an ther quantifies meaty [tues agremen ete form of pla making. ©. Tuts io CW Inns’) "wo hones. Nunes (coumting words ae sometimes placed alter the numeral eg Tukeen Aral "out, Unbek ind Regie ana piece Vabek iS “head (fr animal), Tato (foe plants Uabek has mumeraters of the type bin, ia, wit, where 10 means eels) The Symuar of Numero ‘The sya of numerals rater regula. Complex sural are formed by sombining te primary carnal or dip, tes, bund thousand, te Huse; howsands ec ae expres moltipicatvly, eg Tiki ye "wo hundred’ Taar Bit ye five hundred? yJe’mép “wo ude Shown nei numbers ae expresed avy eg. Turkish oni (temivo') "twelve Higher meal precede lower nes, bighest deci piace being the lett one eg Tatar unr ‘lever me ese “1052 Kazakh ja jn mi et toro bir 27,59, Tukish bin do sks dot thousand oe nuded sat) “1989". Approximate ‘mbes are often express by mens cf jntpoetion eg. Taki a yea ‘While most Tui languages cout in tens and nis. Karacay-Balse Aisplays a never Komp vigesinal yz based on the rie ment ' 3 counting unit eg. Karachay Jt ble on (20> 10) “Dat bt rma ie om (2 = 20 +10 “ye forma 5 = 20" oe nd npn 10 20°) "wo ure scope French quatre (4=20") ‘Gay hal hs lreting aria sich a2 307) ty (Ae gig (2 40) eh ote wm (30 80420" one bee saeteyt. ‘Yalow Uyghir sil pany preserves an older subsystem of higher ak outing combining the iit sumeral with he uel Fhe higher en. Pets 14). Predications ‘With espe! to eatin yplogy, Toric languages aber so-called Iominie- accusative pater, Tere isa fmt stan whch may manifest ‘fa the ub of resin. The nomnalive mak he ist acta of Irae vert, inepemdemly of seman oes, gens and nom agents tring cove in the sme way. Wath transive web, the nominative nr the frst att = rsly agent andthe accusative marks the second cane = Intype Tere reno cer fendenie to cose, 2 im old “ive language agentvic complement of imastives ifeetty fom no ‘ive ons oro mark ae negative languages th ge of ansives thith a special cae Note th some posterminal parpes and verbal Ijectves may rele onagentvic fist acts of inansive verbs, Isheeas they fer to no agetivie second actants of rave verbs, e {Trt junk “having burned” = inns yon "bar, Aes hang teen) eu = trative ea ‘A Tuck prdistion minimally consis of proieate.An over subjects coptioalsand personal murky sr eiten ming in the tind pron. 8 ‘Torts erie ses eat A vera peat eons fa pect oe, Irovided wath thnatie marker rd mostly wile 2 personal mares Fak [Sen] gelyorsur "You com’. A nominal predict cons 8 ona radial em she pet core Turkish Ofrenmen 1S eal eacher Brad] bere ‘Acton Pern “The predict canbe expanded acting to pif actaney pater, which termine the over spac tlio Btwoee predate cre ad comple ‘nen Mostofesereatns resigned cin sins and poxposions ‘Aetna st stan pill (ut not sways) get tha i source ofthe ‘Eton, necessary for sje eataton it maybe realed every a8 {objet andor a penton acer sujet reponse se Al ser ‘Ais aude Upudicm That see Personal mater ate Wed wheter an overt sujet prs or ot Some eat wee, 0 ah Seon ttre. Turkey Men geet “wi ce Uyghur Mer Secyan fave wien’ i Salar and Yellow Ugh vet arms ly dnpense wit pron arts akopethr, Salar Men ker‘ wil on’, Yellow Uyghur Sex pura "You wil go Nash geement beeen rami sjet erent nd the pede core vicaly never marked, fg Usbek Bilan sapiy “The doors are cloned’. With aiate subject ‘eer tere are varying lanusge pei les, bt theres ends) 10 snd two purl markers vey close to each her, e, Turkish Oienler liter "Stade dts ave cote fx wa noted in connection ith the parkips, ack of Gt acta referent yields “imperoal preitions, Th fen possible without Psnive-ahing,epoily a older language sages, Toe re retinas of Uhesclly es labored apts, whee stant elation ae es enpicy ark and whee sujet omission may sogget hal mo specie fist tant FeimeanteRarltankd Atm alan aru] ca ct ao By Bll ‘oie dahil snflereace i ill common i cen types of eve clases (sep 62) Ben ome Fit iter in mocn languages ray be wed his way. eg. the necosiaive mall Twn sentences sich a6 Ne amet? Wha shuld oe Second Acts ‘Second atts iypically represent affect or effected pal of he ation, fn “ple active ver lanes, second asta of wastes re elite a est jess iypialy a lien, im The form of acintve or noire Somplenents scoring wo erin rex of tpkaliyspetichy. Usb {rap al Kirghiz Kiet gu Chuvach Konotee vla oud the ook ‘ompue the comtespading stags Usbek kip Kirghiz Kop og ‘Chava dnc vr Yead (one eve books ‘Stcond actos of intransitive are reise a complesient by mes of aerbaasesr psspntons eth dative awit Kru Karaklpak ia Nogy sre pleane’ Noghay wal. "meet Kakapa NOgha) Imani” Kirghiz Kakapa sar, Ykut dro resemble the shlatve as "with Kightayman-, Azetbaiian org, Kar Lapa gor Yakot uta: fea the aati wih Tis ro ‘on er patposition. ath Taki erie contend wi Thi Actas {hid stat ay occur complemen in the dative, a “inet obs ‘ypc the recipient she ent at weete patente, Tesch ir {ev bir Limseye verge semching to somebody Ustek ened ft Bein Give me the book Kish Avan mara tpi bed Hana gave the oak Ica also eter eaves nthe slave nich aso Tish Dir kimset igenden kara "esce somebody rom something Fre adverbial consents ao eied by any acany pte, futon as ‘ais at dierent eves sad expres Ion, ection, igi, mens tect, mane, ie, compaionship, resin In ation 10 ei ‘ermiatve fnctons Tose Siberia bnguapes the dative ko edt {incon eerie types! ote Kanes Tivan Men Qa Europ ‘ryan mn Thave nein Kyat The canes ave ey wie meshing face nine open ate: Te serene, na soe ee Frwrve croc sours oigi stating po ("ow wi. hel (Cong trough reason mean, sana of conga, se Eguaves ‘Soret snr, bra have meounaive ad frome fone ‘iprssngeterson in tne and space As notdabve te sometinessere {gee alr suliacs eg. Crimean Tatar ssa urea, Tush {ttle ean, Franace Peace tbe reach wy) ators tat orm somtiten within pend nd ome ith he ‘rene cree Tunish Kms de Loa alk with sob ‘Manner alverials maybe expresed by cqave sus, comers ot cor meas, eg. Tush gilie “see i olarak (Being sec) mee, bs gelesen" Many tm adverbs ae A secondary precept sense of “eign the funcion of maybe esse betwee 3 oa onsen and second copreiatine nominal Subjective predates (mje aunts) are afin proved with esive markers meaning tein’, TurkishOfretmen olarak frat amsive verb, a comenponding scondary peice relationship tay ctsn berucen the ect eject and an objetvegredatve object ‘Soc, even without an cave makes Rehab AN balan eer “hey led Alo be) presen Dia Paes Diatetic elatons ae encoded by means of passive, causative, reflexive ‘recal and cooperative recipe voce marten, which ysematlly Cooperative -eipocls nd Reflexives {Garter (es cope o cm ‘So-called efenive masher such st (Vida thatthe action doesnot tmuscend he domain of the Get aan een, ut remsns rimaret 0 ‘elted to any external erty Cimmanenc’) The fr sean ry be he gal ‘tthe sion Celle’) rhe source ofan ation without» specie foal (Caeojecve “amir, ee). The fist actant can also be the ‘enema te action ine voce”) In whichcan th er may overs (Sect object "do momething for once Far example, he Tuvan wfeive Feem bum = bi" can be erected swt (debjetve), write smvcrunrorsunnse 35 ‘rons? ante writen’. Unambiguounly efesive meshing te mostly pase by reflexive promcuns, eg Tasks fendi old il onesl Fahermoe the sae {Vn ambiguous in any Turki langage, since ‘may aso serve an allomorph of passive murkers, ee, Tarksh tar be ome, com nest O18 Take an H sem to sgl the ie Sze whereas ("IK dees intansives from tans in me neal ‘5. May een es ave spe el ang. oT Common to pasve an castve pats th the spa ‘ascend inthe sese ta he ange ofthe ction scene he dain fe is sett, whichis eter he pal othe sous ofthe ction (ce p36). nthe frst ca, th passives the transcendence serognt (rigoating fom cave) inthe son ae wilh casaves Mrendopenicrlgning fom Pave paterns (pilly hve one aan le than the coespoding ssi "hil of “nensnhtc™ patern. ‘The fr stat ofthe omesponing active pate, the nal sje is demoted Hi oe necemanly expressed, ot even wih pastes Gerved fom iaansies eg. Turkish Barada it gangor Ope Iver wel Ree (c.P.22), Wi saves derived fom amines. homit slat ofthe comesponding ve pater promaed to fstactanstinIypilly as “pat “unis Al revi’ cel “AN tok & ptr” = Resi gl A icturefitre were then Passion ths ten eda device not only for backgrounding but also fr concealing the agent ofan ation. Tis onto sia oa of p38) An agen: may be aptionaly indeed by adjuncts Based on psipose tons sch ab Old Tai for er ems coped fom ar language cen Turkish saraidon aed Unbektomdnian, Some languages © Chovsh, ake rater rescve we of pases i fangs sch 4 Chagatay Uadek ahd Uyghar, passive verbs may ao occur wih asuntive-mathed ist objets, e Caghaay OF ram {Sant fad eri Tat Ramadan as spent Koja, Ube Cy tid “Theta was dk’ Uyphor Ait eigen The oo was et ee fist cnt suspesion by nears ofthe psi combined with est tect ‘epcatatin by means the accusative p. 8). Pasive markers ay also be used for pre inansivising, Turkish apo inane ort exes efkeane meaning Tash fn ‘sachonet jo (Coane puters tpically provide one att moe than the comesponding ‘nal node pater, Cvsative mares signal hte fst Star S6_smmucnasoerunc the sou ofthe ation sits aie (r,s) “Ine sot oft comegueingno-cathe pater inital bjt ss demoted and execs th eee inthe fron ofa est oars bec Coste faes add to iansves yield tansiives, eg Toro. Ady did "rab Kil! A. "Takin cased de ‘Adsl waives they Yel ene pte which he rest ject Aine conespondingno-Zasave ace ptr may cca. €. TwKih Tvhin ream gti“ had the pict taken Acasce Bem Comesonding the st acento he non-dtetic pate cane oonlly Rprovedsiete agen in posve pars, taph tos ease oly a {ie complemone eed eg. Tekh lvoe ream Ale ed ahi ha the pci aen AN Tn some langues, casa sacs aed to wansitves may ao ingly hth st can ihe pate ey ete bythe acon, 8 Tuvan rer eit or "te Ae 2 lr “ki. Ths he meaning of| arcenenc mentioned abe The get they paring the ton and coresgonding to he fn can of he non-atee pater Ge dd: eg Toman Ney bore Eien Abe sheep wan even 6 he wot The ister wanna hre nan peaton advange {eric hugh the responsby for et ec atrbuted it Soc eve’ fom and terse wieapead in Earn anges and rset ia Od Tue acy, Wahu ng eet no them they {Jonata t pein canine cmsactons (td) and ako poses (be done ance an nl som ste onsite is promt ‘best positon. "fre ae abo complex cavatve-paste, cavaivecamative. and couunvecanote ps fore sch i Uygr ha "be show Turushoiaal “okie dor cane kil dar "becaned OI However, comaive sues came te tioned by socalled psive suftees ules thse have antrasive or reve readings ©. Twkish ican toc Thee ite ned cv pte sch a be opened soe the primey sem €g a. "open" fecion as ei Possesive Consrctons , . Povsevecoscom, coespnding tong 'hve'consictions. ae of ‘heppeponesors envi spmscndentysposenive sai bar “esa coq nomenon Unik Pulm money exten) taveiongy Uygha Daca yoq Seno fate cope: however Katy aren Tbavc aoe ih etr-possessve sui Trea nolosineconstucionsorteige kph Andakiypbar)ehasaoo ToubhAl departs Alvan extent) ‘Al bas ows lost weds hard yo ae mel feplaced ya veo hee Bol come beanie ncgton Ba Tui pars mayan “the 08) ot having money’, paras mad hie ot having mney") “Ui (he evident paren olmeyarat whos having money ‘Toe compuratve degre of gradble adjectiven and avers & normlly pened by sing a biti sf wo he cmon ening the ard ‘tcomparzon, ep Torish san souk ‘colder thn x Ube mondan Saget eter than Chav rar pth “ig than the he ints may be precede by a wor for "oro, mtd above flowed By comparative sux eg. Tukih doe inn Tatar yong beter Choa pura igge’ Uyghur cena TongsSupelaies ee on formed with ven sich at, Chuvash i frat he adocive, oi Uatek eo ve bee In grammatealconsrucions exresing eal or similarity. cg “Ass bigs Bad "A sings ke B poxtosiona peor an equate sai sully marks she sada of comparsoe (a6 ke) ep. Azeaanan| iden Uyghur goders0 mich’, Aactbalinan int “tte Tarkne yl. ‘war brbek Yoko funda Th, bite at sow ay be rendered telah ard a, Uk ray pi Tr uel a, Yb rd mayan, ce The sanard marker may be accompanied by ‘inforcingcmphatic len sich Tush aplenty. jst Onder of Consens Since the Turkic Tangusges te, 2s noted above, basilly hea fl the Unmarked onder of coantuens is stout» eect + peice cine, The recat coe is normally clef. proved by complement a fi ‘erin the sabe! beng the firs complenet Avera fering tthe trie cane fen appear nia Posipostons pr deinton ake he fia fostion in posipsitnal phases: Netetha te ode of determination with. the clase isthe revere oF the successive odin ough snes wis the word. The oer les are ls ali for no fine clauses and even tendo be more gly oterved there ha in ne clas. Fine Clauses Preeaons are aled as cass, baie ext-ling ois occuring in slurpedicave consctons wii the Hn of sentences They muy be Fred wan clases sr on-fnied dependent ies Ie the fomer cae they Torch a8 independent sentence, optimally mated for ape, mond terse, pron ference nd illostion Thee ist {ants ae eased an subjecs inthe notte Tn yevno questions, an iterogaton macie placed ater the whole ‘eticaion othe comic snd fore, Turki A un gli n> ‘Dots Ali coe today (rds he nt) Al i ud gel? ie RA who {ores today (oF who)? Alt gn ma els? se adap Als comes (or when) The placement of the marker i Telalon co personal marker vars cross languages, and ao some language ister 0 xe depres eg. {Szhur Son mucin ma sen? = Sen mac som ma? Ace yo ache emprehe onlyTukish option Sen retmen min? “The veal egtion can vary ks cope without changing its place, whereas nore bile nominal negation paces mach as ome and del (Cova nar) ‘not may be ased spre for constven nexation e UYENar hat cea vee Toms af suonge prpal tre Go Uwe mA, bat ch prices. eg. Tar Kieth ug (Shes ot coming’. Turkmen Men [ok dail ean 0 ‘Chovash as special imperative neato the prtposed pale marin ‘heft pesons and me pepe met a an the ber psoas Am Discourse Pragmatic Factions of Word Order Finke closes. often-dspley systematic deviaions fom the unmarked Snsinent onder This verity is metvwted by modiieions of the dkscoure-prapmate ncn " 7 reat core. Te posprediative poston may be ocapel by exraosed ‘lenents fom the cause, defcused constituent, often fepesening Topics Sten activate, ftetough te, The ckemens are ofen each rom irc pete cory since Taki i Seems ob natural place forsome pes of senence adverb for ease those expresing comments on the ropeston sich as Turkish herhalde “esi probably "The ptredicatve positon ot he poston for new information, for specie elerence. Sujet pronouns fund inthis postion cannot hve tpi Fanci, Nos tha pated kemente are not confined oes cartlly planed speech bu have ao Been par of wien varies troushout the sory of Tre Tore There re mosly no fined seta conigraton tthe lof the rice core Since the symacue relations between costal lear rom ese> Imukng, word oder mediestion may be sed for prominence rltos, val for tpi nd fos ssgnment ‘Ascapectel: theta postion the proered pce of he sentence tpi, the content which ofc contin known fort sd shut whi reste precio ives new information. Inthetorclly nevis semcnmtorrame 39 ident with the subject, eg. Tukish Al ream gk “Al ok the pict" Thre are slko speci topicaisation markers following te top Sis nominal pre sch ae Trish ie, Turkmen ola (3) fa {Tuhith li ere ela “Ae fer Ahh tookthe pct “ber constants may te tpiaied by taking the intial positon, cg, ‘eamt Alt cok °AS Torte pete, Alt tok it A edt objet can Be tipcalned by pase consructions, eg. Resin A taf fel "The picture was tater by AN bt his option fle ofen choses tae of he Ecce offered by theconsttaent ode. "The postion imei in fo ofthe pra ore sud for osu onsets ofeng new or rlively important ifort. Tis te ‘stra postion fr amare diet jects and Toe ltrogtive pronouns icking for new information Tatar Sn kn arden? "Whom id yous” 4 non abjet in ts psion emphasised. otha the selene cit b0%, Resmi Aetna ao berendeedas ws Al whotook he pct “Tis devices moe common han oly marking focus by ses a, a i English (AK ook the picture’, where non-sbjee aly do che "he intial postion m acne clase, Anather metho into ane a left setece trih apart as sajet i nts positon and the focused element a a Nomina predicate eg. Tush Rem geten Ala ("The one taking the pict was) i was Ai wh tok the pt Position and Specificity In moat Turk lnguape, he poston in rom ofthe prdiote sor ic open 15 s-picalsominatve det objects eA (bi) resin ck A ok 4 Pcture, and tus allows foal const with pet To speci. An Eeeusnve objet inthis poston Seems wo be masked as “peice Tunis A esi cbt "A ook the itr’ ALL res ok “A tok s cenais pcan’, where gominatve objet isnot When the set objet isseprned ram the governing ver accusative raking i sty neces Uyghur Jowapa! muclim berd twas the ache who gave the answer The topalsation self may ao often sugges speci’ ean Parca Reference Most Twki languages a reltively unexplcit wih rept to prtint reference Under cern conden, acts may ein overly eneapresed. [consent representing old fext topic may often be emed. Ths, fnapfone pronouns ean also lrgly be depens with the Tefen is {nian Geli [1S)hei comes'. This is also tue of causers and eaanees in ‘Guntive pater ef Turkish Galgtvoor “She ke [omecne] work Exphei expesion however, somal) resuted na preieaton that ars a sours A subject pronoun such 0 “eshe, i anna asec 8 pew ten ope toes in pntpredietve poston, Nonnite awses Deton nouns, particles and convers allow sone reaitons of 5 subjanciom, marking the clases embeded, mach Tike English ‘Sboudimtveconunctons ad lative psouss o ave. As dependent, ont clases iypcallyprecaletheit heads The embedding i ecursive ina the clauses may comin no-fnite cases hemscves. They may als Correnponding 1 howe of pet mood tome ste of fnte eames hat ihe lvenones in eon a diferent nd le eldborue, For example at a forms cay personal makes Clases based on paradigmatic verbal nouns, acon nuns, ae complement ‘tases, oly coresponding to English ar clases. They mos take on posesive personal markers nthe sya fnetion nthe mati cae tre marked hy ease marker or ponpostions The formal laoasip with audits Lrowing) "ht tan knowsupew” The native also stem ued 8. Chuvash aan haya the chien ving gone In ces tere the sujet can ake on tah ass, goniiv-marking tendo expest “peste machete acosatve-marking eat with above ee. Taki arnt at ht money ey ea taux The former are conve wih sufines sucha Gn ahd -DIK + posewive sft. Trish Al buradaonrdagane slayer (Se "yet Alive het’ Urbek Ketan aman Toth (st So’, Ao bya aman Throw hat Ae a wren thst Kip Men isdn aya ol yonauat ben Kaow tat 4 have been wo the vile, Turan Nive ion! ble“ do not know tere (he has moved. The suffixes aie have various pet tempoal ‘meanings. Thus, Uabek “adigan sinraermial resenting he event 95 Usha sain Turis oat exsended ers sh ae beck sknft sd Kirghiz ee owsessve sues, Farms in-LK an -DIK go back tothe Sop neyo es care Oona i, «Taken Onan ‘canbe added o partial forms eg. Turkmen “ull and yal in gcenli “hier having. sre” or hand! “hisher being ying Kip Amd im Bala gaya blo kos thatthe hl read Ubek Gan (elgdi ee, Such extended action aun ers re eds attest fom relive eames ‘Action clauses refering 0 mou acons ae bed on anes uch asm, and (Um. Tal “working) Karahi) Kum gesting) They canbe used to form purpose elas set Turkish Al gelmelerinwnlyor A ays thei coming) “Alisa at hey shall come’ or infintial complement slanss, ft governed b¥ mal esc tem, eg: Usbsk Keio: Rerat Coo going nessa’) We mast 0" Such clasat often imply finan corference with he eral Read ‘tout caring penal marker eg Uzbek Mn lin itn tant {ink Tush al elmo vor Awan co come Retave Comer Reltve elses, nomial actor clase, fe optician ents to which eto are ascribed, and ae sed om parpes. Thay can be oe athe fed ofa nmin prasee. Tush pte he) one coming hving come igh anegan! “what (oe his sal Uyghur egies ahd Uhings' what you ave sid, Tovan renin ah {hve seas Yah Ueleet "who dos ot work. They cn ts be ated oa ea the Sense of an ident atibtion (se .50 ep yah flee ki "ae man ‘who has come’, Aetbalanian dam ia he bok ea The papal makes wed. Trksh (An, DIR, pIMcAK, ml sn olan, Urbck “Gin. {hig aga aga, o¢ Ta (Vn Chm ‘Me teaivesubjuctr compare o gl rlaive pronoun ser ‘They also signal various agecto-stemporl meicings There ae tux post terminal partis as in Kara ftgen Kt Chuvash ln tale poson who as rived Tuvae wigan ijt ate alent" ore foal inter Terminal parties as fo Kav Hte Satan Kis Urbk Leiyigan il {Chuvash ldken sn “ashe person jis cng ess foal Inara aici asf Uabek day i "ae (sully) wring, prospective Paricipes a in Tava kel ‘athe coming yea ee Some abun hve amore general ermine, the Turkishand Aversa mares {91An and DIK. Predicates such syren and gi can th be rendered 1 who seeshawhas sect" ad "whom [soehay! etwas sn Coreen with he Fist Asta tthe at actan of he lative clauses coretere tial with the ad ot Signal by ay personal marke. Ta lgen hase, Chavash hn ce ‘athe man who bas come’ Ia hs ese Twhith ad silat Oph Yatton sete ypeof ela subjnctr that da at ake on penal mater e an “The same iusto cbt he he i coer wth he “poses of he subject ofthe ete case, eg Turkish ev yanan adam ‘ale msn ‘whose hoe is boning Usiek dns has oly be hl whose mother is Kirpia git sult oly il athe pero whose Saupe s beat Merete Reds dom aa tare coneercial wih 2 _srmerunrorrunne ‘he ental atibutes of he coesponding constructions adam ‘ahhe Imus howe “Tree as sir goin constrctons. eg. Uabek ils Aa sue man whose head i ig, where kl ans corre with the psestor of ata Rl “bg Re Kei Bll Bar ol (ssh extent Fike) "ate lke ful of fsb Postesve consractions of hs Kind, Uabek dni kas "wtse moter Kirhir qt iy Chir bas per) “generous ls ap (its people mamerous) ese pope. we SScines called hunni” Sompoands by snaogy with the pater ‘nerpliid in OM Indian Bahu sah abundant ie) ih in cei the even oer fleet), Corfe with mer Etes ST head may sso be corte with an nity ote han theft aa je anter actor an enityexpresig tine, ocaon. destin, sure, Jinmentee In sich eases os Tae language mae we ofthe Same paris andthe sme ode element, and yap rent Cn tay sin vincpc mean bo" person wo ha ce’ and athe person when ‘Dred as ee The prssercnon betwee the MByng le an is edn sable by pragmatic means lone As noted ove thisllows "mera expressions tao ot lr any specif iat eee, Unie baryon yer ‘ath plas somone han poe 1 Kh jaz gat “Ste eer women tas] wate. Withemsatves, tbe get in the ae Cg Rirghitmayesyduryan go ‘ae shoep wich hey f= someone tad ne ‘tle Thos conscony shui be cnfied with comsrtins Sonaning pssivesseches Kiri tan gaae writen et "The int actnt may be expesncd by asec «sujet pronoun in Azerbijanan men alan gape doer 1 pene. Urbek men ya taba ook nave writer, men iran seat las have one “uo sin forgn 8, Chvah et lure man Jouve ees 3a srt sone You eign epir hayaken pend afte in ‘we ae going in’ Kirghiz aya jacheyan gale ter tat my father fas {carters Uyghar mer ogayon kia ae book Uve ead. Ths simple onsucton Conon in man aguas "Te fet im may alo be expe by @ pesonal marker of de posses kin This marker may beaded (0 th Nea ofthe comstraction Zane evan hi athe ook T have write bryin yr ahs Place Une one t'-Kay a aly atm be bose have bog ‘Reresponding sujet eeving to pec ely mally stands the fenive ee Tumen meg alan boa bok Ihave Bough’ Ube anni sdcyan eda’ wore works wich Nata has wien’ mtn) spon tdi “ate Doo Have wien ment) Maryan yer ie plas have gone 0 ‘The personal marker may abo beads othe parle eg. OW The tims ht be sar Tara ain what task ake ‘Ttish and parly Azeeujanan se special types of eabjunctes ia these ses DIK AVACAK eg Tuhish ord hy “the vile I et@) i ldigon gan “he day Tarive(). The presence of penal mares rules Eee subjects, eg Orhan’ dua the tan whom (Orhan ceases ston” A coerpondngtliation ca of posers ostetions is possible when the hea corferentia with jones’ of {meni her than the fest acant. eg Tush Boban onde cal he ‘hid whose father know/knew/nave bow ‘Tus. relative consruton sacha goin a “he hose you seam ave sect and yedgin et the met I eaten eaten crespoad tothe Xirghiz ype on Kran atmenjegen ct: However even Trish yt he Inter types mtb the fa acta retreats mrs speci rt the eal eer to a pace, gt alan yer "plate where mater flow ‘bndurma satan dina ie shop whore iets td Ian tl fee example, use te partie In p)teK in he personal way dias ove, 8 lapacak bir kay soak to e's compare Kinhi xr ep, 'AS noted above the precise lation heen the relative clause and heal is ot spect hy te syntactic consttion ill Thos, Kishi men Felgen ar means "the town have comet" othe ow | have come om nd Turkish jaa ev may ean the hose I moveoved have moved ino" or "the howe Tmovemoned have moved ou of nen, the ‘lation may ofcourse be specified eg by means of ponesvepoipstions such iin nf Hs iio” inden rom i terior Tks ‘ne tage into which moves” an inde andi “rom which Tinos ‘Non propuive Relative Caoses ue fo the lefthanching subordination, prpostve Turkic relive clases se ot propulsive, be caotalvane te plot Deyo the point ine ‘spreserted by the hed clase ules the sequence of the evens pid ty ther means, eg. Turkish Tanda vt Bulan Fun the hs hich move in Conver elses, adverial ston clases, te based on conve makers The lane ae mosymoneetions, dot serve fom be las pes Sane are morphology simple, «Taki geleet coming’, Uitok Dyas "tavng wie whereas shar may be rather comple, for samp ‘Sonstige combnaons of pails with ate ashe. putpostons ce ‘tours eg. Kiri elgende “ben srvng, Tush ein sonra er ong eli zaman when shvecomestame”Subetsof conve clases ‘ctl inthe nomatve Se markers requ entity betwen thei ctants fhe conver clans athe eats, 6. Yakut Am Tekh “il ith fow enxpins). Most marers dono rege ts Hew ‘TuehAlgelne Osmosis When Alcame, Osan wassup Seman Reltions Cone ark express various semantic retons. 2 wide ings of Sect, Temporal ind ec relational concessional. pon ‘Cali, cna, anton, poser tempra inten we Snort Caine’), ternal aa Hino Cun" Tog a teow (been, means num (hy) parone i ere 1) nut (heres), srcurdance (a) bain cnaead 0), preteens Ceara) condition Pc ‘Conca canes ne ual ised on sues ofthe ype oA with esr murs of te posse on ad copa prices of he se SFB The cont oy conan und say we caps vars temporal nd wr dining User yn Poi cars you had wee’ In many langage condor clases may be induced by copes ofthe Pein congnction sar. eg. UYENUT e207 som if could) write’ Suncor ofthe pes se. dep sayin” (sep. 48, 117 form cer ‘ings of veal clases, prpsie and motvaing cal clas oniing opines or posoclvcn cu v gunn aye (ying: he house may bum’) in oder forthe hooe 0 bu, Chvah sr Hes fue (Coping wl by gin dr ey so Nominoiying Cover Cases Nov atl conve clues ae med in » proportionally reictive see trying he hea clase semaicaly Tn and on mars of he (VIB Spe Yau (4m Chowsh st Tuan “OA, et may hough they ae ‘Ynucnly dependent cae represet creme masane vale wih the event oft ea late. They can the fen be rendered wih English oordnnve consis ep Gliipodadon et (She aughed an et incom Right Opp tad (Se real an anderson, Chava ie Stree (ite came and sa These nomoiing conven ae teria nd tus pope coat erring evens nar, Taishi hay {ij At Siped sel Bee her pury jong. fncton tee iertert may ge vanour comet feadings c= alr cue, ‘oncrtion, manor andconton, Ambiguity between cover cane of thetinl and he osverbcomsveton menened bos (p42). Kp Dau trdu "(She read Hand so up" venus (Se hep ety ae erty prov feats, aly ich pate om madiing tema coners Of ype ate dea forte discourse tuncon of aaive king a eve an cel texontting wns trate marae ser They allow pesos chansenencs fear Icmuhtobecontrucedcorespendng whole passage S91 tended sequences of propulsive clauses, sprsenting thematically chy imconeected marty equal events. Kgs Men ereg menen ap ‘Srv anp tvepSinap eben bration let upsnbering Eomastics, des, wash myself aod go to sho oe pp 383-4) No ak Sct chan eecesariy mis th ea one. a ony tena ead lane Ty sauppedo permit itv persona aspect modal emposh and Ngetionl interpretation ofthe cain Der converb type ay hese feceaubivdig device sigealing sffeent depres of thetic conenes. ‘ecentheeventsofthechin Ths oldandwitespea naatvepotermeare ‘ishing inmore ropes ses. Question of ope Shee fe claws are ase 8 & whole, embed roying conver laos are outside the seope of illocutionary markers signaling sserion, “They ate aloud he scope of negation ote hea cae, nd must he negative markers ofthis wn. Negative conver markers sch Tuk ‘dn, Turan -BAy clare mosiying (without doinghaving doe Toki Selam vermeden gum “I ee witout preting’. Now ain converh clues may. However be include inthe soope of nezation, © Tha Gelpgormrdi "You did ot soma [hd ot se Thee we al nonsmectying negative mares of the (pe -mAi8, Turkish Seam omen gail did spect, bt el "in inerogtvepartel goes the conte: oa whol entence. eg Turkish Al gellce gin mi? “Did yo leave when Al cae” At with a modiying averbilcostiue’s, the conten of + mexying conver clase ‘nay be lnteropsted separately by shitng the postion ofthe imerteeion naPhtse@ TUAADAL einem gtin? Wash Alia yu eh Other Forms of nto There are aso ether Torso le untion commonly egal a copies oF Ino-European suborintve scares, eg poeposiive clases which Inst the presding clase or consuct of fe Py we povied wath Preicatve markers pial ofa lunes and preceded by junc sich mort ho, ta gt when “hough such claser may resemble English consent and relative laut the often fer considerably rom them. The nto sgl a ane Semantic conection with the subsequent clase but nilly dos tot Induce te TukithSanrum i etcek tin (oh wl come” Uh Mn bili igi edi gto know hat you bad come Caes ‘of his type are mostly no embeded as porpedatveconstuent ofthe Preceding clase but appended 1 ina looser ay, cen madrn [Engupes sich ax Tori, most initio of tis ind ae not styistcl esos more ‘Oh the cer han, languages which have been under atrong Pesan Svc influence tend to epuce the oii na more fein ay Sone of them make we of naive jencios modeled on forsgn ones «6, Gagtar tho, which th Three evn endncis to tse crete nd ‘paves i tbe sense of Indo-European subjunctive. Free junctors ps conditional or optative predicts cores whone “uhenever ete) every olen ust for genera celative and adverbial consrucuons, eg. OW Uyghur lim gorguar “whoever fear, Takish ne ‘lures olan wbeve ay tape ngage ver pedanitany Slee infience prefer indicative fore in vch cases tg Chuvash Kam ones, "ames Who dos not wrk, des nshoul ot ea (pee en) Further Reading Since essing geal dseripons of Tue uct havea mote oes Slachronic oreo, most ofthe relevant literature wil be Usted othe bibiognphy added to Chapter 5. Refereces to desrpsons of Turkish strate willbe piven n Copter Thefolowing it ncadetiesin which ‘tetemnolgy and heals oped inthischaperreelsortedon (4 oan 1980 On penal ya in Ti’, Jota L (1971) Amped i Tarizcher orton 2 einer Betchretbne de rice payne Sts Ope, et SNS Seine Siem Tein Beem) Aa ‘W3aiby"Sucen xr tankicen” Gramma’, in G, Hara (od) a iis pia ose, SSS ame eae Gamma, bib nels {98tay ‘Sindee Fiore i ehen SpracMontlen, Stumgser nin Chae TW che Ca “py Rate eke m TOA, Wee etc fr de ng pein Kine 21 in) on Tai coe cane’ eM aglnah dEKai rh Cress Rapes. Saeed Meng of at mma of Taboegy 2 Ser Forms Aaurbel Ponti Genus Eng tons nga “pelgy fine Yrs Monto de Gaye AE 7m prt rai iB Dein 98) ewpoint operons in Baropeen eguage’ io ©. abl) Tone nd Ape ne Lanaagre arp Batis, Ne Yor Moe de Ger, 4 The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genetic Question Andrés Réna-Tas ‘The Concept of Proto-language entcl withthe spoken Ingunge of 4 piven pero, nor tbe 3 ell Cained descipion of i Is ater mel in he orm of # set of Iypoheses the suposed fetus exited in the fected langage festres of know anges canbe deduce by asming rcatvely simple requir Hori changes. which can be decribed as dominant fendences (the thes han, ean self oly be reached by arly ad comparison of ltr docunated languages. An elder prot language such as Prato Turkic can be Hepfl in reconstructing a bre reves oe SUC) ay Pa is moway taffic, going fom existing linguages 10 the provo-language tnd back pale Proto Turkic Proto Turkic and Ante Tarkio. While Proto Tarke is reconsrcted Inaguage, Aint Tari a ange hat has exiled and as oun spoken by 2 language commun. Aner “Trke hed frm its formaton until he consodaton of the Frat Tork Kaghanatem the mile of he sith amu am. Th, Ancien Turkic cn be Even i pro-language as no ben ving language it has a a cen me dpe a a eetan geographical relevance. Protolanguages havea @ even pe helo tinh ed he Mester ier seine pe See fo he sn sce We “Somme pe fps we Kw Ten Sons uh ei ste sou 0000 Bri rcs lnang of rs pres tg ne Ie acer prog hag ee ‘Stone owe nt Pes he ppc ihe a ng Tat age ashe part Tle esrb let rs Poti mist be coesned of a tee st cera tle ap rss Nena en Pi Say he Tune an eter tems Pete Take rao oe ScTR kale Ta tan ded xy Ae el The Quon he rina mda ae On er ste caves nga wa se ig eof tea of Hake Vwecr ah se cay ape the mono eT re tps hai en me op te Sst a ‘Stim tf ene ft sp by eed tan es ‘in tn we con i ten hat eae several metodo ecnstrstng the place ofan what The tev cha wags ar Ene ht tes es eng faa be aut Com ei ei De me Esha oes oy eM bop cnt eh mean hse! coma amg Roper Aro ‘ips tnt mga ces of eed eae pre ek rps mn esta vcs Erne tony wei ecm ene the plce where te Tins ved Beto the slut ofthe Avtet Ture wie aban ce cere oh ded en eo SM coma Senin eens “Thong Arce Trem be comied ma sccnive tf nyse of melange. hist we nota rogers oe. neal Ancien Tas ‘om abou 300 until 00 wc, no tied dks canbe asumed. fe te Ancient Twi, the ance det ofthe ltr Turk lnguages we formed, Atte cadof early Ancient Turk the formation of the oon of sand bad begun. This means tan pil phonetic swine the ‘pposiins rv. cand. were nevtalned nd pew sounds appear Late ot the change was peertined realy othe eet at ce won ete [pronounced wih wc eh > Toe low e was razed to. The ow aptly rine ‘ch and wa pany rounded a raised Tn ceria OW Turkic documents, writen insted of am expected ia ofr sylales, While some sca have taken this ion epeseat Table. Vowel in Procol sts Sion ener Tange Tierenet Redoloels sygeil OM Tek or ven Proto Turki sod probaly ramerpion ‘te sil preserved back mou nthe vent of rg l(c pp. 107) [thas been claimed that tases nc vowel gration ean be fond in sem alterations sich as "T= ben (able sem). Ths owen 1 sesturally condoned sound change ‘hat seems more simior Con ‘lating pesomenon, Provo hd a fos (bone) eis (nek) mem of ran Sought atl phot a ot sown. Pe tong memte ofeach Cppoiion was umoie and mayte pst whee the er men was ‘atand mont pobely ao uve Thee arn aces of econespunng Soponiio of atc which wld nen Une wo mek counter ish: Tae [A for worn top, the Prt-Tui ptm represents sesonduy simplification. The eter spostos fv g and dof Potter se neualnd an epee by ke and As fa sp sb concer elope nt sila sn thn nto h Sac parson Of tok pace pir the neilation ots oposton ang Weak Sith healer ope, bs ws preserved sok Te th appeared In ros i npuges i seraed uma n no OW Trews ten incises who sl exe. Tibetan spd Chine tarps im htt as reserved lean ene OTe ish ia end Se Rhy ae p96. 28) However tl cass in OM Tuc and tp ack to Prt Tuc p> Sarma of secondary and some of fog i Prakash stds nan ei tT. ame sds and eect in Mogan ad n= expect Hoa age ‘Poop of Tuc langoges, Prk of whet oi changed ints ‘Ofte two Potosi ely ceed wordt A nal {Sounds nan Tri words hive develope espa seonary sr Ti ons mci worl poston ar Oc ores Av menoned however eared nto Ta in anni postions consonants pk if ‘leccared. Many ol Tks languages dc sow spe cakobseats hr we men er sources to dtroe when change Sa, Tn Chora and is eat fan, found tend of in oer Trkic legge Thin porn fee ef shh sees ney Tre Ibaworcs it Comoe Semeyed. Mongoln and Hangs” Whe ome scl tke to eft 2 ec Boo Tue consent or conan Serbinaton the cnet fr sch aeons Prt Tr al he Saposton svn which wa nthe acer of Chava, bt peered nal exher Taki languages, The lst was db 10 the change of: a Aselopmen hat occured tice nthe Hoyo Chuvash, The second time, (ffened Pro-Turkicincrweaie and ial dy wich became 7 vin as Termedt sage © Avshommfy Tekin and oes: as developed i rin ‘Sec maly per pontcomonana, poston i ter Turk languages SMveIL ep Lide ‘chs beat’ Kerk chest. upper pat of the body, ms iat envi besome fat eke’ => tet “tow, kes jin om ste ciungaran re from r+ Hurgasin inintve wf) tO Turkle ges bet, inset -= qomusga “ant fo Hoc + 4A > Chinas omar The change 2 > r this team i special phonetic enone from i Tari languages the Henna late Ancient Turk I ater laned ace inthe anor of Chuvarh, where twas neal in all poscen ss thie langues oot cotesponds oa in Chuvash and is cease cry Tue lonwords in Common Samoyed, Mongotan sed gaan. Seas such a¢ Ramsedl, Poppe Doerer Rave aken these cass of amb representa spec Pro-Turkic ‘one rund conan. The cies sar oat of tac: Cah Tus toes the oppoiion#¥. But no even in Cavan ws the ‘fg tol complete sac ven found ere stead of Proo-Turki ‘Baal! Chaves pi Toric loane i Honganan dsl €or toh ng tack oe eg, bos Mbola- = oka release. grander = Rimi nomi Tat Shar changes ae found nother Tre lngvages, ‘oun before or afer a consenat fpr hand ove? > up The age nop mogsed¢ Tue Wp Hut» Mord Stuetare ‘ordypesotesrcture Vad CV ae founda inca Turkic documents Ce cpio icbady bai. Testo of he sanesintues 8 PRD. Fle canot excl en howevet, can be xowr tha csesof CVE ‘dn alton! vowel char sppeared Tbs types chon have eenCVCW ani CVV The edaced-Vahapesred-eg Prot Turki *sad SSouTorkc say mike Mongolian saya roto Turkic hen eutance Sid tari herr -» Mongelan shri > Ket The nn-educed vowels mained eg owoTarkic tek post > O18 Ture tke Proio-Trke kara uc’ Od Tuk gr, The rads fhe Sl eaced vowels in OM Thc hs been eensed by Joon (1979). They fst append ae The sonora ran the sal dental Sine ths phase was conchaed at the hepeming of Oi Tks andsrefetedin Chuvash, ean alsobe resin or PrsocTurkc The ene of ede vowel fe ssbown ds some pope fumes Thus one ang these name found In wo diferent fans ne Though he Trkic word ascent generally on the last sable, saggenans of he ial ec vowels my pot fie son iia int see al nora ses wee in pened ot poste ial ad al poston Ou Tu fil he chariot em {Phere rl of conta Serclomen eon "a' Poor "oma Nong nd oor ae oorTee fad feet eck sound hamony. Most fens ia documents and present languages contradicting this, eg the oss of Fin some ‘Sh Ase’ ngage oh. si ching Chery ee ‘Sindy develope nd oot pes Poke ea WH so ‘Moots ad Wnt and tc rata ome hoon fm ce ion yen ago pes it tant ik ss ai A ‘uv eso sof tl Prony sow ce ah {pono ow ve ghorieced. Morphology Word Formation ‘rt Toekic hd various morphological devices for word formation, he most ‘regent fomatves Being sfines. Some word ormatives Bene ur se reer hen ek Te we el stn ll refupieion ain avai No aes of Poo-Tkic gender are found. The pal sufi was i ‘eres Chuvash vse 4 Tne eps. Prot Tukehad several Jae deing colctny eg. -Av ann ln rinsed toys opt Tee Cot he pon ood However ave sua dog pay can be dando poona pronounce. we = ‘Prot Tarkic nouns probably had a og stm i just pronouns slieimoiuaeFor ce tow res hen ue ‘an. No-n is oud ia he ete ®t‘ Proto Tues nae ‘i, on extension of the ocalve,exhibis ann tough hot 3 sem "The psessivsuffiesin te sini were Ip. 2p.*-9and 3p. Toongh Chuvash hs onl the existence of nthe ear hoy hav can Be ort The pal of et din er oe wes penn shows ne traces gat The penona ronoum wee pg. hi pi, 2p. plc: Later onthe person pronouns developed trom demonstrates suchas of tha Pry “Turkic may neverlst have had pronoun forthe thd peso, posi al since the oblique ter of of fam ef Chivas tn Th fat that (Chivas asa Spag «+n cera Conus shows tht Pro Ture haath peron singular pronoun *(-o neva into a Bak lsappeared in ther Turki lnuages. Note tat Poe Mongolian bad yp. Sinead Spa Tnsea of the Common Turkic demonstrative bo ~ buy Cuvash hs a <| “ka. Proo-Turkic as no uaes ofa inclasive exclave epporition i the ‘ust genon pura. The irteogative pronoun ws "hem wih isuniely (hat Old Tre ne “wha rele 4 Prot Turki fort sige H woul be he fon naive Turkic word wih inal amerats ‘The Preto Terk nareral pte was dein The numerals for digs were ine, eit Hehe rtf, et seas et seve Seki "igh. tt “ine’ The tens wer on ns pee! “ent oe thy’, ADL “ony lig “By ali", yma “sevety sein ‘ight, tlazon‘inety Sin” and “seve are ths formed with the proce sufi mat "igh" ninety” by compounding wih or te Sipe this stem common 19 Old Turkic and Chivas, ca lo be suppose fer Pa Turki Compounds i -en nt loner ens an soe Siteian les and Yellow Uyghur, are products oar developments The word “huneed” i also Proa-Turkic cf Chuvash ir, Even i Chvash Pin thowsand” is loan, Olt Tricia til go bak o Pot Tak: Mongolian mingan “hosand" OW Turkic nner “ten thowsand it Ite Iounor nest psi rr Thar, is ot reset Cash, bt has ‘een borrowed Hungasan ‘Some Turkic languages ext oeg consonants in sone emer «A ‘wo sei ‘ight Chuvash hs double form the longer form acca somaitibutve andi ‘detrina”atvibutve fonction, eg pl Keke ie five boks' vs. pk Ktete ve book’ Mi unceain whee henge foms nave etysolopea relevance forthe resontactn ofthe Prot Tw mea 1m OW Turkic snd in present day Yellow Uyghur, the cada sumer 11-19 are formed according to the pate “oe ofthe second feng O18 Tusk bir sgirm ‘leven The ners 21-29 are comarca ofthe third te’s brome wenyone The abuence of his systn in Chuvash may mean that thee has ben 2 secondary development here, tht the System dd ne develop outside eat O1 Tai The Prot Tus ord sai seem to have a bth a shat form ad an extend ori verbs [ley in Prow-Tui, he secon-peon sing simple iperave was ‘emia wih the ver stom, or se!” Isao aur which ofthe ater Shines forthe oer eros ext a Poo Takic [AS or vice, Prot-Tuho had a cooperative, eg. Rd se spate ride 2 kann become vsble’ a pane, eg ira be set and 8 Ente, gorda show Negation was expres ith-mA ae ever stm eg Kirmem do totece The esa mrs developed fom psn roncuns. Even Ol Tahic as races sich an Ott en You wl "Th since were Ips ben > nen >on 2p. mm Spap "1 Ip be > “io-mic and 2p {is be Besides. ound i he second pers ako theft person pra ‘eral nominal played an impale in Prot-Tuki. Nominal ers of verbs fentoned at ibtvs, avers nd fine pein, Te past rarer wath anit marker {Vhrca a be aed a Chih oe 116, 45) However no Prt Turkic fue marker can be detec ‘Tae Lexical Stock Thowgh here itagrenen on how to define aha xia sock, we may nermine group of word denoting concept of everyday le wich may have exited in the proto lnguage. A comparison of East Od Tue date With Chuvash nds Jenene me concepts shows a ony abou 6S ou ‘of 100 worde can be cowpared without any groblen. Thee supa [eat numberof basi words Without argu coexpondence. Words with ‘oe atonal clements in Chuvashafecasiest io explain. eg Chuvash wat ‘Sayiy=- Ol Tare ay "moon Anche grup inles Chas oa on taher Tac languges epi OU Terie bed i. pe sar ~ Old Turkic sary “yellow Though the expected coup of O14 Turki i ‘oot would be Chuvash "2a, we fi Zl instal. which an only be Chplined by the development nd'> cil > Mit > ti The early As elected Horgan sd haciopeca sandra the fish with oth ly Insel of *ir asthe eplarcorespondence of O18 Turki ek ear” we find Chavash ere, which may hes nan fom ferent Cash alec in ‘hich the change &> 4 was we. For Chuvash my = O4 Tether neck’, 2 Proto-Trkic bon) may be implied. Cavs pan aod Od Tiki bay ‘eh go back Proto-Trke “bain, Chuvash mala ~ Old Tukle Bug hr peppers Proto-Torkie bute with platalioal > hich Beame > > in Chavash, fut was epaatalined in ether Taki languages. The high percentage othe seemingly ineguar Chuvash forms in ihe base leja tock can ony be de fo the fc that the saation othe Protoss unify the deparing ofthe acess ofthe Tak speaking 8 heathy neg dvs ingen Ric gege Wah the ep of the lene stack of the scomstraced Proto-Trkic language some conclusions can he drwo concering te ela lvl role hat spoke Turki pre tote spit ofthe ler Ture languages They Exist inthe on Ags, were Tamar with aprile a, to some exe, bute Avimal bundy was spc to them nd hey ive ae Tey wer organised in clans nd ibe an ad shamans Proto-Turkic and the Genetle Question Languages are genecllyrelted i and only te esi Ting ewes ‘ane considered the rent of continu an gular change ofthe ete ‘of acommon protoanguage. “The Turkie-Mongle Relationship Scolar who Delete her exh’ common Ai prot language nd hose ho dey is essence ace there was clove comact utente ea Forms of Tanke and Mongobic an th orowings in both ects fad taken lace sine ery ime. Tes geerly sured tha afte tere othe hig ne the ery nent ey citer aguas came une stone Monga Ife. Als dng aftr or Tue tangegcs spoken in west Asa can te cbnred fom the end of fe tenth cent ona, ily G1 the maton othe west the Oar Ka wo spate an Oi! Mongolia peo language and le ecae Teed From heifer cenry mats Mongo cane minaret tp ‘of Boddhnm tt developed Met nd Mangels pt can tac inthe Te angus 0 Sora ‘As orotate tothe test enter wa, ha en argue very else cont fees seve Tani and Mongol spealing rou {fom he mile fh frst millenia wl he dof tenn ceay 1, Many stra of Mongo clos nderTrie nunc ot ame im being though converge changes ad mt pact te te lanaugeproap, The pst ofthe Toric bach wichonly Chav hs survived wa of eset importance: Many change ype Chuva began I the et ndferntted Tic Hrpiste ert. Becase ft seein cn th popes seed ne ames OF the er Common Ture ngage and were accanpte and Eee aise in Chuva nly idle Mangan bes doyolu he o which comes from 8 Tie bsporas = O1 Turk Dyer ha te “anki lnguage fom which twa copied was neces othe Chuvash ‘ype since the htc change > ise connnt ay ae then ‘icin ote Turki languages a wel) Mongolian quran pie ‘shed o Prot-Tukic at owt peng may have Den torowed {roman ranch of Tri Hower fet tt edo ange es of the Chuvash type i Mengalan ha ire" at yar hea ‘Common Turkic es wis «Pr Turkc i two" The OU Chara {oem has ako ben coped ito Hungaria ser i! Mongolian Layers Ippo Tues wander callral wor, hat slo een horowed fem lnguges does ne permit the conclison tht ll oresfundence betwee the wo groupe ae doe to towing It posible that they once had Emon potangue, ut he mater ery sen ary loans a pt The Ata hypothesis Inca sales, twas generally accepted thal Turkic, Mongo, Tange tnd Ura cost one fangage fami Some author called hs spp fay "Alte Thour, ina second phe, this hypotiess was erly Family. Tei arguments wore increasingly seeped unl Clason challenged tnAltac theo in 956, Thistaneda Tine dacusson on certain fetes ‘Chuva and’ Mongolian wich some scholars consered a common Iertage Irom an Alte pote linguage’ ihe schol lames that ese Ronsiod was the fis scholar oy to demons in core way hat Koreans aso a member ofthe Ali guage arly His comparisons have eon Remily etc’ In more rece sues, hough te idea of «gent ‘snip hat nt foe ally abandoned. Ler on, Mir (1971) lame Japasese to be oe of he beaches of the Ase arly I sch relationship ad exnd t mist Be even ore eth te lara of any te of "he Indo-European anges. ‘Tae Nstratie Hypothesis Semito-Haritc and Kartveian go back to a common proto-langage and are Thue gently related. MI Sige observed tht thet problematic fay was Als members Being mae remote rom eather tba any "The hype hasbeen quononed because the semantic range of mos ~ [Gre ens eV "ed eran’ ak > thon "ea > a Mlk Thi oss atest by Mongols paral auch Zayar miler". They hav als et toe inte ort once, crf conservative linguage sich Turkish, sar mika tows alr takes sever ove glir ‘omer’ (6 116) The gradal proces ofthe loss of shor stems Vows eat be ‘hse in Et Ol Tue tox The los offal vowel estes a ial ‘Sowers sch dre eg and “onc. Mongolian anda “som ‘However, the final rede vowels found in cern Chavach words, 68 ae ake yd “row” wd ta id og. Turkish lo, 0) rin worsof the Eastern Turks Kn dal ot fbf ive ual hig ed "thee "00 (Taisho be, bud IP) ae uid clement adel secondly. “The old short vowely were reduced belore consonants of sont sll in pray sts, 07 TSn’ ay ot gor stomach ‘They wore lst in fot of sic vowels (mie syle fs). 08 (7 othr so ays “her mess grt hsber. soma. The reas probably schwetike coaled vowel, Deer has sggestd| than cab found in not sylabes coin Okt Uygha ex ay ‘epee ison Anotier question is wheter Proo-Tkie posed nit diphitongs sock 6,0, Many Common Tue words with inl vowel have Goes comer with sy: preseting the vowel a "lage hn at name ogc Antanas Dohme pont af inal # hyp of Be NWS group eg Karak “people Noghy "er" and is aso fund in some he Tanguges seh Kir Balar” Apa ase fered by ental in Chuvash words sacha aie" ig tiny. Trkch {i ome lr diphohongc pronnciaon fo 6 rer ia NWP Sind Kacy Baar, Keath Srey" ikl’ pa Krk sow, Noghay ora i’ Karicay-Baar “ott fen However ts pone dtemie al hese as ‘Cif ial ipaonp, pry iowa sila enon “Ans problem whether vowel aeration in promi stems ch ashen Papa tome ae ace fad wwe! pdaon rng Vowel Lengtening ‘Secondary vowel lepghenieg as arisen Dough contains with loss of onsonans mos voied fates, pally VO) > ®e@ Khakas acm "ny foo "anyon, tp wip iron, Tavan dr “heay" © 8a or tecomes"< hur, Kirghiz "mountain hay. 1 Tatar and Bashi play 1 ait tht opan with > fstespondag cenuaisadon of igh Vowels. The NW® Subgroup. except Kirgh, tends toward the shite #>Y,7> fue > w and > iy Tar S015 dou a 3 The tendency goes fre ne reduced Charash ‘owe dand@ 6 tr “san prone ‘Both tendencies fit nto general pars ofthe Vogu-Kama aes with phonetic pr in neighbounrg Feoic languages. Inapendely of the oven! qbsion of ir nga thee presence in the Tue Languages ‘ofthe region I dearly movted by interna phonological factor. The sey the ang o tw vowel "actions of the high vl csinton in rounded vowels occu seer ether Turkic language. Recon and low of high voweh, eg Pr Nowel >and wi oten observed West Kip Assimaory Rounding {widespread kindof rounding sth imerylabi bial harmony (ep 39) fn uch the asinine factor the vowel ot the preceding sp abe, © Kp, Alay Turks, akon mid” < tot, in Uyghur old and e sound in open fr silables have Ben ounded two and de toan wor dime econ sb eg yora HE "yer, tgp” < "aug, dik "bot © et, mir kon < Nem. St (lsc ae noted in Yeisey Turkic diet Shits a> 0 due to an w ofthe folowing yb have aso taken lace Yakut zo iy” < tun, ‘Wt are often rounded ea eightourng al conn sm v orf, eg. Turkmen iy. love, ‘ove, Aten eu hone Uontanabi Takis eres aver tng Assnilry Frog and Baking ‘widespretd Kind of romtng the inkerlabic fot vs. back harmony. ‘rch the asin Factor i the sus of the preceding syle (oe p.32-3). Vowels my abo be fomed du wo 3 neighbouring contnan, Itly ye Tatar Je "young yu jy “summer < "yy. Arann Yer place € yer ato wal oss of ef Hear Han snake ct. Takis Jerspheyilan. Threat so variants rac 2 Bhi a= tie rong Or owes Chuvash hasten cured nthe neighbourhood of and Kumgk diplays a > a before a sylable wit an orginal ee trio ei’ dr "yellow. Cases of Foming umuting ie ao found 10 ens Take pales “isher hl < "plas. Beckingof vowels much es frequent penomenon, except asa result Iheitersylabie ont tack amen Chuvash as regular shifted ‘omecthercsesof vowel backing ten inthe neighbouriodo yan owl Raising and Uh Using Modern Uyghur daplays several cases of segesive vowel assimilation, pestape dato Iranian sbsratm inflate. Fad eae ted Spee lables, alia chien’ «= bol chi Saco. hee the Phenomenon called Uyghur umlating, which lo seems to uve Begun 2. ising. In Eastern Tass it occurs before bth and pricing # oe ‘wit according to Jaring (1983.8 poonlogcally back, eat isha rors” The sonal rong ypc of Trt ess pp 83.995) ‘os tten overt the stndard Uyghr langage The change > «i thes Secondary. Bosh «andr develope ito midevel¢ in unacceted ope Syllables before high arround owe of the following sll, “bali > big fa Development of ndvidul Vowels igh Unounded owes Long is preserved in Yakut Tukien, Kha gf eg. Yah He, Tarken £0. Stor and shrened fs ray prsered I has bec cetalied Kaki Kiralalak and Nog. Kara “viner coma and ‘oer Shorened i Tatar and Baie lf wine” centrale ad ced in Cash. <1 -winter (Desde ther representations. log In premeve tn te languages jst mentioned Yat ‘Tk di, Ral tooth’ -Shor and soreness reserved Tas bon lowered i Kazakh, Karaalpa, Noghay and Khas, ©. Kazakh Int Kiukas pi "kaon, cenaied and fer shreed ip Tar and Bashir fr el "hrow, ceased and reduce t CROSS. e pet on (side ther representations). "The conan vrs weak in cesin languages. «phoronenon often ncrbedt ania sflacace. Though Uhr ani Khaljar claimed to ack asa phoneme, ey cle Gplay ack vs on realisations of Bh lowounded vowels The story of aki hs ao sen seer esses of last Shits inthe seas tha censinprumary stems with # have Wied weg {Trkshil work g- Dat Cast O14 Turkic i lly lndcated bythe rior srg, ad full such ak Mongoian bur angaran ors pont to sin od Turkic words sch ax cay “all ‘96_nsroev or ume Acortag othe Aa ther, Ale p-has developed at Tungus ‘and imo Mongobe and Turse h: > 0. Toay, at oly Att Blcne tha tp: developed very ery over a ial ane to an The later taken to have disappeared namo all Turki angen, whereas sound in Khlj,egAdag "oo ht hos”, ie’, a “ne and a ek ‘eae in East Ol Trkicand some madre gg. As orf itis thougtw have Usappeared de toa nealation of @ worn opposition fn Intl dei suposed to Rave dsapesed ia favour of t= a 8 coesponding acatalstion, The East Tule sform sept camot rove this sce i signs denote oth? add. Neth do Mongolian words such day "sa" rhe ou” duran “ich Back pve cil d> ince thy might presen an ealy development => a Sepa Turkic ibis, ke Oghur, both 1 an a. Ia spite of cenin debutioal Similanies, Tuvan dol Yl day “out. dio all fa “sein, va. Tish dal da, drt, di at tis phenomenon is oily to eet an oe opposon “An ely "ia also have developed via d= no Prato“ just as am interval da late tge. Greck taro te sand tad Sixth centre exhib inal <> when rendering the Turki word knowa 2s or “feral fess” and the name of the Ual tive, “Yay Darin Bulgar dom migh elect an eat danske Khas Chavis séler, Tren ylan. Tckie yas "rowe” and yay “enon corespond 1 Mongolian lyir aod dain) which iter lect an Aliue°that developed ito yin Tuc or have bee opie fom an eatly Tui aly posesting We shall scum to this elem when sesing the ‘ainship Between Terk and, nil y- 1s generally assumed tht Proto-Tukic had an italy "hough there i itl consensus 08 ats origi. fn mod ligase, ys erly fund in SW and SE but also inthe NW languages Kur arson fd Bashkir. There is sometimes develoeenty > aby in Anta. Junin yea ud sar Tac’ ret “eat. Some langues have ‘eve. Right, Kipcbak, Uate Jorja), and some have? Raza 2at o"" “The diac varaton soften considerable. We find y- i southern nd wesc Kazakh akc, in northestern Tatar det, Wet Siberian ales, QureNophay. i swthwever Tatar diss taster Kava inlets, souhwesiem Kaakayak dalets close to Turkmen, Cental Noghay, {in Reatlpak orhwevern dislecs claw 10” Keath, ‘Ag Nopiay and socially Uyghur 8 ag fargo. Some “Tatar des have y= before tack vowels and J belo from vowel, ef yar ji wind, Kum as J in few words eg. J elie! Sine an stony runic 97 Mos Sout Siberian (NES) languages display £0. Kaka Tuvan fat "poos'- Oder eats show d= and Alay Ths has weak palatased Geveg dar ie, do way’, det Sevens das “handed nother dec ar et. Yaut hase sol way" os "ned Chvash aor Tesi displays the plated dental foctve yg sway Ser andrea teas" wind sem snake Note that hs i aso the way 2s developed in bo Yakut and Chas ‘The pio is atonal complicated by the fet hat ceria Taki ales brine ones Siberin Manchuria) and in che outnet () ‘Sopay wor nated of expected 9 some wor tht con & aa, secpp 105-6. “The prevalent opinion among Tarcolgis hat ys primary in elon tothe other variants, eas developed ino. se NE or sch {va and are explained asd and presi, enialston of Yat 1 Samoyedicsaburatum, ee The option J- >) seldom considered, towgh thee e several ines of aah sep in Noghsy The fc that aad “Ein also acu in recent lands. eg. A@-Noghay Zaha ‘ule = Russian adr doesnot pot that he ave developed om ‘One conesvable possiblity is that °4- ax developed Over J- ilo “Turkic y-may as we have see, comespod © Mongolic bait samess ao comespeds Mongol «yeu ef. Common Toric. The inal comunan ether reflec an Alta) ht hat sone ih ‘uric othe words question ate copies of Terk words wih ae jes ured Volga Bulgar isis 8 has pipe posible shat." have not developed fom Words such 3 AY ‘Turkic due, Yakw sas, Chovash Ser "ndred and a Yak at, Chava arta’ phate go back forms sachs "dc nd dla ‘Note tha there are even silar forms in various mer lnguges € etal zat "hande isin’, Baha dul ‘Nomis Consonants [Consonant pasion ae assumed o have nloded the stops mentioned ove the feat, pos bo J, the ais =. abd he sosoans mmm and The lesb pe ey to have ended ‘ovat sprctiston. This tendency s vious io East Ol Teri were tie ‘aration of orl det inated by ruform -sgas denoting 0 nd “Tosi denoxing cl The prsenee ofthe weak aca shown By the lal sgn , which demos he sequence Frontund Back Dorsal ismstly assumed hatte stops and were realised a roto Back scoring thet environmest a that hey Iter Spc kv g and sy espctively The ont Tenis x sao key to ve ha reate realisations, a for example, abo has in modern Tovan 9m sony ore “The mmo sep lel dstingbishes front and bask kan sounds, “Toa he raphe system based onthe Uyghnte Manchcan ah Arse ‘crip ar lens ler they usually sigur ad ork dona, ‘Most modem Tuc alphabets use distin signs for ks g 2848-7 Secondary Weak OttruenisThe ltr develops ofthe ol ees i Charaseied by tater weskenin. However, 2 new generation of ene ‘veep secondary nce tion Cehus languages day five mach wk obstuen 6.98.42, ele fom the fois kg They basally occur n onc primary sms ar erghaly Log vowel and in oe-st pay ste Flats eg. af" name eg. gana wing tm mo te languages the enone soc lms cee ese, ete tense vat opposite eb, the old fre ean voice, hres te lees may be mere ol ved or Senicl ‘node languages, the new lees hae paral followed the ol ones econ no rexins ony beteen Yves. ‘Steonary weak abinent ae for Mstacs, oond in Azcbaanian of? fie "ghana “whe deg 26 heaven 9) “nga pend They ae obser mo cleat {lowed avomel eae duh papa ae sen {av "ie bonom’ ayars “wb deday at hp ee. The Teh ‘outers are writen oy, ued, aarti a ye mat el et ay: fo ae ‘The Tulahcomnrpae we witen fun gua gokce amples of fan in te lnggte re Unbek ig “dor—e sig roo, Rath ee Soe = ee oe eg Ube rig? end ong Raza orp ont trey Uygur ae foo > ay yah gab ak abo ‘Oban inlekemes copied om Arc ess, Renan ee, my sno open senewineseg Aawhanan etd ek dd ce Uy ‘ta acto) melab schoo ihe Sayan Tic lngges Trans Ts devo hi be ia cburuets bul may ail distinguish fortes fom lene by means ofa gal ‘Semone eg. Tan a2 hi va ane’ of ace of Te sane clement may mak intrvoeac vice sien foes Tuvan ‘im my or’ ain you Eve he la semen a he ‘cen uzmted du 0 Samoyed ssa, an eral ted ‘ction aban siping fo signal (p98). Tere ae sitar eves Salarand Yellow Uyghur. 339) Other Tendencies Voicing of intrvocaic p> > be > op go> takes plce In Kip languages, eg Bushki hg “eight ck "Tash TORY oF RKC 99 sec The same sits pls -t-> csr in Sith String Khoa ae ‘dopa at es part vacng of consonants between vowels ad betwen Sonoran and x Vow ef fe aynnl on, wten

<>, > ‘>. co. . 8 Wr ty ad bE, ra “onion “ope Tn ther "Wen Kipcak langage ofthe Cacassrogion pay stone spi soils stopse.g Karachay Pap Tn a gta stops Bakara Jae south Kany iste gg Tr. Smila teenie are fond in Salar and Yell Uyghr Both South Siberan languages apd Fo Afslayaspited ital Tones 2, R= i loanword, wheteas the ‘imepeadag ta stops in mative word ae bd ‘Gon foting ofthe atcuiion bse fen wie oeign nln, has atfee the phonetic ealation ef consonants cela langtages. Thos {e'Iuanbl Turkish inthe extreme southwest of the Turkle ord, the tmiculaton of kts hed othe ff tha the ra comonants te generally paid, probably a subsvatum phenomenon under the [nisence of Mediteranea languages. Genel mtn ie Chuvash hs at ‘opoions of palnalied and non-paslaised consonant, Gagauz ani ‘ain have under Slavic influence, developed paltaied variants of ll fonsonans. eg. Karim wen” T- Palaalisations are also observed in ‘Retina este Developnent of alia Consnans Ina g- is preserved in most languages. eg. Turkish ky“. Many Tnnguages play featves eg. Khakas or “sn yarzy “eycal (Chuvash ura “lack Tuvan ha heaves some weds, ar “stow bata buck” Kz and lay go not doplay-o nate words, Yahi {before font vowss and high bok vowel eg Agi, Bot writen ‘cos efor an eg ale Kha exhibis fe The imeopaie element *gr- hss developed into Optar hae Turmen 2090 Azrbipanen hae, Try hang whic’ Vic has occured {stem and southeastern Anatolian Gales Azerbaijan, Turkmen Kom Sales, sometines Kha). c.e€ Azerajanin ara ‘lack us Turkmen 423 “gr, 4am "ood Thowph thi developments como) serie to Pers infuesce is aot present in Ubek, Tete sols of A insome Turkish dlecs ater “when” and development into a gota ‘op in Mishar Tatar, eg 7a emu, Tn certain Chuvash words Store ‘cil lng vowel we 8 ot find Bly enon ur sDOw ula "chute aay ck. Connon Taken gar, gan, TH» ay go fackiodlptthong Ya. eg "Wan Blo ar aa Fnal is mosly preserved, eg Tush tok, Karsh, Ktgia, Unb, Uyghur roy. Then dg Tatar tg ll, ste. Sprain oud ‘Azra, Khakan Tra Kasi Te fia secondary eis 2 Fermoy devoid eg? white Turkish ab. The conespoding sounds reposted by 7 in Vahl and Chuvash et, sy ‘on-xisie The final op has appeared in Chavash syle ems «pul fish ura oot sc Azerayjnin ali, Keak al Yalu feo Mal -q- ften preserved Turkish sal "ese alr opp’ ‘lun iow Itervocae spianinaton i found in Avcbshanian, Kai, (ee Aztlan yr "ope sleep, eon net, Kasim age rea, sprain and vlcng in Kipchak, South Siberian and Cash, eg Ta. Kazakh, Karachsy-Ball,Kighia. Rhskas seal “bea Tata, KarahayBallar bay “copper, Chavish raya "bea writen ad p<, Uys im asroRvoFTUNKIC 101 Final Ais most preserve, eg. Tekin, Azerbaijan, Taken, Kazakh sok "Too, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Noghay. Urbek ai Tat Bashir, Kazabh 2d, Karacoy- Balhae. Karp u, Tovan a Chav [at "brn. Paltnation cas fn one lngage, eg. Actbabian It on The secondary lenis monly evoke, Tkih hen’ b kvsops io =y in Azerbaijan lca, ey “heaven Coespoding Yau words show sponsor, gay “ine Biylbic words hive ansinan xs in Chuvash. ine cow's. Yakut nag Imervoeaie sie preserved in Oghis, eg yids bude’, Aas Janam, Terhmen his, Tarkih iis twin tf voiced many langage, roably i Kipchak, e.Kazakh sets sight, Kira, Uyghur eg twin ‘icp! when going bck toa long consonant. Kriz el, Usb, Uyghur iti wo! Chava and Sayan Turki pep Toran ets for the ate orm with estaisaton a ots Itervcalic is fut weakened, sprite deed ep. Turkish gg i] even 18. Final gis preserved, eg, Urbek tp Uyghur tp each, toch’ Spiranised eg. Azeri dey, Tuvan dey Tar. Basi, Kath, ira, Atty np, Yu ty Chuvash tr Blane wor fen have ensenant Tos ep Twkih Sal ll, Chabal ymin ith Isbiabuation eg Kighir eli Foto, ie aculiston of the oposonk dusty of SE languages. Uyghur ell, Usbek ali Medial has mosly developed to sprntstion or os, ep Azer asian desrman, Bashi, Kary, Kaa Balke trmen, Noghsytermen. ‘Knakas sero ll, Bashir ren Rigi sro ern 4 Inia ris mostly preserved eg. Uyehve ra Kaz tx, Yoko ‘nals stone’ Voicing has taken pic in Op, though egy 6 “uskmen da, Azcbajanian dat vu Twkich fay, Turkmen ac" vs “ukish ne, Azetajanan tv. Tekish dak “pour” Sty Turki shows in sire, ep Tuvan da ul, day oun drt Tove use of Thich dol da di data IW ha spore cng. Kany dara “sal Tatar da Baht “ou deh ‘ie dnged se Kaakalpak dese’ Other developments include 11> AFP Mate Karim, ep. £5 “oou and > & before font vowels in Avetbajanan, Turkish and Uyehve dle. eg at tooth. Chivsh ‘erespons of palatal environments eg Ee hace rd ave’ cf Tarihi, dr The element Ful carespondigt Connon Tati at ‘Sone may mior an ol iphone *Fatacel. Mongoian a inal preserved, eg Usbek de, Chath Rh hat, Tova | ‘horse. The secondary leis? mostly device, ep. Azrbaljnias Medi i mowly reserved Ki at, Usbsk i father | voiced o-d- im Chuvath nadir thing anode South Sirians

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