Review

Chapters 3&4

Chapter 3: Fundamental Rights

and Revolu:ons

Introduc:on

Enlightenment philosophers
The group of guys who wrote about all of the
new ideas of the Enlightenment

John Locke
Believed that power should be spread amongst a
group of people (such as Parliament) and we should
trust these people to make choices based on our
general rights and interests

Talks about fundamental rights:
Right to life
Right to freedom
Right to own property

Montesquieu
Separa:on of powers
Execu:ve power (king)
Legisla:ve power (parliament)
Judicial power (supreme court)

Rousseau
The Social Contract
The state only exists because people agree to
allow the government to make decisions
If the government does not keep up its side of the
deal, people have the right to revolt

Voltaire
Freedom of belief
Should tolerate and be respecOul of other
peoples religious choices

Age of Revolu:ons
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the
European powers are geVng richer and richer
because of all of their colonies

Kings are SUPER rich $$$

Reac:on
Regular people are going to no:ce that those
at the top are geVng richer and richer, while
people at the boZom who are working hard
are s:ll poor (in some cases geVng poorer)
They will start to protest against this as a
result of new ideas.
In some cases this will lead to revolu:ons

American Revolu:on

Focus on French Revolu:on for

the exam!

French Revolu:on

Context with American Revolu:on

The United States has become its own
democra:c country by 1783, and made a
cons:tu:on based on rights and freedom in
1787

The French Revolu:on will take o soon a^er
this with similar ideas

Social hierarchy
In France before the Revolu:on, there was a
social hierarchy in place (which means that
dierent groups of people had dierent levels
of power and privileges)
The NOBILITY and CLERGY, who had the most
power, were only 2% of the popula:on. The
other 98% was called the THIRD ESTATE. This
was composed of normal people.

Social Hierarchy

 We talked about how rich Louis XIV (the 14th)

was.
By the :me of the French Revolu:on, the king
who is in power is Louis XVI (the 16th). He and
his wife, Marie-AntoineZe, are extremely rich
as well.
They hold all of the power in France

Louis XVI and Marie-AntoineZ

Storming of the Bas:lle

End of privileges
In August of 1789, the Na:onal Assembly took
away all special privileges for the nobility and
the clergy
Demanding that the power in France be taken
away from the king and given to the people,
who are the highest amount of the popula:on

Declara'on of the Rights of Man and

the Ci'zen
This document (like the Bill of Rights and the
Declara:on of Independence) outlines
Enlightenment ideas and the principles of
freedom and equality
This would be the founda:on of the French
Cons:tu:on
See p. 109 of your textbook.

Guillo:ne

CHAPTER 4: THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

Slide 24

Tex:le Industry Takes O

Domes:c system (coZage industry) had
dominated the early 1700s; merchants
dropped o raw materials at peoples homes,
picked up nished products later

Slide 25

Tex:le Industry Takes O

Series of inven:ons
modernize tex:le
manufacturing,
including:
1760 Spinning
Jenny invented
Gradual change to
large scale
produc:on in
factories

The Spinning Jenny

Slide 26

Slide 27

General Idea
Mode of Produc:on used to be that one
person would make something by hand.
During this :me it changes over to factory
produc:on in order to make things on a large
scale
Do not need skilled labor for this (anyone can
be taught to pull a bunch of levers on a
machine all day)

Urbaniza:on
People were migra:ng to the ci:es in order to
nd work.
Note: URBAN means CITY

Slide 29

Mining Ci:es
New ci:es grew around the iron and coal
mines, where industries were sprou:ng up.

Slide 30

Living Condi:ons (Housing)

Ci:es were not prepared or equipped for fast-
paced growth
Inadequate housing led to overcrowding
New city dwellers moved to apartments in
poor, working class neighborhoods which
turned into slums

Living Condi:ons (Housing)

Urban slums were full of crime.
Poor sanita:on, sewage systems were not
prepared for the extra residents. Garbage and
sewage would end up in the streets and in the
drinking water.
Disease was very common

Working Condi:ons
Many people were moving from the country
to the to nd work
They worked very long hours (about 14-15
hours a day, 6 days a week) in factories for
very low pay

All members of the family had to work in
order to make enough money to survive
(including children as young as 5 or 6)
Slide 33

Working Condi:ons
Factories were very dark and dangerous

There was no job security or safety for the workers.
If you got sick or injured, you would lose your job.

Horrible histories video:
hZps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF_U4VGl1Jk

Slide 34

Unions

A union is a group of workers who want the
same things. There is a beZer chance of the
boss paying aZen:on if it is a group protes:ng
rather than just one person

Slide 35

Unions
Workers started to band together in unions in
order to get what they wanted (ex: job
security, sick days, shorter hours, etc.)

Slide 36