Topic @: Acids £ Bases Core Syllabus AS Obj 9.1 Properties of Acids and Bases (1h) 9.1.1 Outline the characteristic properties of acids and bases in aqueous solution, The properties that must be considered are: effects on indieators and reactions of acids with bases, metals and carbonates. Bases which are fot hydroxides. such as ammonia. soluble carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, should be included. Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water A. Gride: ainep chet prechuce Ht Chay Aronian) & on Cadizaten: unisesed £ Litmud = asel Z. feashitn o| Juanes: unectroligetion HCl cog) + NaObeag) > owe Na Clizg) 3. Consctaan U9] unctole : Spiafia vanetisdy ynitob (En tadret in ruactivdty oesiar) Hcl cog) + Maco —> MgCl, tg) + Ho) a sale hydragen gas 4. fanctin wo conrenaden (¥ hydherpn cobras) Hlcagy+ Na, COgts) —% CO + Low) + Na Clog) Carloon water a salt dronde 8. 2 Bn gpa al, Bruin hod prcclune OM (hydroxide) eerthue dod nad a> ammenis CNHs), spuleancbe (Cor), (4005) ] L. fipeta on cuneliteatey: uunirersed # obras ~ Lee /puple 2. Peotin vo] axis (nse alee) C. QMhali= Waren which inset cin curdaT4-St 2 9.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases (1h) Note: Bronsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases are net required for this sub-topic. 9.2.1 Describe and explain the differences between strong and weak acids 243 and bases in terms of the extent of dissociation, reaction with water ‘and conductivity, The term ionization can be used instead of dissociation, Solutions of «equal concentration can be compared by pH andior conductivity A. Stung aside } Jum dctnertiols Gn yn to HCl egy —2 Ht cagy + Cleg) Ker Tat + Lange i Complicts danmerirertsine Zz. High wectrical Concluctivdy (Let of iow) 3. pH 8) Aric & wey Lous 6) Base & 404 togh 4. Ran w[ tO: neue wey exothomar (-an) ive colin dirnolve Gu H,0 B. Weak oxids £ Lanes = do uot dinsctiads Conpitaly in tho (Eqpialilrivm paces) Cg COOH cap) FE CH COO™ Cag) + Ht yes) _ (escoo DCH. spat [cnycoot] |. Sucempllt damserciacion 2. Four wlactited concburtiscey Cured on omens) Lous) 3. ph ES Ges ot Bouse shaw 7 bb) Benes « Avis chews F 4. Roum vol bh O: Ure ad ancsthamic ar sheng. KaT4- Sid ec Soameth ipa fencee Of Ainscriakion ANA ContanTnatsioe | 1. Con hase a fewo (0.001 Mm) Coreen of < who (Hcl) acid € cis eee 922 State whether a given acd or base is strong or weak. 1 Specified strong acids are hydrochori acd nitric ae and slfirie eal Spevted weak acids are ethanic acid and carbonic acl aqueous earbon dioxide) Specified strong bases ae all group 1 hydroxides and barium hydroxide Specified weak bases are ammonia and ethylamine. A. Geto _ L . Hel + deapaceldaric and BNO, = induce axial HSOq= Dulfurie aciel 2 Week: Cy COOH= Lathancte and Hs a CO, 3) = Code acid Bae : Lioll, NeoH, Kow & Bo (OW), = porian Myclroniol’s 2. Week: Nis = Grmemior Cig Cl NE rehome Describe and explain data from experiments to distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases, and to determine the relative acidities and basieities of substances. TRON WEAK 23 EF concesttrations | Conductivity a epualTA- SL4 9.3 The pH Scale (1h) 93.1 Distinguish between aqueous solutions that ae acidic, neutral or basic using the pH scale. ae - et if iH 4 P ae” Acidic Neutral 93.2 Identify which of two or more aqueous solutions is more acidic or basic, using pH values. Measure pH using a pH meter or pli paper, Students should know that pit paper contains a mixture of indicators. The theory of pH meters isnot required. Aacids: lovee pH & more acidic Bases: higher ph & more loasic AS. Obj 933 State that each change of one pH unit represents tenfold change in the hydrogen ion concentration [H"(aq)] . Reite integral values of pH to [H'(ag)] expressed as powers of ten CCaleulation of pH trom [H 4a] s ot required se 10 cada Ss ry So 2 8 fo tt ie i A. Each incisone in pl Sy 1-0 unit = 10 x dacunse im (H*] lO x Vinmcranae tin [Ht] B. Gach daewaw du pi Ly 10 uuied © 934 Deduce changes in [H'(aq)] when the pH of a solution changes by 3 more than one pli unit C. Duufpe, pl chanyy Prom 294 = 100 % decunee un [A] and pt heuag from 10 > F = [000% Udeman van CH]T4-SLS 9.4 Buffer Solutions (1h) 94 Describe a buffer solution in terms of its composition and behaviour, Abuser resists change in pH when a small amouint of ast solution and eshanoicacid/sodium ethanoate. Blood i buffer solution A. Bf 2s clamp q.aeliciin made fom: 1. usesh acid ond chp ralt (anion) CH, COOH Casthannie arid) 4 Nq CH COO (aeddion catthomeeds ) ae 2. G usenle Lane oud cts ole (cates) Niky Common) & om NA4CI (ammonium chienicle) B, tchact deaffye do un do vanist changes sin pl wohan crea amousts of axid ot dare an actaladl ce Hous aduy wore: 1. Qeiad Douffge = CH, COOH cag) == HF cag) + CH3 COO™ veg) Acid ae a. H, axid (H*) co assed, & Chasen» -piariph : hed cho wyun hep do LG , cohauw ‘benhing cnp" abe exter HT Draafpe cdo ph wild wot meh. A b. & dare (o#") as dad, ut usacts 09/ obe 7 spusract ate Loum Wxstn ( Wt rotl > Heo). Shia dase Lousn clo CAT concusbretion pe abo umn hide rigid Jo male cwvew Ht anol ole pi dees not Chamag rsech2. Base Buf: Tt-SLb N&s cg) + HOW S NAL cog + O17 ey) base sale 4. Adkdivg Grsel att): \. Graces vol of ge frm FeO OW Gs wercved 2 WKN wikifs wigiet 3 Yflew OW Ga Pum and Bph= baal b, Qetebing Ware (ow): L. Dacmenad ot) se wen untifye bit 2. OH us dacwaned # ph omell D. Natared L. Bteod in a natiinal belle of Coubenic ariel 2 ite pals: HCO, Cap SZ Wreagy + 1 COS cag) re B COS cagy SWE cag + COF ag) 942 Describe ways of preparing buffer solutions. 2 A. Geid dboffga: fee Ao and ea = * Cis COOH Csehanade acid) F 1.0 mol /L oo Na CH, Coo (rection athamodi) 51.0 -ol/L et B. Bom lofla: vous faly aguel olen oweruc of cba andl Gh pelt Nits Commenia) £10 wal [i One Ni gCh Ccommmerninnn ChLeniol) = semi § exampleT¢- SLE 9.5 Acid-base Titrations (1h) 95.1 Draw and explain a graph showing pH against volume of titrant for 1,3 titrations involving strong acids and bases. Tarrating, Suowg Bane (0.10 0 Nao) Guts 20.0 cod 4 O10 M HCI Custiong ante) 4¢eo--e- 4— Bguivalence point = ushon copped Hes ph Atenas it Volume Naot rantty asiTopic 18: Acids and Bases AS. Obj 18.1 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases (2h) 18.10 Define acids and bases according to the Bronsted Lowry theory. 1 "A. Bagnated ~ Yours (BL) asi - puss dewet (H*) B. BL Base = procter accapeer 18.1.2 Identify whether or nota compound could act as a Bronsted-Lowry acid or 2 base A. Ged! Hcl CHgCo0H# =H, S04 HO Cpornitle, of, ok Lense 4) t “ fe B. Banes: Nig (decom Nit ) OH- (seroma Heo) 0 (og ct etcomas Hy 0*) eee \entify the conjugate acid-base pairs in a given acid-base reaction 2 A. til Bay BL assed Uron a Jae ; Cal Gk. hog Affe ty andy 1 “HY 1 ae HCl + Acid Cl = Gay. Bese Cig COOH: Reid cH, COO-~ Gary Base p Acid - | Ht= Con. H,0= Aerd OH- = Gay. Base = NHf= Acid NAS > Gai. Base B. Eeey BL Bane her 2 coy bane ansountid 19/it. OW = Bane O° Gx aba Base + [AY = on acid ReadC. Eesey arial - hase yanctién Shon 2 pale: TP?-HLZ Axial- Comiy bone + Bane- Cony aes Hel + Nadh 3 %O * Necl A B cA . Hac) = Cl k B cA cB (ee) 18.4 Determine the structure for the conjugate acid (or base) of any 3 Bransted-Lowry base (or acid). “The members of a conjugate acid-base pair always difer bya single proton (ity, Stucures of eorjugate acid-base pars should always make clear the tpproximare location of the proton wansfered. eg CH\COOH‘CH;COO rater than C:H.08C:H0: See 185, eten AB on Dock pap fp cornmplo. 18.2 Lewis Theory (1h) 13.2.1 Define and apply the terms Lewis acid and Lewis base 12 |A Lewis acid-base reaction involves the formation ofa new covalent bons in which both electrons are provided by one species, Such bonds are called dative covalent bonds The formation of complexes (see 132.4 and | acid-base reaction. usually a Lewis “educa hace, = wid appliemtion chow B-L (all BL anid $ came Seer Lm a ee ree SD Concowe ad net oesmnenily cue.) B, Delpuistions: L Hise acd wleshen pan acceptor 2 thuin Lee > ahuction pair dlowiot (oluwayp char erapeniael Low pase of wlictacs Aworilath)C. Brompee Ta- HLS i Na, + BF, —> Ni BF, rs es Se H-RENGB-ED aN BOE? 1 wn ce " NH, dona e- pa = LB Te nsw combed onal id BF, acapts e-parbA cine ushiels ous wpexise (Nig vie chts Case) donates bse ¢- ua hy eual, Bie un Called q@ Aotiy conta dood. io 2. Conlon formation hy deausitiin masala” cmd Sejamels a ffuusta axid — bone were Peg + 40K og > [Co(04,]* 205) od ~ Pa ! a aoe cu 0: * 4 18.3 Calculations Involving Acids and Bases (5h) — Mach of this will be done in class— Note: A proton in water can be written as H"(aq) or Hs0"(aq); the former is adopted here 18.3.1 State the expression forthe ionic product constant of water (Ke). 1 Ky = [H(aq)][OH(agy] = 1.0 x 10" mol” dm at 298 K. but this varies with temperature, 133.2 Deduce [H'(aq)] and [OH(aq)] for water at different temperatures given Kx 3 values. yao Jo ke (C,H) we HCOOH us cle astronges axial B. Shed, pa or ust abv oppose (shangth a waverly pa (CK,CooH) = 4.76 propertiined oo pKa) pK« Ca coon) = 3-45 pka CHcoot) < pK Coty Coot!) we HCOeH Ge atta ariel 133.9 Apply &, or pA: in caeulation. 2 Calculations can be performed using various forms of the acid ionization constant expression (see 18.3.5). Studer should state when approximations fare used in equilibrium calculations. Use of the quadratic expression is not required ge jac 183.10 Calculate the pf ofa specified buffer system. Calculations will involve the transfer of only one proton. Cross reference sino oo 18.4. Salt Hydrolysis (1h) Isat State and explain whether salts form acidic, alkaline or neutral aqueous 1,3 solutions, Examples should inelude als formed from the four possible combinations of strong and weak acids and bases, The effect ofthe charge density of the tations in groups 1, 2.3 and d-block elements should also be considered, A. Solis of Gotale axils aw chaste: CHyCoo- + Heo 2 $B Ch,cooHt H>) B. Salts of wemke Lame om anishic: base Nag 4 HOS Nig + (430%) acidCty heap ig chor deity dad sine HHL 183.1 fom anise Cog Pet Ai.) [Fecteod.]” 2 fre con) creo), ]™ + ‘® Larcusy,h” = [arco HDI ‘@ acid L Meked needs Ao Use carnal ga (sshatesdy denis on tobe ) 2 Hegldy chargesl (+3) 18.5 Acid-base Titrations (1h) Draw and explain the general shapes of graphs of pH against volume of 1,3 titant for titrations involving monoprotic acids and bases All combinations should be covered: strong aid + strong bse, strong acd ‘weak base, wea: acid + strong base and weak acid ~ weak base. — jae ae Oe F acid titrated leguimelatity base cies ‘euita) + 4 Je Reidic Equivalence Pe (methyl orange indicator) 200 Nel Base WA /sB Caco) (aod) 4 & Basic Eguivatone Pt (phenslgthalein tadtcator) + 20.0 s Nel BaseWA /wB 4-dLt (coon) (ay) pa + fe— neural Eguivalence pt Coat too thallao to set w/an indicator) 79.0 Nol Base 18.6 Indicators (1h) 18.6.1 Describe qualitatively how an acid-base indicator works. 2 Use Hlovag) = H'(ag) ~ Ina. or simitar colour A colour 8 Hin= acisht fon In" danic fy due Coleus wan ou Gs (0 ti ume chou Uso kes, A. Qeisl colour (A) = estan enough KY us aslo oa Obigt yn Jo Loft wo ahead he Gel [hte] 1° oo oe OH" da aololid (2 yencts Lo] HY As pun HO) Se Bhp wren wield a9 cceat Gel , 49 ted =| C. Bercune a ahiht of, 1-0 plt cums doa [0 drind ae (a dacwene) din [A*], che coker chamaes ote 2.0 pH uustr(l00 stains CHL) oo : aeTH HLB 13.6.2 State and explain how the pH range of an acid-base indicator relates to its 1,3, pK, value A: Since pits pike + fog DEL» depstunan- Hareibtinch Let) Exgacctaon ahaa colors chawey il cnt on a poed chow: (Be]- CATe] ane cthoufps phe pks 2 B. i ensid do chests an cinclicaly cere os pe separ ot pp 18.63 Determine an appropriate indicator for a titration, given the equivalence 3 point of the titration and , (or p,) values for possible indicators, A. SA(SB Spusisabonee Ba = 4 Bhuo Ghee 4.0) a» gee deck phenclploshalein Cpka= 43) Gl was Leemune A aqutinlnce ph. da wp usialo B. SAIWB Sau. Pr pl #4 anathe, oumay (pk = 3-4) dn gpd C. WAISB Eq Re pl = 10 Phamolphthalan (pky> 23) & gpeol D. Woke / WB Pa p> % Moet cho oxy pF db oo an ch fase chou 2 pt usmis) cthet