1.

Samurai- Warrior knight

2. Zaibatsu- In Japan, powerful family groups that founded huge
businesses that controlled large parts of the economy
3. Kami- Spirits
4. Shinto- Japanese religion that stresses the link between people
and forces of nature.
5. Shogun- Chief general of the army who was the real ruler in
feudal Japan
6. Daimyo- powerful samurai warriors under the control of Japans
Tokugawa shogunate.
7. Bushido- Code of behavior developed by Japans samurai class

that emphasized military virtues and loyalty to lords

8. Feudalism- Local lords ruled the land but were bound by ties of
loyalty to higher lords and to the monarch (Japan, Europe)
9. Seppuku- Samurais committed suicide instead of bringing back
dishonor to their families.
10.Zen- form of Buddhism in Japan that emphasizes meditation
and
self-discipline as the way to achieve salvation.
11.Proletariat- Industrial working class
12.Communes- Community in which al property is held in
common.
Living quarters are shared, physical needs provide for in

exchange for work

13.Collective farms- Farm operated and managed under
government direction.
14.Responsibility system- China: each farm family had to make
their own living
15.Totalitarian state- nation in which the government controls
every aspect of citizens lives through a single party dictatorship.
16.Propaganda- Spread of ideas to promote a cause or damage an
opposing cause.
17.Capitalism- Free market economic system in which the means
of production are owned and operated by individuals for profit.

18.Bourgeoisie- middle class.

19.Motives for Crusades:
Crusade- holy war; Europe; 1000s-1300s
1) Papal motives- Pope wanted to increase power over the
church, regain control over Byzantine church, reduce fighting in
Europe, want to reclaim the Holy Land
2) Crusaders motives- believed they were obeying Gods
commands to reunite the church, glory and riches, escape debt
and
taxes at home.
20.7 sacraments: SACRAMENT- sacred rites administered by the

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

Baptism
Eucharist (communion)
reconciliation
confirmation
marriage
holy order
anointing of the sick (extreme unction)
21.Causes for the decline of the Roman Empire:
o [Roman Empire lasted 500 years; during golden age it stretched
from Spain to the Euphrates River]

o people competed for the throne

o civil war
o invasions
22.Contributions of the Romans:
o Latin language
o the idea that everyone was equal before law
o idea that person is innocent until proven guilty
o required evidence in court
23.Results of the Black Death:
o [EUROPE; 1300s]
o Panic

o doctors refused to treat

o priests refused to hear confessions
o parents abandoned children
o Jews were blamed
o feudalism declined
24.Manor economy:
o MANOR- self sufficient community that supported feudalism;
EUROPE
o peasants spent usually four days a week working in their lord's
farm and paid fees to the lord to use the mill for grain or the oven
for bread

25.Life and death of Caesar:

o [ROME; 100-44 BC] under Caesar, Rome conquered new lands in
Europe and around the Mediterranean, senators killed him
because they were afraid of his power
26.Characteristics of European and Japanese feudalism:
o[whoever had the most land had the most power]
o Kings granted fiefs to lords
o lords acted as independent kings
o vassals were lesser lords
oKnights were mounted warriors
opeasants and townspeople

27.Philip II and Alexander the Great (conquests, impact etc):

[GREECE; 300s BC] 1) Philip II (aka Philip of Macedonia) ruled a
kingdom of north Greece and brought many independent
citystates
under his control 2) united Greece, created culture called
Hellenism
28.Socrates (life, death, importance): [GREECE; 470-339 BC;
Socratic method- answering questions with a question] 1) he
sought a code for human behavior 2) Athenians thought he was
corrupting the youth and charged him for failing the gods and
sentenced him to death 3) his death urged Plato to write The

Republic 4) didnt like democracy

29.Acropolis (purpose): [GREECE; acropolis- hilltop fortress] public
life centered around the acropolis; the climate is mild so men
gathered to gossip and discuss events; a fortress to prevent
invasions
30.Diocletians policies: [ROME] 1) helped to prolong the decline of
the Roman Empire 2) split the empire into two halves 3) favored
the empire's rich eastern cities
31.Pax Romana (result): [ROME; first 200 years of Roman Empire]
1) stretched from Spain to Euphrates river 2) peace and prosperity
3) this was the empire's golden age

32.Pericles (view of democracy): [ATHENS; 400s] 1) believed that

the people have the power 2) believed each person had the right
and duty to participate in government
33.Fief: [feudalism; fief-estate] lords were granted fiefs from kings
34.Importance of Suez Canal: [EUROPE; Suez Canal- 100 mile
waterway that links Mediterranean and the Red Seas] used Suez
Canal and shortened the way to Asia
35.Difference between Sunni and Shiite: [Islam split into two
branches after the murder of Ali and the retaliation murder,
leaving
no remaining successor] 1) Sunni- believed any devout Muslim

could be successor 2) Shiite- believed successor should only be

blood
36.Beliefs shared by Jews, Christians and Muslims: Monotheistic,
all have Scriptures or a text they all believe in, all recognize the
Old Testament, all believe in a final judgement day, believe in
afterlife
37.Martyr: [ROME; 200s-300s Martyr- someone who suffers or dies
for his or her beliefs] 1) Christians were persecuted by the
Romans and killed 2) 313, emperor Constantine ended
persecution of Christianity
38.Torah: [Torah- sacred book of the Hebrew people] Ten

Commandments were recorded in the Torah

39.Importance of Alexandria, Egypt: [EGYPT; 300s] 1) center of
Hellenistic civilization 2) scholars and merchants gathered 3) had
a library in which scholars researched mathematics, philosophy,
and medicine
40.Achievements (Phoenician, Hittite, Persian, Sumerian,
Babylonian): 1) Phoenicians created an alphabet consisting of
only 22 symbols that were easy to learn 2) Hittites mastered iron
and controlled the Fertile Crescent 3) Persians built roads and had
an empire that stretched from Asian minor to the Indus Valley 4)
Sumerians created an alphabet consisting of pictographs called

cuneiform, they also used the wheel, invented the sail, and used
measurements of 60 5) Babylonians made the Hammurabi code,
consisting of 282 laws that made the punishment fit the crime,
they also had Fertile Crescent for a short time
41.Resources of Middle East: 1) oil- most valuable; unevenly
distributed 2) copper 3) phosphate- used in fertilizers 4) saltfound in the desert
42. European Purpose for Crusades: the pope wanted to increase
the power of the roman church, reduce fighting in Europe, and
wanted the holy land from the Muslims

43.Anti-semitism: [EASTERN EUROPE/RUSSIA; 1800s;

antisemitismthe hatred of Jews] killing massacres led Jews to flee
to Palestine
44.Ataturks goal and policies: [TURKEY; 1900s] 1) made Turkey a
republic 2) attempted to modernize Turkey 3) built industries 4)
insisted religion and government be separate 5) calendar and
metric system 6) women had right to vote
45.5 pillars of islam: [pillars-duties; alms- charity; Hajj- pilgrimage
to
Mecca; Jihad- struggle in God's service] 1) proclaim belief in God
and that Muhammad is the prophet 2) pray five times a day 3)

charity to the poor and aged 4) fasting during Ramadan 5)

pilgrimage to Mecca 6) Jihad is sometimes considered the 6th
pillar
46.Hejira: [hejira- migrations of Muhammad and his followers from
Mecca to Medina in 622] marked the expansion of Islam
47.Teachings of Muhammad: [MECCA; 570-632] taught there is
only one god, five pillars, and the Koran
48.Darius (conquests, policies): [MIDDLE EAST; empire from Nile
River to Indus Valley by 516 BC] 1) tolerated diversity 2) split the
empire into 20 provinces 3) each province had a leader, or satrap
that was the eyes and the ears of the king 4) established a system

of coinage
49.Importance of the Fertile Crescent: [Fertile Crescent- regional of
the day Middle East, site of of the world's earliest civilizations] 1)
rich soil 2) abundance of water
50.Cuneiform: [cuneiform- term used to describe the wedgeshaped
writing of the ancient Sumerians] 1) Sumerians established
cuneiform 2) name was given later by the Romans 3) recorded
laws, prayers, treaties, and medical knowledge
51.Colombian Exchange (essay): [Columbian exchange- global
exchange of people, goods. and ideas between the Eastern and

Western Hemispheres; 1500s] 1) named after Christopher

Columbus 2) settlers from Europe flocked to the Americas 3) they
brought their ideas about government, law, and religion with them
4) Spanish introduced corn, potatoes, squash, and chocolate to
Europe 5) Europe brought malaria 6) Spanish brought smallpox
52.Effect of the encomienda system: [SPANISH COLONIES;
encomienda- right to demand taxes or labor from native peoples]
many Indians were killed due to backbreaking work. poor food,
and frequent epidemics
53.Touissant LOuverture [HAITI; 1791] 1) led the rebellion of Haiti
2) drew all foreign forces out of Hispaniola by 1800s 3)

54.Simon Bolivar: the Liberator had the backing of llaneros and

was able to defeat the Spanish to gain Venezuelas independence
and create Republic of Gran Columbia
55. Jose de San Martin: a creole who liberated Chile in 1818
56.Reason for replacing Native American slaves with Africans:
Las Casas wanted to protect the Indians and thought Africans
could survive the harsh conditions of the tropics
57.Treaty of Tordesillas: agreement between Spain and Portugal
aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered by
Christopher Columbus
58.Obstacles to unity in Latin America: geographic barriers, social

and economic divisions, poverty, little experience with

representative government
59.Haciendas: large, Spanish plantations located on the best farm
land
60.New Laws of the Indies: placed peninsulares at the top of
society
and Bartolome de las Casas helped pass them
61.Achievements of Aztecs, Incas, Mayans: Mayans- architects,
hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar, concept of zero
Aztecschinampas,
educate boys and girls Incas- irrigation systems,
terraces, messengers, quipu (knotted string to keep records)

62. Similarities shared by Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans:

Government,
63. Description of Latin America Geography: Western
Hemisphere, extended from the Rio Grande to Cape Horn, located
between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, near the southern US
64. Ways to Preserve Culture After Spanish Conquest: Native
Language and customs
65. Cortes: Landed on Mexico coast in 1519, he marched to
Tenochtitlan to conquer and get gold/riches. Won after 2 year
battle.
He tricked the emperor into believing he was a god. Disease,
allies,

and more modern weapons helped Cortes win

66. Pizzaro: 1532 tricked emperor with gold room then killed him.
Easily defeated the Incas because they were so weak from civil
war
67. Mestizo: European and Native American ancestry, lower class,
soon became the biggest class
68. Great Depression Effect in Japan: led to unemployment and
50% decrease in exports
69.Meiji Restoration: 1868 rebels forced shogun to step down, set
Japan to new course
70. Isolationism: suffered because of Japanese conquest, but they

overcame it, expelled all Christians and foreigners

71. Japanese society: organized into clans then formed unions with
multiple clans, Japan united
72. Geography of Japan: archipelago separated from main land by
Korea Strait and Sea of Japan
4 Main Islands
1)Kyushu
2)Shikoku
3)Honsho
4)Hokkaido
-4/5 of Japan is mountainous, rugged tertian, hard to farm

73. The relationship between China and Japan: Japan narrowed

Chinese customs language government before they developed
Chinese was there source of Japanese culture
74. Atomic Bomb (dates)
-August 6, 1945- Hiroshima Bomb, killed more than 80,000 people
a
and leveled 4 square miles
- August 9, 1945- Nagasaki- Killed more than 40,00 people
- Finally on August 14th Japan surrendered
75. Effect of WWII on Japan
- It was the first time Japan had been conquered by a foreign
power

76. Shogunate of Japan: controlled land, people, and army

77. Filial Piety
- Confucianism, the duty and respect children owe their parents
78. Confucianism
- a pholiophy the some dude names Confucius who taught 5
relationships to restore order
#1 ruler and ruled
#2 Father and Son
#3 Older brother and Younger Brother
#4 Husband and Wife
#5 friend and friend

79. Social Structure of feudalism: local lords rule the land, but are
bound to higher lords and emperor by ties of loyalty (kings, lords,
vassals, knights, and peasants)
80. Great Leap Forward: Modernization program introduced in
China in 1958 by Mao Zedong under which the nation was divided
into communes and peasants were forced to give up their land
81. Four Modernizations: modernize agriculture, expand industry,
devolved science and technology, upgrade chinas defense forces
82. How did Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping compare and
contrast: Mao Zedong was the communist leader. Deng Xiaoping
turned away from Maos ideas and introduced moderate policies

which made people demand political freedom.

83. How did Mao seize power?: Emerged as leader of Chinese
communist party in favor of the peasants by treating them fairly
and
politely. His army then grew in number. Defeated Japan to control
most of northern China.
84. Beijing Massacre: protestors gathered in Tinanmen square to
protest and demand reforms. protestors were fired upon and
thousands were killed
85. Reasons for European involvement in China?: Wanted to be
accepted as equal partners in trade, demanded the right to trade
at

other chinese ports. Britian began to sell opium to China, which

resulted in the opium war. Westerners always win the right to
extratoriality. Unequal treaties made the Chinese accept the
British
terms of peace and gave Britain the island of hong kong and other
ports.
86.Confucianism, legalism, Daoism (differences):Confucianism
believed to have order you needed to respect the 5 relationships
and
follow filial piety to keep peace and order. Daoism believed you
needed to be one with and respect nature to have peace, and

legalism believed in harsh and strict laws was the only way to
keep
order. All of those beliefs are very different.
87. Boxer Rebellion: foreigners sent out of China for rebelling
88. Long March: fight of Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong
from the armies of the Chinese Nationalists under Chiang KaiShek. It
covered 6,000 miles
89. Shi Huangdi: had harsh policies and revolts broke out
90. Gentry: born into high social class
91.Mandate of Heaven: [CHINA] belief that heaven grants the right
to rule to a ruler

92. Population of China: 1.2 billion people (1/5 of the world

problem). Most live on Eastern seaboard