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(
PIPE BENDING METHODS,
TOLERANCES,
PROCESS AND MATERIAL
REQUIREMENTS
Prepared by
Pipe Fabrication Institute Engineering Committee
Copyright by
USA
CANADA
WEBSITE
www.pfl- ins I itute. org
METRIC CONVERSIONS
The conversion of quantities between systems of units involves a determination of the number of significant digits to be retained.
All conversions depend upon the intended precision of the original quantity and are rounded to the appropriate accuracy.
Pipe sizes together with applicable wall thicknesses are not shown with metric equivalents.
The SI (metric) values where included with the customary U.S. values in this Standard are the rounded equivalents of the U.S .
values and are for reference only.
Metric units were derived utilizing the following conversion factor:
Conversion
Inches to
Mitlimeters
Lb/in 2 to
2
Kg/cm
Conversion
Deg. Fahr. to
Deg. Cent.
Factor
25.4
Factor
5/9 (Deg. F.- 32)
0.0703
Dn
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers methods, process
requirements, tolerances and acceptance criteria for
shop fabricated pipe bends.
1.2 The bending methods described in this standard are
a partial representation of commonly used
processes and do not preclude the use of other
methods.
TANGENT
...
On
BENDINTRADOS
3. Bending Methods
3 .l This standard covers bends formed by both hot and
cold bending methods. For this standard, a
temperature 100 degrees F below the lower critical
temperature of the material is defmed as being the
boundary between hot and cold bending.
2. Terminology
CENTER TO END
tn
tm
FIGURE 2.1
---f.---
RADIUS STOPS
(OPTIONAL)
PULLING DEVICE
HEATING DEVICE
ANCHOR BOX
FIGURE 3.4.2
INCREMENTAL BENDING
FIGURE 3.4.1
FURNACE BENDING
BED)
RADIAL
ARM
FIGURE 3.4.3
INDUCTION BENDING
3.5 .1 ROTARYDRAWBENDING:
In this method, the pipe is secured to a
bending die by a clamping die. As the
bending die rotates , it draws the pipe against
the pressure die and, if necessary to prevent
wall collapse, over an internal mandrel. The
pressure die may remain fixed or move with
the pipe.
PRESSURE DIE
FIGURE 3.5.3
ROLL BENDING
4. Welds in Bends
ROTATING BEND DIE
FIGURE 3.5.1
ROTARY DRAW BENDING
HYDRAULIC RAM
FORMING SHOE
FIGURE 3.5.2
RAM BENDING
FIGURE6.2
APPLICATION OF PIPE WALL BUCKLING
TOLERANCES
Note 1- Depth of average crest to valley is the sum of the
outside diameters of the two adjoining crests divided by two,
minus the outside diameter of the valley.
6. Form Tolerances
6.1 The ovality of a pipe bend shall not exceed the
ovality required by the governing code. If there is
no governing code, the difference between the
maximum and minimum diameters shall not
exceed 8% of the average measured outside
diameter of the straight portion of the pipe unless
by mutual agreement between the purchaser and
the fabricator. Where operating conditions require
less ovality it may be necessary to use larger
radii, heavier pipe walls or a specific bending
method that will provide a closer control of
ovality.
6.2 Since there are occasions when buckles cannot be
avoided, the following restrictions should apply:
(a) All wave shapes shall blend into the pipe
surface in a gradual manner.
(b) The maximum vertical height of any wave,
measured from the average height of two
adjoining crests to the valley, shall not
exceed 3% of the nominal pipe size. (See
Figure 6.2, Note 1)
(c) The minimum ratio of the distance between
crests as compared to the height between
crests and the included valley should be 12
to I. (See Figure 6.2, Note 2)
A
12
Depth (per Note 1) - 1
- ------ >-
BENDING RANGE
c5
(/)
:::>
!;
1--
L._......--
/:
I
I
_/
I
I
I
0 2
~
0
z
CO
10
30
20
40
50
60
70
Example B:
FIGURE 6.5.1
FURNACE BENDING RANGE
BENDING RANGE
5
------~
-~----
ii: 3
(J)
::J
Ci
~
0
z
"2
t-
I
-~- --~-1
~~
LU
CD
0 0
75
100 125
25
50
DIAMETER TO WALL THICKNESS RATIO (Dnltn)
150
FIGURE 6.5.2
INDUCTION AND INCREMENTAL BENDING RANGE
12
11
10
"2
9
8
7
Cl
~ 6
(f)
::> 5
0
~
Cl
z
w
Ill
4
3
2
1
0
TABLE 7.2.1
FURNACE BENDING
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
FIGURE 6.8.1
COLD BENDING RANGE
7. Material Allowances
7.1 The following recommendations for material
allowances will vary with the bending method,
material, pipe size, bend radius and the bend
fabricator's equipment. It is suggested that the
purchaser contact the fabricator for specific
information.
7.2
Bend
Radius
1.06 tm
1.08 tm
1.14tm
1.25 tm
6D
5D
4D
3D
Factored
Thickness
1.03 tm
1.04 tm
l.09tm
1.19 tm
TABLE 7.2.2
INDUCTION AND INCREMENTAL BENDING
Bend
Radius
Minimum Thickness
Prior to Bending
6Dn
5Dn
4Dn
3Dn
2Dn
1.5Dn
1.06 tm
1.08 tm
1.10 tm
1.14tm
1.22 tm
1.30tm
Factored
Thickness
1.03tm
1.04 tm
1.05 tm
1.08 tm
1.13 tm
1.19 tm
TABLE 7.2.3
ROTARY DRAW BENDING
Bend
Radius
6Dn
5Dn
4Dn
3Dn
Minimum Thickness
Prior to Bending
1.09 tm
1.14tm
1.20 tm
1.28 tm
Factored
Thickness
1.06 tm
l.lOtm
1.15 tm
1.22 tm
TABLE 7.2.4
RAM AND ROLL BENDING
Bend
Radius
6Dn
5Dn
4Dn
3Dn
Minimum Thickness
Prior to Bending
Minimum Thickness
Prior to Bending
1.08 tm
l.lOtm
1.13 tm
1.17 tril
Factored
Thickness
1.05 tm
1.06tm
1.08tm
1.11tm
TABLE 7.5.1
MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR FURNACE BENDS
FIGURE 7.5.4
TANGENT LENGTHS
TABLE 7.5.2
MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS
FOR INDUCTION BENDING
Nominal Pipe Size
Front Tangent
Rear Tangent
Tangent Between Bends (Tm)
TABLE 7.5.3
MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR COLD BENDING
9. Ordering Information
._______ Lineal
Dimension
14---- -
Lineal
Dimension
Tangent
~ Length
-----------7
Radius of
Bend (Dim C)
I
Plane of Bend
(Angle between
Two Bend Planes)
I
I
I
(
_t_ _______________ [
Plan View
-]---
End View
- Ovality Tolerence :
The difference
between the major
and minor axis (percen
---------
---
---
Flat Plane
of Bend
Major
Dia.
I
y
Ovality
(2 x size)
Elevation
Figure 9.3
Tolerences
z-o o
o
~ ~~g_~~
~- ~ i
~en ,
;~~
~=-~
~ ~- g
~r
iil :;-
~i~
3 CD
:::T
:!:!!
""
~
[
~
""'
~W~G~G>C
Spool No.
Material Spec:
Pipe Diameter:
Fab Code:
Design Press:
Design Temp:
Corr. AIIow:
Calc'd Min Wall:
Y''
E'
n-"f_
.. I
~r :
"
""
616.25 Sketch
PREP "A"
~~~
UT Point 1:
UT Point2 :
UT Point 3:
Major
Controi"C"
Radius of Bend:
Degree of Bend(D)
Plane of Bend (POB)
1% of Dim "C"
0.5 degrees
1.0 degrees
1% of Dim "C"
1/8"12" and under
3/16" over 12"
..
[Time:
Temperature:
Remarks
Remarks
Mise Remarks
Minor
End "A":
End "B":
Tolerances
n/a
n/a
"A" End:
"B" End:
tnme
~G
'
'
-\_ END PREP "B'
"B' TANG l ENGTH
0.00
0.00
0.00
End Preparation
r-emperatura
Dimension A
Dimension B
Dimension C
AngleD
UT 2
Required Dimensions
"A" Tang Length
"B" Tang Length
Dimension C
~ngle D
Dimension A
Dimension B
Dimension E
Ull
Actual Dimensions
..
Date
forming.
~
Pl
8l
FORM 9.1
PIPE BEND ORDE R FORM
(1)
0."0
l
'"rj
[/)(1)
[/)
'"0 ....
.... Pl
(1)
;::3
(1)
.....
8cr-P>0.
..... 0.
N t"Ii
/'\
/""""""'\
[/)
...
-I
oN
'-'