#13.1.

kreta-mikenis kulturis periodizacia da

zogadi daxasiaTeba
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis kulturis ganviTarebaSi udidesi roli
iTamaSa egeosurma kulturam. is vrceldeboda egeosis zRvis kunZulebsa da
sanapiroebze,

xmelTaSua

zRvis

aRmosavleT

nawilSi

TiTqmis

2000

wlis

ganmavlobaSi _ Zv.w. 3000 wlidan Zv.w. 1200 wlamde. am kulturis centri iyo kunZuli
kreta. egeosuri kultura aseve vrceldeboda kikladebze, peloponesze, sadac qalaqi
mikeni mdebareobda da mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze, romlis samxreT nawilSic
mdebareobda troa. egeosur kulturas aseve uwodeben kreta-mikenis kulturasa da
minosur kulturas.
troa da mikeni gaTxara germanelma arqeologma hainrix Slimanma, xolo kreta
ingliselma arqeologma artur evansma, romelmac SemogvTavaza egeosuri kulturis
periodizacia sakmaod pirobiTad, radgan is dafuZnebulia kretuli keramikis formis
Tanmimdevrul cvlaze. evansma egeosuri kultura sam did periodad gayo, xolo
TiToeuli maTgani, Tavis mxriv, sam subperiodad. man am nawilebs minosurebi
uwoda kretis legendaruli mefis _ minosis saxelis mixedviT.
egeosuri damwerloba dRemde ar aris bolomde gaSifruli. cnobili festosis disko
TiTqmis yvela eris warmomadgenelma gaSifra Tavis sakuTar enaze.
daaxl. Zv.w. XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi moxda raRac katastrofa, romlis xasiaTic
dResac daudgenelia. Tumca egeosuri kultura ar ganadgurebula. piriqiT, Zv.w. XVII sis dasawyisSi daiwyo misi axali ayvavebis xana, rac xelovnebazec aisaxa.
kretul xelovnebaSi didi adgili uWiravs arqiteqturas, gansakuTrebiT sasaxleebs.
egeosuri kulturis erT-erTi periodizacia swored sasaxleebTanaa dakavSirebuli:

sasaxleebamdeli periodi _ Zv.w. 2600-1900 ww.

Zveli sasaxleebis periodi _ Zv.w. 1900-1700 ww.
axali sasaxleebis periodi _ Zv.w. 1700-1400 ww.
sasaxleebis Semdgomi periodi - Zv.w. 1400-1150 ww.
kretuli

arqiteqturis

yvelaze

gamorCeuli

Zeglia

knosos

sasaxle.

pirveli

mSeneblobebi aq Zv.w. 2000 wlidan daiwyo, xolo dasrulebuli saze Zv.w. 1600 wels
miiRo. ayvavebis xanaSi kretelebs sruliad ar eSinodaT zRvidan Tavdasaxmisa da
TavdacviT kedlebs aRar agebdnen. knosos sasaxleSi centraluri adgili ekava did
sworkuTxa ezos, romelic yvela mxridan nagebobebiT iyo garSemortymuli. isini
ukiduresad CaxlarTulad iyvnen ganlagebulni da gegmaSi labirinTis formas qmnidnen
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(savaraudod aqedan momdinareobs miTi monotavrsa da mefe minosze). egeosuri

arqiteqturis erT-erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSania zemoTken gafarToebuli xis
kolonebi, romelTa bazisic qvisgan an TabaSirisgan iyo damzadebuli da dabolovebuli
qvis kapiteliT. knosos sasaxleSi aseTi svetebi wiTladaa SeRebili.
sasaxlis morTulobaSi Zalian did rols TamaSobda kedlis mxatvroba. freskebi
kedlebze ganlagebuli iyo frizebad. kretuli kedlis mxatvrobis Sinaarsobrivi mxare
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli miTologiur-religiur warmodgenebTan.
yvelaze

adrindel

freskad

knosos

sasaxleSi

iTvleba

e.w.

"zafranebis

Semgrovebeli" _ daxrili adamianis figura zafranebis msxvil yvevilebs Soris.

araproporciuli, brtyeli siluetiT mocemuli figura SeRebilia mocisfro-momwvanod. ar
unda vifiqroT, rom kretis mTel mxatvrobas aseTi pirobiTi xasiaTi hqonda, Tumc
adreuli mxatvrobis zogierTi Tavisebureba gamudmebiT meordeboda mogvianebiTac.
Zalian sainteresoa knosos freska "qalbatonebi cisferebSi", e.w. "parizeli
qalebi". sami qalis figuraTa Semonaxul zeda nawilSi saxeebi daxatulia profilSi,
Tvalebi da mkerdi ki _ fasSi. qalebi Cacmulni arian morTul cisfer kabebSi wvrili weliT,
Ria mkerdiTa da idayvamde saxeloebiT, Tavi ki diademebiT aqvT Semkuli.
Tavisufladaa gadmocemuli samajurebiT morTuli xelebis Txeli TiTebis maneruli
moZraoba. qalebis saxeebi zustad erTnairia da naklebad gamomxatvelobiTi.
magram maTSi mainc aris garkveuli gamococxleba: maT win, SesaZlebelia
mimdinareobda sacirko warmodgena an raime sxva sanaxaoba.
knosos sasaxlis freskebs Soris, iseve rogorc mTel kretul xelovnebaSi,
gamorCeuli

adgili

uWiravs

xaris

gamosaxulebebs,

romelic,

rogors

Cans,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda kretelTa sameurneo cxovrebasa da

religiur warmodgenebSi.
knosoSi napovnia akrobatTa gamosaxulebiani SesaniSnavi freskebi _ esaa
axalgazrda biWebi da gogonebi, romlebic axtebian swrafad gamoqceul xars. maTi
moZraobebi Tavisufali da moqnilia. xazgasmulia mkerdis sifarTove, welis siviwrove
da xel-fexis dakunTuloba. rogorc Cans, es Taviseburebebi iTvleboda silamazis
niSnebad. aseTi saSiS varjiSebs SeiZleba aramxolod sanaxaobrivi, aramed sakulto
Sinaarsic hqondaT.
ukve gvianminosur periods (Zv.w. 1580 wlis Semdeg) ganekuTvneba knosos
sasaxlis didi dekoratiuli moxatuloba e.w. "procesiis derefanSi", sadac freskebi or
rigad iyo ganlagebuli. SemorCenilia qveda rigi procesiiT Wabukebisa, romelTac
2

miaqvT vercxlis WurWeli da gogonebisa, musikaluri instrumentebiT xelSi. adamianTa

figurebi aq didi doziTaa pirobiTad, dekoratiulad da brtylad gadmocemuli. ukve Zv.w.
XV s-Si ufro

da

ufro

gaZlierebulma

sqematizaciam kretuli mxatvroba

srul

dacemamde miiyvana.
kretulma keramikam ganviTarebis metad rTuli da saintereso gza ganvlo.
yvelaze Zveli Tixis WurWeli (daaxls Zv.w. 3000 w.) dafarulia ubralo geometriuli
ornamentiT, romelic Cveulebrivia neoliTuri periodisaTvis. Suaminosuri periodis Sua
xanebSi (daaxl. Zv.w. XVII s.) keramikulma xelovnebam didi ayvaveba ganicada. am
periods ganekuTvneba larnakebi, romelTa saxelwodebac momdinareobs pirveli
aRmoCenis adgilis _ kamaresis gamoqvabulis saxelidan. maT natifi mrgvali foma
aqvT, dafarulni arian Savi lakiT, romelzec TeTri da wiTeli saRebaviT datanilia msxvili
mcenareuli ornamenti. droTa ganmavlobaSi larnakebis moxatulobebi bevrad ufro
realisturi gaxda. Suaminosuri periodis dasasruls (Zv.w. XVII s-is dasasruli da Zv.w.
XVI s-is dasawyisi) gaCnda mcenareTa araCveulebrivi ornamentebiT gaformebuli
WurWeli. masze gamosaxuli iyo titebi, SroSnebi, suroebi, romlebic muq fonze Ria
ferebiT

iyo

Sesrulebuli.

gvianminosuri

periodis

dasawyisis

(Zv.w.

XVI

s.)

moxatulobebSi wamyvan adgils ikavebs Tevzebi, zRvis varskvlavebi da a.S. kretuli

keramikis erT-erTi Sedevria larnaki rvafexiT gurniidan. am larnaks ramdenadme
gawelili forma aqvs da mTlianad emorCileba moxatulobas, romelic gamosaxavs did
rvafexas.

misi

elastiuri

sacecebi,

dakunTuli

sxeuli

da

cecxlovani

Tvalebi

gadmocemulia gamaognebeli sizustiT. mis garSemo ganlagebulia zRvis mcenareebi

da marjnebi. aseve cnobilia ritoni delfinebis gamosaxulebiT da mravali sxv.
mogvianebiT, Zv.w. XV s-Si keramikaSi, iseve rogorc kedlis mxatvrobaSi,
daiwyo sqematizaciis gaZliereba. Camoyalibda e.w. "sasaxlis stili" _ formebi gaxda
ufro mSrali, naxati TandaTan ornamentad iqca.
kretuli kulturis ayvavebis periodSi ganviTarda mcire plastika. kretaze napovni
qalRmerTTa qandakebebi, romelTac xelSi gvelebi uWiravT da isini Seqmnilia
faiansisgan an spilosZvlisgan, aseve faiansis dafebi sxvadasxva feris mfrinavi
Tavzebis, Txebisa da sxva figurebiT, iTvaliswineben egeosuri xelovnebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel dekoratiulobasa da sinatifes realisturi gadmocemisas. qalRmerTTa
qandakebebi gvelebiT, maTi tradiciuli kretuli kostumebiT, maTi sadResaswaulo
gayinuli poziT, safiqrebelia, rom iyvnen mTels xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gavrcelebuli

RvTaebis _ Yyvela cocxali arsebis mfarvelis gamosaxulebebi. gveli, qalRmerTis

atributi, iTvleboda wminda arsebad.
kretuli mcire plastikis Sedevrad SeiZleba miviCnioT qalRmerTis qandakeba
gvelebiT bostonis muzeumidan. is Sesrulebulia spilos Zvlisa da oqrosagan da 17 smis sigrZisaa. misi tanadi figura isevea Cacmuli grZel kabaSi da gamowvdil xelebSi
iseve uWiravs gvelebi, rogorc faiansis qandakebebSi. magram saxe gamokveTilia
ufro realisturad. natifadaa gadmocemuli xelebis muskulatura.
gabeduli

gadawyvetiT

gamoirCeva

spilosZvlis

qandakeba,

romelSic

gadmocemulia swrafi moZraoba akrobatisa, romelic xars axteba. kretuli mcire

plastikis sxva nimuSebSic vxvdebiT did dakvirvebulobas, moZraobis sisworesa da
sizustes.

gansakuTrebiT,

egeosuri

xelovnebisTvis

damaxasiaTebel

xaris

mravalricxovan gamosaxulebebSi.
daaxl. Zv.w. 1400 wels kretis qalaqebi gaanadgures, rogorc Cans, romelime
ucxotomelma dampyroblebma (savaraudod aqevelebma). knosos sasaxlis dacema
SesaZlebelia

aisaxa

berZnul

miTSi

Tezevsis

Sesaxeb,

romelmac

daamarcxa

labirinTSi mcxovrebi minotavri.

mikenuri xelovneba
egeosur

xelovnebas,

romelic

kontinentur

saberZneTSi

Camoyalibda,

Cveulebriv mikenur xelovnebas uwodeben.

mikenur xelovnebaSi wamyvan adgils arqiteqtura ikavebs. am periodis
arqiteqturuli Zeglebi aRmoCenilia mikenSi, tirinToSi, aTenSi da saberZneTis sxva
adgilebSic, aseve troaSi. isini ganlagebulni arian SemaRlebul adgilebze. kretuli
sasaxleebisgan

gansxvavebiT,

mikenuri

sasaxleebi

karagd

iyo

daculi.

mtris

Semosevebis dros maT kedlebSi afarebda Tavs garSemo myofi mosaxleoba. cixesimagris kedlebis SigniT ganlagebuli iyo sasaxlis Senoba, romelSic cxovrobda
basilevsi, misi ojaxi da maravalricxovani naTesaoba.
am sasaxleTa kompleqsebis kompozicias, hqonda ramdenime saerTo niSani
kretuli sasaxleebis kompoziciasTan: nagebobaTa asimetriuli ganlageba, sinaTlis Webi
da sxv. magram masSi adgilobrivi Taviseburebebic arsebobda: sasaxlis gegmaSi
centralur adgils ikavebda megaroni, didi sworkuTxa darbazi SuaSi keriT, romlis
gverdebze ganlagebuli iyo zemoTken gafarToebuli 4 kolona, romlebic iWerdnen
gadaxurvas. megaronis tipi iyo mikenuri xuroTmoZRvrebis is niSani, romelic
memkvidreobiT gadaeca Zveli saberZneTis arqiteqturas.
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sasaxlis kedlebi aliziTa da xis karkasiT iyo nagebi, baTqaSiT gadaxuruli da

zogjer moxatulic. kedlebi koSkebiT iyo gamagrebuli.
mikenuri sasaxle-cixe-simagreebi iyvnen gviandeli berZnuli akropolisebis
winaprebi. didi TaviseburebiT gamoirCeodnen mikenuri samarxi nagebobebi. es aris
" Saxturi samarxebi", kldeSi nakveTi, mopirkeTebuli qvis filebiT, da zemodanac qviT
gadaxuruli, da aseve Tolosebi, romlebic mrgval nagebobas warmoadgendnen.
mrgvali kamerisken midioda viwro derefani _ dromosi. sxvebze ukeT Semonaxuli,
Zv.w. XIV s-is Tolosi aRmoaCina Slimanma mikenSi da mas "atrevsis saganZuri"
uwoda. Sesasvleli, romelic odnav viwrovdeba zemoTken, gadaxuruli iyo uzarmazari
monoliTuri qvis filiT. mis Tavze grZeldeboda samkuTxedad amoWrili sivrce, rac xels
uwyobda

kedlis

Semsubuqebas.

imave

konstruqcias

vxedavT

e.w.

"lomebis

karibWeze", romelsac mikenis akropolisSi SevyavarT. oRond amjerad samkuTxa

sivrceSi Cadgmulia qvis fila. masze amotvifrulia ori lomi, romlebic wina TaTebiT
eyrdnobian sakurTxevels, romelzec dgas zemoTken gafarToebuli kolona. "lomebis
karibWis" reliefi egeosuri xelovnebis monumenturi skulpturuli dekoris erTaderTi
magaliTia.

mikenuri

arqiteqturuli

kompleqsebis

kompozicia

TviTmyofadi

iyo,

magram dekoracia da ornamentika Camoyalibda kretis didi gavleniT da mxolod

Zlieri sqematizmiT gamoirCeoda misgan.
mikenis kedlis mxatvroba SemorCa mikenSi, tirinToSi da saberZneTis sxva
adgilebSi. moxatulobaTa siuJetebi igivea, rac kretaze da adgilobrivic. SeiZleba
vivaraodoT, rom am freskebis Semsruleblebi kretelebi iyvnen. freska tirinTodan,
romelzec gamosaxulia akrobatuli TamaSebi xaris zurgze hgavs kretuls. tirinTos
saukeTeso freskaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba taxze nadirobis scena. isrebiT daWrili da
gaqceuli taxis swrafi moZraoba sicocxliT aris savse. magram ZaRlebis pirobiTi ferebi
aZlierebs naxatis dekoratiul xasiaTs. mikenuri mxatvrobis dekoratiuloba axloa
ornamentis dekoratiulobasTan: masSi wamyvania ara laqa, aramed xazi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi sibrtyisa da pirobiTi sqematizaciis niSnebi ufro da ufro gaizarda,
rogorc Cans, magaliTad, saSualo zomis e.w. "qal monadireTa" freskaSi. gogonebi
dganan etlze, romelSic Sebmulia wyvili cxeni. maTi tansacmeli kretuli ar aris, ufro
berZnuls gavs. maT ukan sruliad pirobiTadaa gamosaxuli xeebi.
homerosi mikens oqromravals uwodebs. Slimanisa da XX s-is 50-iani wlebis
gaTxrebma gamoavlina simdidriTa da mxatvruli ostatobiT sruliad gansakuTrebuli
nivTebi: e.w. "agamemnonis niRabi", Tasebi, oqros WurWeli. SesaniSnavia mTis
5

brolisgan gakeTebuli Tasi, romlis saxelursac ixvis forma aqvs; mZime brinjaos xmlebi
spilosZvlis vadiTa da oqros inkrustaciiT; kretuli xanjlebi gamaognebeli sinatifis
inkrustaciiT, romelic gamoxatavda SroSnebs Soris morbenal lomebs, lomebze
nadirobas da sxv. amgvarad, dekoratiul-gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi, iseve rogorc
arqiteqturaSi, Cans maRalganviTarebuli kretuli kulturisa da ufro dabal safexurze
myofi mikenuri kulturis Serwyma.
egeosuri xelovnebis Zalian saintereso saxea metalze an qvaze amokveTili
sabeWdavebi. es beWdebi siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT Zalze mravalferovania; zogierTi
maTgani naTels fens religiur warmodgenebs, romlebic Camoyalibda egeosur
samyaroSi. adamianebi, iseve rogorc kedlis mxatvrobaSi, gamoixatebian wvrili
weliT, dakunTulebi, patara TavebiT.
daaxl. Zv.w. 1200 wels mikenuri kultura daCrdila berZen tomTa axalma talRam
_ CrdiloeTidan wamosulma dorielebma da sxv.