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Milk
Thetermmilkisalsousedforwhitecolored,nonanimalbeveragesresemblingmilkin
colorandtexturesuchassoymilk,ricemilk,almondmilk,andcoconutmilk.Inaddition,a
substancesecretedbypigeonstofeedtheiryoungiscalledcropmilkandbearssome
resemblancetomammalianmilk.
Humansfirstlearnedtoregularlyconsumethemilkofothermammalsfollowingthe
domesticationofanimalsduringtheNeolithicRevolutionorthedevelopmentofagriculture.
Thisdevelopmentoccurredindependentlyinseveralplacesaroundtheworldfromasearlyas
90007000BCinSouthwestAsiato35003000BCintheAmericas.Themostimportantdairy
animalscattle,sheepandgoatswerefirstdomesticatedinSouthwestAsia,although
domesticcattlehasbeenindependentlyderivedfromwildaurochspopulationsseveraltimes
since.
Thefemalesofallmammalspeciescanbydefinitionproducemilk,butcowmilk
dominatescommercialproduction.In2011,FAOestimates85%ofallmilkworldwidewas
producedfromcows.
Humanmilkisnotproducedordistributedindustriallyorcommercially;however,milk
banksexistthatallowforthecollectionofdonatedhumanmilkanditsredistributiontoinfants
whomaybenefitfromhumanmilkforvariousreasons(prematureneonates,babieswith
allergies,metabolicdiseases,etc.).
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Asidefromcattle,manykindsoflivestockprovidemilkused
byhumansfordairyproducts.Theseanimalsincludebuffalo,goat,sheep,camel,donkey,
horse,reindeer,yak.Thefirstfourrespectivelyproducedabout11%,2%,1.4%and0.2%ofall
milkworldwidein2011.
IntheUnitedStates,therearetwogradesofmilk,withGradeAprimarilyusedfordirect
salesandconsumptioninstores,andGradeBusedforindirectconsumption,suchasincheese
makingorotherprocessing.
ThedifferencesbetweenthetwogradesaredefinedintheWisconsinadministrative
codeforAgriculture,Trade,andConsumerProtection,chapter60.[56]GradeBgenerallyrefers
tomilkthatiscooledinmilkcans,whichareimmersedinabathofcoldflowingwaterthat
typicallyisdrawnupfromanundergroundwaterwellratherthanusingmechanical
refrigeration.
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Bibliography
Dupuis,E.Melanie.Nature'sPerfectFood(2002)excerptandtextsearch
Kardashian,Kirk.MilkMoney:Cash,Cows,andtheDeathoftheAmericanDairyFarm(2012)
excerptandtextsearch
McGee,Harold(2004).OnFoodandCooking(2nded.).NewYork:Scribner.ISBN9780684
800011.
Valenze,Deborah.Milk:ALocalandGlobalHistory(YaleUniversityPress,2011)368pp.
Wiley,Andrea.ReimaginingMilk:CulturalandBiologicalPerspectives(Routledge2010)(Series
forCreativeTeachingandLearninginAnthropology)excerptandtextsearch
UnitedStates.OfficeofDietarySupplements.DietarySupplementFactSheet:Calcium.2013.
Web.<http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/CalciumHealthProfessional/>.
Feskanich,D.,WCWillett,MJStampfer,andGAColditz.1997."Milk,dietarycalcium,andbone
fracturesinwomen:a12yearprospectivestudy."AmericanJournalofPublicHealth.Vol87,
Issue6.992997
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk