Example1: Calculate the ionic strength of 0.10 M NaCl(aq).

Solution
: 1
1

2
2
2

2 [Na

](1) [Cl ](1)

2 (0.1)(1)

(0.1)(1)

0.10 M

Example2: Calculate the ionic strength of 0.10 M Na2SO4(aq).

Solution
: 1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2 [Na

](1) [SO 4 ](2)

2 (0.2)(1)

(0.1)(2)

0.30 M

Calculate the ionic strength of the solution containing the following constituents:

0.20 M of KBr with 0.010 M Na2SO4

0.50 M KNO3 and 0.10 M Na2SO4

Find the activity coefficient of Ca2+ in a solution of 3.3 mM CaCl2.

(Ca has a size of 600 pm)

Find the activity coefficient of Cl- in a solution of 0.33 mM CaCl2.

Calculate the error in solubility (s) by using concentration instead of

activities for Fe(OH)3 in 0.050 M KNO3. Ksp of Fe(OH)3=2x10-39

Calculate the error in solubility for Ba(IO3)2 in 0.033 M Mg(IO3)2

Ksp of Ba(IO3)2 = 1.57 x 10-9

Ex. 0.010 M NH3 solution saturated with AgBr

Pertinent equilibria:
AgBr(solid) Ag+ (aq) + Br (aq)
Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)+ (aq)
Ag(NH3)+ + NH3 Ag(NH3)2+
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
2H2O H3O+ + OH
Mass balance equations:
[Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+] = [Br]
cNH3 = [NH3] + [NH4+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+] = 0.010
[OH] = [NH4+] + [H3O+]
Charge balance :
+

[Ag ] + [Ag(NH3) ] + [Ag(NH3)2 ] + [NH4+] + [H3O+] = [OH] + [Br ]

Find Hg22+ in a saturated solution of Hg2Cl2.

Find the concentration of Ca2+ in equilibrium with 0.050 M NaF

saturated with CaF2. The solubility of CaF2 is small, so the
concentration of F- is 0.050 M from NaF. Ksp of CaF2=3.2 x10-11