Chapter 12:

Stoichiometry

Lesson 1
The Arithmetic of Equations

Stoichiometry
Chemical equations are like recipes
Balanced equations allow us to calculate quantities of
reactants and products (in grams or moles)
Stoichiometry: the calculation of quantities in chemical
equations, the bookkeeping of Chemistry

Particle Interpretation
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
1) Particle interpretation:
1 molecule of nitrogen reacts with 3 molecules of
hydrogen to produce 2 molecules of ammonia
1:3:2 ratio -- nitrogen and hydrogen in this ratio will
always produce ammonia

Check for understanding

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
How many molecules of ammonia will be produced from
100 molecules of nitrogen and 300 molecules of
hydrogen?

Mole Interpretation
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
2) Mole interpretation:
Recall that 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 representative particles!
1 mole of nitrogen molecules with 3 moles of hydrogen
molecules produces 2 moles of ammonia molecules
Coefficients in a balanced equation tell us relative # of
moles of reactants and products in a chemical equation

Mass Interpretation
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
3) Mass interpretation:
Balanced equations MUST reflect the Law of
Conservation of Mass
The mole interpretation supports this notion:
o (2x14) + 3(2x1) = 2(14 + (3x1))
o 28 + 6 = 2(17)
o 34 = 34

Volume Interpretation
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
4) Volume Interpretation:
Assuming STP, a balanced equation also tells us the volume of the gases
1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 L at STP (molar volume)
o 22.4 L N2 + 3(22.4 L) H2 2 (22.4 L) NH3
o 22.4 L + 67.2 L 44.8 L
NOTE:
Mass and atoms will be conserved in EVERY chemical reaction
Representative particles, moles, and volumes of gases will generally NOT
be conserved

Example 1
Balance the equation then interpret
the equation:
CO (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)
1) representative particles:

Example 1 (cont.)
2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g)
2) moles:

Example 1 (cont.)
2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g)
3) mass:

Example 1 (cont.)
2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g)
4) volume:

Example 2
Balance then interpret:
Na (s) +
1) particle:

H2O(l) NaOH (aq) +

H2 (g)

Example 2 (cont.)
2 Na (s) +
2) mol:

2 HOH(l) 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Example 2 (cont.)
2 Na (s) +
3) mass:

2 HOH(l) 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Lesson 2
Chemical Calculations

Mole to Mole
Mole to mole calculations:
Relate moles of reactants to moles of products
Coefficients of balanced equation can be used to write
conversion factors

Example 3
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
1) How many moles of ammonia are produced when 0.60
mol of nitrogen reacts with hydrogen?

The Pattern
There is a pattern:
(x mol G)(b mol W/ a mol G) = xb/a mol W

Example 4
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
a) Write 6 ratios of moles derived from this equation.

Example 4 (cont.)
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
b) How many moles of Al are needed to form 2.3 mol of
Al2O3?

Example 4 (cont.)
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
c) How many moles of O2 are required to react completely
with 0.84 mol of Al?

Example 4 (cont.)
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
d) Calculate the number of moles of Al2O3 formed when
17.2 mol of O2 reacts with Aluminum.

Mass to Mass
Mass to mass calculations:
Balances and scales in lab
measure in grams, not moles
GFM (gram formula mass) is
used to convert mass to moles
Mole ratio from balanced
equation is used to calculate
unknown quantity

Example 5
The combustion of acetylene gas is given by:
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
a) How many grams of oxygen are required to burn 13.0 g
of acetylene?

Example 5 (cont.)
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
b) How many grams of carbon dioxide and grams of water
are produced when 13.0 grams of acetylene reacts with the
oxygen required to burn 13.0 grams of acetylene?

Example 5 (cont.)
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
c) Use your answers from a) and b) to show that this
equation obeys the Law of Conservation of mass.

Procedure for mass-to-mass

Solved in basically the same way as mole-to-mole problems
1) Change mass of given quantity into moles
2) Moles of given quantity are changed to moles of desired
quantity by using mole ratio from the balanced equation
3) The moles of the desired quantity are changed back to grams
using the GFM

Other stoichiometric calc.

Any measurement of matter related to the mole can be worked into
stoichiometric calculations:
Mass-to-volume
Volume-to-volume
Particle-to-mass
The given quantities can be expressed in:
Representative particles
Units of mass
Volumes of gases at STP
But these must always be converted to moles before applying stoichiometry!

Review
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 rep. particles
1 mole = GFM of a substance
1 mole = 22.4 L of a gas at STP

Example 6
Tin and hydrofluoric acid produce tin (II) fluoride (found in
toothpaste) and hydrogen gas as follows: Sn (s) + 2HF (g)
SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)
a) How many grams of SnF2 can be made by reacting 7.42 x
1024 molecules of HF with Sn?

Example 6 (cont.)
Sn (s) + 2HF (g) SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)
b) How many liters of H2 at STP are produced by reacting
23.4 g of Sn with HF?

Example 6 (cont.)
Sn (s) + 2HF (g) SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)
c) How many liters of HF are needed to produced 14.2 L of
H2? Assume STP.

Example 6 (cont.)
Sn (s) + 2HF (g) SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)
d) How many H2 molecules are produced by the reaction of
tin with 80.0 L of HF at STP?

Lesson 3
Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

Limiting Reagents
Limiting reagent: limits or determines the amount of
product that can be formed in a reaction; the reaction
occurs only until the limiting reagent is used up
Excess reagent: more than enough to react with the
limiting reagent; will occur in excess after the product has
formed

Limiting Reagents
Hot dogs (8 pack) + Buns (6 pack) = 6 hot dogs with buns +
2 hot dogs
Which is the limiting
reagent?

Limiting Reagents
C + O2 CO2
What if we began our reaction with 2 carbon atoms and 1
oxygen molecule?
2C + O2 CO2 + C
Carbon is then the excess reagent and oxygen is the limiting
reagent.

Example 7
Two equations for the combustion of ethene (also known as
ethylene) are possible:
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
a) Which equation represents complete combustion? Which
represents incomplete combustion?

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
b) Using the equation for complete combustion, identify the
limiting reagent if 2.70 mol of ethene reacts with 6.30 mol
of oxygen.

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
c) Calculate the moles of water produced.

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
d) Calculate the moles of excess reagent remaining.

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
e) Using the equation for incomplete combustion, identify
the limiting reagent if 2.70 mol of ethene reacts with 6.30
mol of oxygen.

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
f) Calculate moles of water produced.

Example 7 (cont.)
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)
g) Calculate moles of excess reagent remaining.

Example 8
Hydrogen gas can be produced in lab by the reaction of
magnesium metals with hydrochloric acid: Mg (s) + 2HCl
(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
a) How many grams of H2 can be produced when 4.00
grams of HCl is added to 3.00 grams of Mg?

Example 8 (cont.)
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
b) Assuming STP, what is the volume of the hydrogen gas
produced?

Percent Yield
Theoretical yield:
Obtained when an equation is used to calculate the amount of
product that will form during a reaction
Maximum amount of product that can be formed from a given
amount of reactant
Actual yield:
The amount of product formed when the reaction is carried out in
the lab -- often less than the theoretical yield

Percent Yield
Percent yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield)x100
Should NOT be greater than 100%
If less than 100%:
o The reaction did not carry to its completion
o Impure reactants caused other products to form
o Some of the product was lost during purification
Percent yield measures the efficiency of a reaction in changing the
reactants to products.

Example 9
For the reaction 2Al (s) + 3CuSO4 (aq) Al2(SO4)3 (aq) +
3Cu (s), what is the percent yield if 3.74 grams of Copper is
produced when 1.87 grams of Aluminum is reacted with an
excess of Copper (II) Sulfate?