Algebra1Standards

HighSchoolAlgebraExpressions.Anexpressionisarecordofacomputationwithnumbers,
symbolsthatrepresentnumbers,arithmeticoperations,exponentiation,and,atmore
advancedlevels,theoperationofevaluatingafunction.Conventionsabouttheuseof
parenthesesandtheorderofoperationsassurethateachexpressionisunambiguous.
Creatinganexpressionthatdescribesacomputationinvolvingageneralquantityrequiresthe
abilitytoexpressthecomputationingeneralterms,abstractingfromspecificinstances.
Readinganexpressionwithcomprehensioninvolvesanalysisofitsunderlyingstructure.This
maysuggestadifferentbutequivalentwayofwritingtheexpressionthatexhibitssome
differentaspectofitsmeaning.Forexample,p+0.05pcanbeinterpretedastheadditionofa
5%taxtoapricep.Rewritingp+0.05pas1.05pshowsthataddingataxisthesameas
multiplyingthepricebyaconstantfactor.Algebraicmanipulationsaregovernedbythe
propertiesofoperationsandexponents,andtheconventionsofalgebraicnotation.Attimes,
anexpressionistheresultofapplyingoperationstosimplerexpressions.Forexample,p+
0.05pisthesumofthesimplerexpressionspand0.05p.Viewinganexpressionastheresult
ofoperationonsimplerexpressionscansometimesclarifyitsunderlyingstructure.A
spreadsheetoracomputeralgebrasystem(CAS)canbeusedtoexperimentwithalgebraic
expressions,performcomplicatedalgebraicmanipulations,andunderstandhowalgebraic
manipulationsbehave.Equationsandinequalities.Anequationisastatementofequality
betweentwoexpressions,oftenviewedasaquestionaskingforwhichvaluesofthevariables
theexpressionsoneithersideareinfactequal.Thesevaluesarethesolutionstothe
equation.Anidentity,incontrast,istrueforallvaluesofthevariablesidentitiesareoften
developedbyrewritinganexpressioninanequivalentform.Thesolutionsofanequationin
onevariableformasetofnumbersthesolutionsofanequationintwovariablesformasetof
orderedpairsofnumbers,whichcanbeplottedinthecoordinateplane.Twoormore
equationsand/orinequalitiesformasystem.Asolutionforsuchasystemmustsatisfyevery
equationandinequalityinthesystem.Anequationcanoftenbesolvedbysuccessively
deducingfromitoneormoresimplerequations.Forexample,onecanaddthesameconstant
tobothsideswithoutchangingthesolutions,butsquaringbothsidesmightleadtoextraneous
solutions.Strategiccompetenceinsolvingincludeslookingaheadforproductive
manipulationsandanticipatingthenatureandnumberofsolutions.Someequationshaveno
solutionsinagivennumbersystem,buthaveasolutioninalargersystem.Forexample,the
solutionofx+1=0isaninteger,notawholenumberthesolutionof2x+1=0isarational
number,notanintegerthesolutionsofx22=0arerealnumbers,notrationalnumbers
andthesolutionsofx2+2=0arecomplexnumbers,notrealnumbers.Thesamesolution
techniquesusedtosolveequationscanbeusedtorearrangeformulas.Forexample,the
formulafortheareaofatrapezoid,A=((b1+b2)/2)h,canbesolvedforhusingthesame
deductiveprocess.Inequalitiescanbesolvedbyreasoningaboutthepropertiesofinequality.
Many,butnotall,ofthepropertiesofequalitycontinuetoholdforinequalitiesandcanbe
usefulinsolvingthem.ConnectionstoFunctionsandModeling.Expressionscandefine
functions,andequivalentexpressionsdefinethesamefunction.Askingwhentwofunctions
havethesamevalueforthesameinputleadstoanequationgraphingthetwofunctions

allowsforfindingapproximatesolutionsoftheequation.Convertingaverbaldescriptiontoan
equation,inequality,orsystemoftheseisanessentialskillinmodeling.OHIOSNEW
LEARNINGSTANDARDSIMathematics56ALGEBRAOVERVIEWSEEINGSTRUCTURE
INEXPRESSIONSInterpretthestructureofexpressionsWriteexpressionsinequivalent
formstosolveproblemsARITHMETICWITHPOLYNOMIALSANDRATIONAL
EXPRESSIONSPerformarithmeticoperationsonpolynomialsUnderstandtherelationship
betweenzerosandfactorsofpolynomialsUsepolynomialidentitiestosolveproblems
RewriterationalexpressionsCREATINGEQUATIONSCreateequationsthatdescribe
numbersorrelationshipsREASONINGWITHEQUATIONSANDINEQUALITIES
UnderstandsolvingequationsasaprocessofreasoningandexplainthereasoningSolve
equationsandinequalitiesinonevariableSolvesystemsofequationsRepresentandsolve
equationsandinequalitiesgraphicallyMATHEMATICALPRACTICES1.Makesenseof
problemsandpersevereinsolvingthem.2.Reasonabstractlyandquantitatively.3.Construct
viableargumentsandcritiquethereasoningofothers.4.Modelwithmathematics.5.Use
appropriatetoolsstrategically.6.Attendtoprecision.7.Lookforandmakeuseofstructure.8.
Lookforandexpressregularityinrepeatedreasoning.OHIOSNEWLEARNING
STANDARDSIMathematics57SEEINGSTRUCTUREINEXPRESSIONSASSEInterpret
thestructureofexpressions1.Interpretexpressionsthatrepresentaquantityintermsofits
context.*a.Interpretpartsofanexpression,suchasterms,factors,andcoefficients.b.
Interpretcomplicatedexpressionsbyviewingoneormoreoftheirpartsasasingleentity.For
example,interpretP(1+r)nastheproductofPandafactornotdependingonP.2.Usethe
structureofanexpressiontoidentifywaystorewriteit.Forexample,seex4y4as(x2)2
(y2)2,thusrecognizingitasadifferenceofsquaresthatcanbefactoredas(x2y2)(x2+y2
).Writeexpressionsinequivalentformstosolveproblems3.Chooseandproducean
equivalentformofanexpressiontorevealandexplainpropertiesofthequantityrepresented
bytheexpression.*a.Factoraquadraticexpressiontorevealthezerosofthefunctionit
defines.b.Completethesquareinaquadraticexpressiontorevealthemaximumorminimum
valueofthefunctionitdefines.c.Usethepropertiesofexponentstotransformexpressions
forexponentialfunctions.Forexampletheexpression1.15tcanberewrittenas(1.151/12)12t
1.01212ttorevealtheapproximateequivalentmonthlyinterestrateiftheannualrateis
15%.4.Derivetheformulaforthesumofafinitegeometricseries(whenthecommonratiois
not1),andusetheformulatosolveproblems.Forexample,calculatemortgagepayments.*
ARITHMETICWITHPOLYNOMIALSANDRATIONALAAPREXPRESSIONSPerform
arithmeticoperationsonpolynomials1.Understandthatpolynomialsformasystem
analogoustotheintegers,namely,theyareclosedundertheoperationsofaddition,
subtraction,andmultiplicationadd,subtract,andmultiplypolynomials.Understandthe
relationshipbetweenzerosandfactorsofpolynomials2.KnowandapplytheRemainder
Theorem:Forapolynomialp(x)andanumbera,theremainderondivisionbyxaisp(a),so
p(a)=0ifandonlyif(xa)isafactorofp(x).3.Identifyzerosofpolynomialswhensuitable
factorizationsareavailable,andusethezerostoconstructaroughgraphofthefunction
definedbythepolynomial.Usepolynomialidentitiestosolveproblems4.Provepolynomial
identitiesandusethemtodescribenumericalrelationships.Forexample,thepolynomial
identity(x2+y2)2=(x2y2)2+(2xy)2canbeusedtogeneratePythagoreantriples.5.(+)

KnowandapplytheBinomialTheoremfortheexpansionof(x+y)ninpowersofxandyfora
positiveintegern,wherexandyareanynumbers,withcoefficientsdeterminedforexample
byPascalsTriangle.1Rewriterationalexpressions6.Rewritesimplerationalexpressionsin
differentformswritea(x)/b(x)intheformq(x)+r(x)/b(x),wherea(x),b(x),q(x),andr(x)are
polynomialswiththedegreeofr(x)lessthanthedegreeofb(x),usinginspection,long
division,or,forthemorecomplicatedexamples,acomputeralgebrasystem.7.(+)
Understandthatrationalexpressionsformasystemanalogoustotherationalnumbers,
closedunderaddition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivisionbyanonzerorational
expressionadd,subtract,multiply,anddividerationalexpressions.CREATING
EQUATIONS*ACEDCreateequationsthatdescribenumbersorrelationships1.Create
equationsandinequalitiesinonevariableandusethemtosolveproblems.Includeequations
arisingfromlinearandquadraticfunctions,andsimplerationalandexponentialfunctions.2.
Createequationsintwoormorevariablestorepresentrelationshipsbetweenquantities
graphequationsoncoordinateaxeswithlabelsandscales.3.Representconstraintsby
equationsorinequalities,andbysystemsofequationsand/orinequalities,andinterpret
solutionsasviableornonviableoptionsinamodelingcontext.Forexample,represent
inequalitiesdescribingnutritionalandcostconstraintsoncombinationsofdifferentfoods.4.
Rearrangeformulastohighlightaquantityofinterest,usingthesamereasoningasinsolving
equations.Forexample,rearrangeOhmslawV=IRtohighlightresistanceR.1TheBinomial
Theoremcanbeprovedbymathematicalinductionorbyacombinatorialargument.OHIOS
NEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSIMathematics58REASONINGWITHEQUATIONSAND
INEQUALITIESAREIUnderstandsolvingequationsasaprocessofreasoningandexplain
thereasoning1.Explaineachstepinsolvingasimpleequationasfollowingfromtheequality
ofnumbersassertedatthepreviousstep,startingfromtheassumptionthattheoriginal
equationhasasolution.Constructaviableargumenttojustifyasolutionmethod.2.Solve
simplerationalandradicalequationsinonevariable,andgiveexamplesshowinghow
extraneoussolutionsmayarise.Solveequationsandinequalitiesinonevariable3.Solve
linearequationsandinequalitiesinonevariable,includingequationswithcoefficients
representedbyletters.4.Solvequadraticequationsinonevariable.a.Usethemethodof
completingthesquaretotransformanyquadraticequationinxintoanequationoftheform(x
p)2=qthathasthesamesolutions.Derivethequadraticformulafromthisform.b.Solve
quadraticequationsbyinspection(e.g.,forx2=49),takingsquareroots,completingthe
square,thequadraticformulaandfactoring,asappropriatetotheinitialformoftheequation.
Recognizewhenthequadraticformulagivescomplexsolutionsandwritethemasabifor
realnumbersaandb.Solvesystemsofequations5.Provethat,givenasystemoftwo
equationsintwovariables,replacingoneequationbythesumofthatequationandamultiple
oftheotherproducesasystemwiththesamesolutions.6.Solvesystemsoflinearequations
exactlyandapproximately(e.g.,withgraphs),focusingonpairsoflinearequationsintwo
variables.7.Solveasimplesystemconsistingofalinearequationandaquadraticequationin
twovariablesalgebraicallyandgraphically.Forexample,findthepointsofintersection
betweentheliney=3xandthecirclex2+y2=3.8.(+)Representasystemoflinear
equationsasasinglematrixequationinavectorvariable.9.(+)Findtheinverseofamatrixif
itexistsanduseittosolvesystemsoflinearequations(usingtechnologyformatricesof

dimension33orgreater).Representandsolveequationsandinequalitiesgraphically10.
Understandthatthegraphofanequationintwovariablesisthesetofallitssolutionsplotted
inthecoordinateplane,oftenformingacurve(whichcouldbealine).11.Explainwhythe
xcoordinatesofthepointswherethegraphsoftheequationsy=f(x)andy=g(x)intersect
arethesolutionsoftheequationf(x)=g(x)findthesolutionsapproximately,e.g.,using
technologytographthefunctions,maketablesofvalues,orfindsuccessiveapproximations.
Includecaseswheref(x)and/org(x)arelinear,polynomial,rational,absolutevalue,
exponential,andlogarithmicfunctions.12.Graphthesolutionstoalinearinequalityintwo
variablesasahalfplane(excludingtheboundaryinthecaseofastrictinequality),andgraph
thesolutionsettoasystemoflinearinequalitiesintwovariablesastheintersectionofthe
correspondinghalfplanes.OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSIMathematics59High
SchoolFunctionsFunctionsdescribesituationswhereonequantitydeterminesanother.For
example,thereturnon$10,000investedatanannualizedpercentagerateof4.25%isa
functionofthelengthoftimethemoneyisinvested.Becausewecontinuallymaketheories
aboutdependenciesbetweenquantitiesinnatureandsociety,functionsareimportanttoolsin
theconstructionofmathematicalmodels.Inschoolmathematics,functionsusuallyhave
numericalinputsandoutputsandareoftendefinedbyanalgebraicexpression.Forexample,
thetimeinhoursittakesforacartodrive100milesisafunctionofthecarsspeedinmiles
perhour,vtheruleT(v)=100/vexpressesthisrelationshipalgebraicallyanddefinesa
functionwhosenameisT.Thesetofinputstoafunctioniscalleditsdomain.Weofteninfer
thedomaintobeallinputsforwhichtheexpressiondefiningafunctionhasavalue,orfor
whichthefunctionmakessenseinagivencontext.Afunctioncanbedescribedinvarious
ways,suchasbyagraph(e.g.,thetraceofaseismograph)byaverbalrule,asin,Illgive
youastate,yougivemethecapitalcitybyanalgebraicexpressionlikef(x)=a+bxorbya
recursiverule.Thegraphofafunctionisoftenausefulwayofvisualizingtherelationshipof
thefunctionmodels,andmanipulatingamathematicalexpressionforafunctioncanthrow
lightonthefunctionsproperties.Functionspresentedasexpressionscanmodelmany
importantphenomena.Twoimportantfamiliesoffunctionscharacterizedbylawsofgrowth
arelinearfunctions,whichgrowataconstantrate,andexponentialfunctions,whichgrowata
constantpercentrate.Linearfunctionswithaconstanttermofzerodescribeproportional
relationships.Agraphingutilityoracomputeralgebrasystemcanbeusedtoexperimentwith
propertiesofthesefunctionsandtheirgraphsandtobuildcomputationalmodelsoffunctions,
includingrecursivelydefinedfunctions.CONNECTIONSTOEXPRESSIONS,EQUATIONS,
MODELING,ANDCOORDINATES.Determininganoutputvalueforaparticularinput
involvesevaluatinganexpressionfindinginputsthatyieldagivenoutputinvolvessolvingan
equation.Questionsaboutwhentwofunctionshavethesamevalueforthesameinputleadto
equations,whosesolutionscanbevisualizedfromtheintersectionoftheirgraphs.Because
functionsdescriberelationshipsbetweenquantities,theyarefrequentlyusedinmodeling.
Sometimesfunctionsaredefinedbyarecursiveprocess,whichcanbedisplayedeffectively
usingaspreadsheetorothertechnology.OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSI
Mathematics60FUNCTIONSOVERVIEWINTERPRETINGFUNCTIONSUnderstandthe
conceptofafunctionandusefunctionnotationInterpretfunctionsthatariseinapplications
intermsofthecontextAnalyzefunctionsusingdifferentrepresentationsBUILDING

FUNCTIONSBuildafunctionthatmodelsarelationshipbetweentwoquantitiesBuildnew
functionsfromexistingfunctionsLINEAR,QUADRATIC,ANDEXPONENTIALMODELS
Constructandcomparelinear,quadratic,andexponentialmodelsandsolveproblems
InterpretexpressionsforfunctionsintermsofthesituationtheymodelTRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONSExtendthedomainoftrigonometricfunctionsusingtheunitcircleModel
periodicphenomenawithtrigonometricfunctionsProveandapplytrigonometricidentities
MATHEMATICALPRACTICES1.Makesenseofproblemsandpersevereinsolvingthem.2.
Reasonabstractlyandquantitatively.3.Constructviableargumentsandcritiquethe
reasoningofothers.4.Modelwithmathematics.5.Useappropriatetoolsstrategically.6.
Attendtoprecision.7.Lookforandmakeuseofstructure.8.Lookforandexpressregularity
inrepeatedreasoning.OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSIMathematics61
INTERPRETINGFUNCTIONSFIFUnderstandtheconceptofafunctionandusefunction
notation1.Understandthatafunctionfromoneset(calledthedomain)toanotherset(called
therange)assignstoeachelementofthedomainexactlyoneelementoftherange.Iffisa
functionandxisanelementofitsdomain,thenf(x)denotestheoutputoffcorrespondingto
theinputx.Thegraphoffisthegraphoftheequationy=f(x).2.Usefunctionnotation,
evaluatefunctionsforinputsintheirdomains,andinterpretstatementsthatusefunction
notationintermsofacontext.3.Recognizethatsequencesarefunctions,sometimesdefined
recursively,whosedomainisasubsetoftheintegers.Forexample,theFibonaccisequence
isdefinedrecursivelybyf(0)=f(1)=1,f(n+1)=f(n)+f(n1)forn1.Interpretfunctionsthat
ariseinapplicationsintermsofthecontext4.Forafunctionthatmodelsarelationship
betweentwoquantities,interpretkeyfeaturesofgraphsandtablesintermsofthequantities,
andsketchgraphsshowingkeyfeaturesgivenaverbaldescriptionoftherelationship.Key
featuresinclude:interceptsintervalswherethefunctionisincreasing,decreasing,positive,or
negativerelativemaximumsandminimumssymmetriesendbehaviorandperiodicity.*5.
Relatethedomainofafunctiontoitsgraphand,whereapplicable,tothequantitative
relationshipitdescribes.Forexample,ifthefunctionh(n)givesthenumberofpersonhoursit
takestoassemblenenginesinafactory,thenthepositiveintegerswouldbeanappropriate
domainforthefunction.*6.Calculateandinterprettheaveragerateofchangeofafunction
(presentedsymbolicallyorasatable)overaspecifiedinterval.Estimatetherateofchange
fromagraph.*Analyzefunctionsusingdifferentrepresentations7.Graphfunctionsexpressed
symbolicallyandshowkeyfeaturesofthegraph,byhandinsimplecasesandusing
technologyformorecomplicatedcases.*a.Graphlinearandquadraticfunctionsandshow
intercepts,maxima,andminima.b.Graphsquareroot,cuberoot,andpiecewisedefined
functions,includingstepfunctionsandabsolutevaluefunctions.c.Graphpolynomial
functions,identifyingzeroswhensuitablefactorizationsareavailable,andshowingend
behavior.d.(+)Graphrationalfunctions,identifyingzerosandasymptoteswhensuitable
factorizationsareavailable,andshowingendbehavior.e.Graphexponentialandlogarithmic
functions,showinginterceptsandendbehavior,andtrigonometricfunctions,showingperiod,
midline,andamplitude.8.Writeafunctiondefinedbyanexpressionindifferentbutequivalent
formstorevealandexplaindifferentpropertiesofthefunction.a.Usetheprocessoffactoring
andcompletingthesquareinaquadraticfunctiontoshowzeros,extremevalues,and
symmetryofthegraph,andinterprettheseintermsofacontext.b.Usethepropertiesof

exponentstointerpretexpressionsforexponentialfunctions.Forexample,identifypercent
rateofchangeinfunctionssuchasy=(1.02)t,y=(0.97)t,y=(1.01)12t,y=(1.2)t/10,and
classifythemasrepresentingexponentialgrowthordecay.9.Comparepropertiesoftwo
functionseachrepresentedinadifferentway(algebraically,graphically,numericallyintables,
orbyverbaldescriptions).Forexample,givenagraphofonequadraticfunctionandan
algebraicexpressionforanother,saywhichhasthelargermaximum.BUILDING
FUNCTIONSFBFBuildafunctionthatmodelsarelationshipbetweentwoquantities1.Write
afunctionthatdescribesarelationshipbetweentwoquantities.*a.Determineanexplicit
expression,arecursiveprocess,orstepsforcalculationfromacontext.b.Combinestandard
functiontypesusingarithmeticoperations.Forexample,buildafunctionthatmodelsthe
temperatureofacoolingbodybyaddingaconstantfunctiontoadecayingexponential,and
relatethesefunctionstothemodel.c.(+)Composefunctions.Forexample,ifT(y)isthe
temperatureintheatmosphereasafunctionofheight,andh(t)istheheightofaweather
balloonasafunctionoftime,thenT(h(t))isthetemperatureatthelocationoftheweather
balloonasafunctionoftime.2.Writearithmeticandgeometricsequencesbothrecursively
andwithanexplicitformula,usethemtomodelsituations,andtranslatebetweenthetwo
forms.*OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSIMathematics62Buildnewfunctionsfrom
existingfunctions3.Identifytheeffectonthegraphofreplacingf(x)byf(x)+k,kf(x),f(kx),
andf(x+k)forspecificvaluesofk(bothpositiveandnegative)findthevalueofkgiventhe
graphs.Experimentwithcasesandillustrateanexplanationoftheeffectsonthegraphusing
technology.Includerecognizingevenandoddfunctionsfromtheirgraphsandalgebraic
expressionsforthem.4.Findinversefunctions.a.Solveanequationoftheformf(x)=cfora
simplefunctionfthathasaninverseandwriteanexpressionfortheinverse.Forexample,f(x)
=2x3orf(x)=(x+1)/(x1)forx1.b.(+)Verifybycompositionthatonefunctionisthe
inverseofanother.c.(+)Readvaluesofaninversefunctionfromagraphoratable,given
thatthefunctionhasaninverse.d.(+)Produceaninvertiblefunctionfromanoninvertible
functionbyrestrictingthedomain.5.(+)Understandtheinverserelationshipbetween
exponentsandlogarithmsandusethisrelationshiptosolveproblemsinvolvinglogarithms
andexponents.LINEAR,QUADRATIC,ANDEXPONENTIALMODELS*FLEConstructand
comparelinear,quadratic,andexponentialmodelsandsolveproblems1.Distinguish
betweensituationsthatcanbemodeledwithlinearfunctionsandwithexponentialfunctions.
a.Provethatlinearfunctionsgrowbyequaldifferencesoverequalintervals,andthat
exponentialfunctionsgrowbyequalfactorsoverequalintervals.b.Recognizesituationsin
whichonequantitychangesataconstantrateperunitintervalrelativetoanother.c.
Recognizesituationsinwhichaquantitygrowsordecaysbyaconstantpercentrateperunit
intervalrelativetoanother.2.Constructlinearandexponentialfunctions,includingarithmetic
andgeometricsequences,givenagraph,adescriptionofarelationship,ortwoinputoutput
pairs(includereadingthesefromatable).3.Observeusinggraphsandtablesthataquantity
increasingexponentiallyeventuallyexceedsaquantityincreasinglinearly,quadratically,or
(moregenerally)asapolynomialfunction.4.Forexponentialmodels,expressasalogarithm
thesolutiontoabct=dwherea,c,anddarenumbersandthebasebis2,10,oreevaluate
thelogarithmusingtechnology.Interpretexpressionsforfunctionsintermsofthesituation
theymodel5.Interprettheparametersinalinearorexponentialfunctionintermsofacontext.

TRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONSFTFExtendthedomainoftrigonometricfunctionsusingthe
unitcircle1.Understandradianmeasureofanangleasthelengthofthearcontheunitcircle
subtendedbytheangle.2.Explainhowtheunitcircleinthecoordinateplaneenablesthe
extensionoftrigonometricfunctionstoallrealnumbers,interpretedasradianmeasuresof
anglestraversedcounterclockwisearoundtheunitcircle.3.(+)Usespecialtrianglesto
determinegeometricallythevaluesofsine,cosine,tangentfor/3,/4and/6,andusethe
unitcircletoexpressthevaluesofsine,cosine,andtangentforx,+x,and2xinterms
oftheirvaluesforx,wherexisanyrealnumber.4.(+)Usetheunitcircletoexplainsymmetry
(oddandeven)andperiodicityoftrigonometricfunctions.Modelperiodicphenomenawith
trigonometricfunctions5.Choosetrigonometricfunctionstomodelperiodicphenomenawith
specifiedamplitude,frequency,andmidline.*6.(+)Understandthatrestrictingatrigonometric
functiontoadomainonwhichitisalwaysincreasingoralwaysdecreasingallowsitsinverse
tobeconstructed.7.(+)Useinversefunctionstosolvetrigonometricequationsthatarisein
modelingcontextsevaluatethesolutionsusingtechnology,andinterpretthemintermsofthe
context.*Proveandapplytrigonometricidentities8.ProvethePythagoreanidentitysin2()+
cos2()=1anduseittofindsin(),cos(),ortan()givensin(),cos(),ortan()andthe
quadrantoftheangle.9.(+)Provetheadditionandsubtractionformulasforsine,cosine,and
tangentandusethemtosolveproblems.OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSI
Mathematics63HighSchoolModelingModelinglinksclassroommathematicsandstatistics
toeverydaylife,work,anddecisionmaking.Modelingistheprocessofchoosingandusing
appropriatemathematicsandstatisticstoanalyzeempiricalsituations,tounderstandthem
better,andtoimprovedecisions.Quantitiesandtheirrelationshipsinphysical,economic,
publicpolicy,social,andeverydaysituationscanbemodeledusingmathematicaland
statisticalmethods.Whenmakingmathematicalmodels,technologyisvaluableforvarying
assumptions,exploringconsequences,andcomparingpredictionswithdata.Amodelcanbe
verysimple,suchaswritingtotalcostasaproductofunitpriceandnumberbought,orusing
ageometricshapetodescribeaphysicalobjectlikeacoin.Evensuchsimplemodelsinvolve
makingchoices.Itisuptouswhethertomodelacoinasathreedimensionalcylinder,or
whetheratwodimensionaldiskworkswellenoughforourpurposes.Other
situationsmodelingadeliveryroute,aproductionschedule,oracomparisonofloan
amortizationsneedmoreelaboratemodelsthatuseothertoolsfromthemathematical
sciences.Realworldsituationsarenotorganizedandlabeledforanalysisformulating
tractablemodels,representingsuchmodels,andanalyzingthemisappropriatelyacreative
process.Likeeverysuchprocess,thisdependsonacquiredexpertiseaswellascreativity.
Someexamplesofsuchsituationsmightinclude:Estimatinghowmuchwaterandfoodis
neededforemergencyreliefinadevastatedcityof3millionpeople,andhowitmightbe
distributed.Planningatabletennistournamentfor7playersataclubwith4tables,where
eachplayerplaysagainsteachotherplayer.Designingthelayoutofthestallsinaschoolfair
soastoraiseasmuchmoneyaspossible.Analyzingstoppingdistanceforacar.Modeling
savingsaccountbalance,bacterialcolonygrowth,orinvestmentgrowth.Engagingincritical
pathanalysis,e.g.,appliedtoturnaroundofanaircraftatanairport.Analyzingriskin
situationssuchasextremesports,pandemics,andterrorism.Relatingpopulationstatistics
toindividualpredictions.Insituationslikethese,themodelsdeviseddependonanumberof

factors:Howpreciseananswerdowewantorneed?Whataspectsofthesituationdowe
mostneedtounderstand,control,oroptimize?Whatresourcesoftimeandtoolsdowehave?
Therangeofmodelsthatwecancreateandanalyzeisalsoconstrainedbythelimitationsof
ourmathematical,statistical,andtechnicalskills,andourabilitytorecognizesignificant
variablesandrelationshipsamongthem.Diagramsofvariouskinds,spreadsheetsandother
technology,andalgebraarepowerfultoolsforunderstandingandsolvingproblemsdrawn
fromdifferenttypesofrealworldsituations.Oneoftheinsightsprovidedbymathematical
modelingisthatessentiallythesamemathematicalorstatisticalstructurecansometimes
modelseeminglydifferentsituations.Modelscanalsoshedlightonthemathematical
structuresthemselves,forexample,aswhenamodelofbacterialgrowthmakesmorevivid
theexplosivegrowthoftheexponentialfunction.OHIOSNEWLEARNINGSTANDARDSI
Mathematics64Thebasicmodelingcycleissummarizedinthediagram.Itinvolves(1)
identifyingvariablesinthesituationandselectingthosethatrepresentessentialfeatures,(2)
formulatingamodelbycreatingandselectinggeometric,graphical,tabular,algebraic,or
statisticalrepresentationsthatdescriberelationshipsbetweenthevariables,(3)analyzingand
performingoperationsontheserelationshipstodrawconclusions,(4)interpretingtheresults
ofthemathematicsintermsoftheoriginalsituation,(5)validatingtheconclusionsby
comparingthemwiththesituation,andtheneitherimprovingthemodelor,ifitisacceptable,
(6)reportingontheconclusionsandthereasoningbehindthem.Choices,assumptions,and
approximationsarepresentthroughoutthiscycle.PROBLEMFORMULATECOMPUTE
VALIDATEINTERPRETREPORTIndescriptivemodeling,amodelsimplydescribesthe
phenomenaorsummarizestheminacompactform.Graphsofobservationsareafamiliar
descriptivemodelforexample,graphsofglobaltemperatureandatmosphericCO2over
time.Analyticmodelingseekstoexplaindataonthebasisofdeepertheoreticalideas,albeit
withparametersthatareempiricallybasedforexample,exponentialgrowthofbacterial
colonies(untilcutoffmechanismssuchaspollutionorstarvationintervene)followsfroma
constantreproductionrate.Functionsareanimportanttoolforanalyzingsuchproblems.
Graphingutilities,spreadsheets,computeralgebrasystems,anddynamicgeometrysoftware
arepowerfultoolsthatcanbeusedtomodelpurelymathematicalphenomena(e.g.,the
behaviorofpolynomials)aswellasphysicalphenomena.ModelingStandardsModelingis
bestinterpretednotasacollectionofisolatedtopicsbutratherinrelationtootherstandards.
MakingmathematicalmodelsisaStandardforMathematicalPractice,andspecificmodeling
standardsappearthroughoutthehighschoolstandardsindicatedbyastarsymbol(*).