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SRI RIG-VEDA SANDHYAVANDANA BHASHYA

PRASNOTTARAVALI
OR

A CATECHISM ON RIG-VEDA SANDHYAVANDANAM

WITH BHASHYA AND FULL TEXT AND MEANING WORD FOR WORD.
(in accordance with Dvaita Philosophy)
in Canarese language and in Telugu Characters
By C. GURU RAO (Late Tahsildar)
And Revised By
Pandit Satavadhani S.M.S.T. LAKSHMANACHARIYA
OF TRIPLICANE , MADRAS.
( second edition -- published in 1904. )
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aP:&
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&2 ;
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:& EP |Wfi EP fiP Ba fivP?

E:& ""WPOP fifig > FP >>'' G
fi| PW Pv.
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@ AZW

15

a Xc aP$ @ @ > B@ Ba >>

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16

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$a C Pb > $@ >> $a @ > aaf$ $a@

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K & |&W & @ afi>>
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17

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@ PP Pfi >>'' G $ .
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@ AZW

18

P P Eaf$@ P Ea >>
PP cafi aP@ >>'' G WfignR$ fi|& D Ofi P,
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K @ > K @ > K g@ > K @ > K > K | W
@ afi >> K Bh >> C @ >>
"" BdO | g fig | d W
fi'' @ g Md& |
BP >> Ba g@ |P MP@ >> K CPP
W

|W$@

Mac

>>

W$P

M|Q| ac O fig@ Ma >

M@ @ d@ > A P@ MP ""'' A$ P
> a M@ dr
W X H PP@ > > h@ > c W
W $ PP@> A P@ > hP s > Mr >
d@ APP W$ > X@ @ |&
W@ @ Wv@ > a Cfi@ > MW @ > g
@ > P| MWO af r@ > W$
d fi~ ~ ~~ O hn @ >
@ >> ]fiP@ > A W hnfi@ >> H MW r >
A @ :&K @ > K

|@ $@ C XP@>

APUWO aP@ | P@ > KbP P YO

@ AZW

19

TP@ >> K W|O d >

P a C a >> @ P@
$ PaP@ A afW|W P WaP@ > >> a
@ aaTP >> O T$ C
MWP @ |@ @ @ b@ > ac PW@ > @
T s > AU$PW@ > @ C @ >
@ | PW@ > @ >> g g@ > gPW@ >>
Ba C h > C @ >PW@ >>
PW@ W a@ >> KP a @ @ |@ C P @ >>
a K CP |P > @ gW @ @ AP @
A@ hn ; | W P W@ > afi >
QvW|r @ gW@ | ~ W|
C@ >> P MW >> WO@ ~ WO@ > hnW
U@ g@ >> P W$ D@ >> fi a >> W$
W@ P @ afi | bfi C >>
WP@ > R W B >> H W C > |W
W @ >> EP| a > gW r > @ > W$
@ > @ v | CWc C > A
W gPO P$@ >>
K B C @ :& B_ >>(?) | @ > K W|O @ >
B@ B P gWP@ Pr P@ h@ P@ hcO C | h@
@ C r > @ c u aP C @ u@ C@ >> A
P > W|| > > KP a > C |
Ofi Pfi >> a Q|@ a @ PP
fifi a >> C P@ >> aP
BWfi& P r@ >> C Ofi @ >>

A P@ &
]fi W W , ] gn fi fi B | @ ,
, P , , Ar , PW, ,
, Sv, g , vPO , Wfi@
QO,P, , P, A fi afi,
u
O
................
,.........A,.......
M,..........fi,..........P ,...........,....... P fi, P , W,
P|, HW|| r fi, vW ] &
fi ]P ]Q$| |fi ]Q$|,
$ >>

20

@ AZW

C PW fiv A. PW A P fivPR .
]O:&
A P@ :& P P Qfi| P A P PO
:&A
P@ > @ BP@ > "" af$ g > P
''P@ >
"PR P P' C Caf@ P@ > ""HP H P BP@ >
Qfi M@ @ > P @ Qfi P P| PfiW@ >
RgfiP fi H W
@ >> O >>'' C W P
|PP@ >> AT " P a Pc i H a > W@
P' P P rP fiO
fi WP$ > " M Qa' C

QfiO

WPP@ > W $P Pfi P&

P W@ | "P 'P| g a
> WPP ]WW C@ P$@ P@
P@ >> A A@ > ""MWgfi W ]' CP@ > ]@ MWg&
W a@ @ C U@ ]W@ P@ > "'
$P@ > "R' $ ~ > fi P PO B~&
ac > ]P@ > HP W PhngP EPP U&
fi | hnPfi Qfi| P W@ gn hn
fi @ > PPfiPPO ]
> H P& Qfi| P hn P >
@ gW P@ > Bgnfi fi gW$ fi B |@
aS B | > gn C hn > A@ P$@ g
]P fi P& Phn |@ W > " a P
a K > |g@ > '
|P > C@ > P CaPc >> a P
@ > c >> >> HPP $ hn P Q
P@ fi P| hn a > >P > > W > a| a
P@ >> MfiP vP@ > gvPO
@ > Q|PP |P A@ > C P| >
A P bf@ > Qfi > | aWgP
WgPP > @ @ Pfi@ >> fi&
Sfi|@ > P hn W g ]W&
|P@ > Pa afi H S@ > P
W > PTfi fi > O PP
WP @ > W@ fi @ > Bc

21

@ AZW

@ >gX@ gfi c > @ > C S > P

W > P hfiPO g C >> vP| vP@
Q|PWP@ WW P@ > " aS@ >
|g@' C a > " h' oP@ > " W'
P@ > a > H fi r P W W
X > P o > W X >> fi@ W PP
fi@ > A a W O _fl >> W fi a >
@ hna C >> M fi@ > A@ > @
P aP > P@ O QOP@ > fi @ >
A@ @ Pfi@ P@ > a > @ P@ P@ Q
Wv$@ > PO @ $@ CPc W@ > r$fih@ >
@ C $P@ >> @ > @ @ > W@ >
P > WR@ > PO@ > H Pfi P
PP PPP g P W ]|&
SO(]-fi-)W ]|fi ] @ C
P@ >>
A P CP > W W O > E | O
fi@ C > P P P@ C >
W W aSP > h C Wr$ W
C >> @ >> PW >AaW CP@ >
"fiP' PO gv P Wac >> @ >> " fi
fi' EfiP Efifi @ > A H &
P P >> "fi ' P aa Pc >> a@ >> P
W$W H aS C dW P@ > $@ W > a@ >>
@

fig

gP

Md&

CPP O E _R P PfiP O a
|PO A P| P b >> "' a a
a ~ > P@ > "A 'C |
fiWac

>

$S

$a

>

>

""$'' C >> > "SaPWTp@ _nP@

h a @ P > wc qX > PP& fi a
P a | 'CU c 'C P@ >> PP&
fi a > a @ > ac > "Pc hn
r $ > P @ >
EfiP @ @ fi'P@ >>

a > W|ac

a > "" > $ ''C P& ac >

@ AZW

22

A P hnaf @ > QfiP| haf

C P@ > PW fi CaP@ > >> T
W sTfi i > P| & P
@ > i CaPP@ >>

>>A fig >> ()

(K Bu &Ma P& M@>& B& Wd@& fig W@>>
] fi >> >>@ K>> Bu @ > K Fh > K
O aP > (M. 7 ArP 6 A 5
W 1MP)
K @ @ > K g @ > K E fi@ > (M. 7 ArP 6
A 5 W 2MP)

K AW fi@> K fi i> K B g a @>> K>> (M. 7 ArP 6

A 5 W 3MP)
C fig . D MPPWW M. A a fi .
W d .
1MP> EP A:& B@= K EPfi W! (W); =fiP|;
@= S PvPRX, u@= BX ; @=A W; @=WW; Fh= A ;
(A ); =u; O=~ ; aP=hn ; =Pw.
fi :& B@= K EP fiwPw A a fiW |
;( G) =| ; u@= ; (u W G );
=gWP ; @=EP; A @ S @ G
fi| SP; CPR fi|& "$S@' G fi|o. (fi@=)
@=W; @=WW; Fh=P (A ) Er; =(Q)
fiw; (HP| G) aP= hnPRR ; O=P ~hnPRR ;
]O:&
:&Bu a@ >> B@ B W@ > B@ Afi
@ c B C @ > O B D@ > h@
afi@ > |c C IPc >> B@
@ Tfi@ > @ C SP$ C fi> "@ S &
' > > > @ > @ A Fh A > FW$ A @ >
> Ar A P @ > > O ~fi P >
a > aP hn > > P hn P @ >> C fi >>
Gv MQR A:&
EP:& K EPfi W; @& W; @ @=fi();
A:&EP:&
@=ASP; C= C D P ; =A ; @=WW; E@= Caf$;
fi@ C= W (X PWW W B BPW fi
B Pv ) g= EW fiw.
fi :& B@ = K EPW ]|, @=AP;

@ AZW

23

@=u fi; = a ; @=W ; C=D P &

P(); g=fiw ;(gfi G ); A @= W
u B ; = B B W ; A=W ; g=g BPX fiv&
G. (W G) E@= Caf$, fi@= WW W
Por BPX fi i fiv D P X
P Pv G. A X AP PW C. &
C P X W W u P Pv G.
]O:&
Afi >> B@ >> @ P > @ @ P|@ @
:&Afi
AWc > g > @ > P|fi g@ P fi
> r@ >> Efi@ C > E@ E@ Pfi@ fi@ g C > fi
fi > P @ >>
EP X A:& B@=K EPfi W; () =fi Ahn ,
MP:&
MP:&EP
Pfi=PRR ; A= W ; i=fiv ; $=B W PPv ; A=
Z ; @=W ; Wfi= ; B@=EPfi W ; @=WW ; g a=&
W ; (O fiw)
fi :& B@= K EPW | ; @= ; $=B Ps
BP P; A=Z; Wfi=fi|fiv; =fi fi ; Pfi=hn&
WR ; i=X; B@=A a fi; @=W ; ()Pfi=
; g a= X. a ac .
]O:&
:&A fi >> B@ Pfi i | > i@ |@
> $ A A Wfi > W fiPg PO| A
g E >> W g@ A P > @ @ >
A c @ u aP CP@ > @ @ a u Pfi hn Q&
W @ > $ Wj$n > A A Wfi fi >> W hn
| > hn >> B@ @ g >>
Rv X, G fiW A a ]fi |&
, W fiw fiw WW hn Por , PSW
PvPRR X. BP| P X W P
fiw hnPor , P (W) Pv W fiv.
CPR fi|, &"" W > A
h > O a > W W >>''
G WY ]P AO Pw.
hnP:& Pfigfiw D PW MP EP A|fiw
fivPR. A|, P JW EP QPv or s| fiv|
G. Pv MPW EP fivP PX CX EPfi W
fiw AfivPR P|, EPP Aa . "" B

@ AZW

24

A'' G C Aa W fi P BW BWPW
W C W WP ]a . BP|
C EP EPfiW W|fivP.

:& fig fi fi W fivP?

E:& ""Bu@ @ $ra @ >
Pfi@ Q@ a >>'' G ao.
""Bu$aPfi fig PP@ >
| P Q >
rQPfi a >
gh hW$h >
_@ Ph >>'' G $.
B P Bu MPW sfiv , PPW | PX POPO
EPW , FW , Go B, Pfi G MP s fiw
AW fig fiw hW|, W|, , hW$
P P fiw W |W A.
""aPP > P a P a Q >' G fi|
, , BP , BPPW , P BP
W , fig J W P fivP.

:& figfiw H ?
E:& "" Pfigfi@ >
a @ Pfigfi@ >
P fig >>'' G MX EPX PRR fig
W AfivP.

:& figfi fivP?

E:&""
E:&"" PfiP fig >
P P a af >
@ >
W >>
WW| >>'' G $ fi| fig fi
W, PvP PW fivPR. fig WW,
W BW, Pfiv. B fig P WPv figfiw PPR
P.

:& fig CP?

E;& "" g| >
LO g >>'' G fi|
CW |g |,AXv PqrW fiw fiW,

25

@ AZW

fi PXP. AW fi C P ""P fia''

G fi| B, EP QPv fivPR. A
& QPv P figfiv.

:& QPv fig fiw H ?

E:& " g P > H E >
hnfi @ >>'' G fi| B P W. B
PR () G .
]O:&A fig :& Md|& P Bu fig >
Mg @ > Es > ArP >
fig Pfi > | aP$ fig >>
Bu Pfig @ $ > g@ h PRPg > hW$g
> MW fig @ > PaP BPP
PaP a Q > AP >> fiP
P > a fig $P P| > g @ fig >>
Ar P| fig >> Ar P|
fig >> Pfi a@ a > Q
fig> Q | > Qr A Pfi a >>

>> g| >>
c (P&AXc) C > | M@ (P&
|W)>(P&AX)fi (&A) > P
d@> gO W@>>
@ K >> c (& AXc) fic& c P@>
] fi@
> (&) P> a&
$| $> (&A) > Qa >

fi > ( &) h g >> K>>

Pv:& c G PR | M. W fiPW
> Paf E. C g| .
@=(@ )hnW PR, A rP ~ b
PW ~W(hnW) O fiv A ( P ) hnW P
PR

fi.

PfiW

W fiw & W QPRR D EP A G A.

:& @ a= A fiP A @ @ G
P fi > @ a = Pfifi > @ a=P
fiP W C|AX ( O
h@ G P| o.) P@= P&

@ AZW

26

@PX fivor , @= W; fi= ; P= " g '

G P|fiv. PR PW A. $=P ; =
( |, afiv| ) a=QR ;(Q&
gjW > fia$h > G fi|P
A A Pt|PRW w| ) = PW(a APW
fiv|) =(AWfiW fiv| ,W W fiv|) =C
fi ; AP=fiw; = B ; @= Afi fi W
(A fiP fi) ; A= fiv; = ; Ra=
; =() C; (g fiw , Pfi fiw , fi
fiw) C= B (Pv); fiP fi A $ W fiv
fi= ; A=( D P W PPv ) P P Pfiu
]fi Bfiv E ; A= P ; h= h&
a fiP PP fi ; g= D EP
(|) fiv. (APRX D EP) =fivor BW( A|
fivqr BW.) D P Pfi vYOP fi | fiw Ba
fivP A.
Pv W cX EP ha AX fi Bfiw B
EP W X fiv A. D gn&
. A EP G P.
]O
g :& |M@ C Pb > |WM@ C
:&g
> fignR$M > C @ > hn @ >
""$ W D P a P > C $
af~S'' ]& |P@ > @ Pfi@ >
gn > PP > @ & @
@ > P@ > P| > PvW@ fii@ @ fi fi
P >> P@ > fi C fi s fi HP >>
fiQ$@ fi @ ]Q$ C >> P@ P@ C > &
PP@ > Qa $ P P P >> >> hnP| > r&
P > r > rO > rPO rW [| > rWW
> P| ar > v P > $ rWW
Wv P > EOr > > X fi@ > P
@ & C @ ]@ >> @ fi W a @ a >
P W P |@ @ > Wfi H@ Ea C$
P@ > oP@ > O$ a_fl C Pc > Qa
hnhn@ P C a > A > A A P PO >
Q | > | A PO >

@ AZW

27

h h ~ C > fi a > fi >> CP >

HP > g P >> r B & W
> r X C ~ P > i
W P W h EP > A A fi h ~
g fi C fi > @ > B O W
&i > | fi| i @ C I& P@ > XcP$ @
@ > B@ @ Ba a >

Ba
(A| Ba fivP.)

fig
Bu a P& A M@&B &a W@&a fi>
u> A Ar& @ fig W@>>

] fi >> >>@ K>> Bu @ > K Fh > K

O aP > K @ @ > K g @ > K E fi@
> K AW fi@> K fi i> K B g a @>> K>> ( D MPRWW
A .)

K u&B > @ >> 4 >> ((M>> 7 A >> 6 A>> 5

>> 4MP 9MP W)
:& EP:& @&WW ; =S; =BW; =QvW|r; B@=K
EPfi W; Ar= ArWR ; =PRR; (EW fiw) =W&
(S); @=W& (fiw) A=W = (WX) a.
fi:& =QvW|r; B@= A a K fi! @=WW ;
Ar= r X; =X A POX, =T&
X,(A P D P Ar X A A. PS PvPR
fiv) B PS WW ; @= ; =PvPR ; =BW >>
]O:&
:&@ @ Qv W|r@ B@ > W@ > @
Afi@ > @ AP > S$ > C aO@ T
> P C W QfiP@ > T > > Ar > Ar
T $ C fi > > ]W
g P @ > @ > T > A AT >
> A > A fig af$O r
S$ @ >>

D fiO &c~ > B fia g >> 5 >>

:
:& EP:& fiO=EPWW A EPW E W (AQR) WW ;
D@=AW; EPfi W; a~= W; P@= ()P;

@ AZW

28

g=P L; B@=EP; fia= .

fi :& D P P SPvPR W PR G
A ; A=figP ; B@=Aa fi P;
g=W aPP L; fia=;fi
(W)fiO = |- fivPR E ; D@=u; (A W
aP P L Por PPR CPR PX |fivPR Q C
P W .) P W G, a~=
a ~W; P= P| (Q W w A
P fi G PX Ar Ar W APR
~W WW fivPR . )
]O:& B C > fiO A > D>
> A fiO u hnP D > a~ h > P
> QW @ > H@ B@ g > fia > fia
> & PgP hnP u P
h g P @ >>

A A&A& g > AXa >> 6 >>

Pv:&EP:& fi fi B APv fia fivPR
G EP LW C Pv AW B EPW Pv W fia fiv
G, A= EP; A@=, =; h=LW ; = aPR |&
S PvPR; AX a=AX C @=a; = P; A=.
fi :& (A a fi LW C Pv B LX W fia
fiv G, APR fi .) A A@= EP B P
fi ; =; h@=LW C; = P; @= @
G P a W; (A hn) A = w(BP| fia fiv
G) ;& AXP fi Pv fia fiv. (AX P fi G)
=aPR ; =S; = PvPR ( gWW S A) " @'
G fi|. "AX@' "AWX@' "AW X@' G MWfi|W AXP W
X A Pv fia fiv.
]O:& AgP > P C B > A$ > Er a fi a
Efi Q$@ fi@ @ ]Q$|@ > Er@ fi@ MW@ @ fi@
P @ > @ @ > E fi C@ >> C C @ >
| C @ > ac > A A@ g@ h h >
X Z@ > A B > P g fi > hX a > QX >
T > O g@ AW$ h > A g
P @ >>

B ~ g& (H&H&H)> hPc& >> 7 >>

@ AZW

29

Pv:
EP:&B@= K EPfi W! = fi,=PRR;
:&EP:&
=WP; g=L ; ~=(fiw)|fiw; hP= hn ; =
; =vPRR ( W.)
fi:& B@= G Aa fi; = AvW PW
; hPc= fiw; g=L (fi)hn; ~ =fiw P APhn;
=hnW fiW ]Q$|P fi ; =v. (D
P)= fivv. HP| B P fivv; hP=
bP; =EX A fi APhnX .
]O:& B g ~ > | C @ > @ > X B@
> W ~ > A@ P@ > Q h a > hP A > bP
b WP PP > P | > r WP&
hn fi > g PO h Wfi @ $ ihnfi
Phn @ >>

Cfi & &Ra >& A &&

E >> 8 >>
Pv:&
E:& B@= K EPfiW! (fi); D BfiwPv;
:&E:&
Ra=fi; = ; =(Ahn) fi C; =A; A=
; =fi; A=W A PW (P) fiw C
A ; = A ; = (P) PW Pqr fi C A ; E=
; A=P A (P) C; C=A (B Ah
W) fiw ; = WPv X GX; |X fiw
G.
]O:&
:& B@ Ra A >> A A@
P > > @ P P@ > d P a >>
E AP | >
| W @ >>

B A a & W > W BW& fi g &a>> 9 >>

E A:& B@=K EPfiW!(K fi); () A=D figP ;
Aa=() fiv (g AO fiv); =EP (W
AW ); W=X; =EPfi C(EP);
AW=K AX AXa fi; () BW=( fiv); = A; fi=
; a=P A hn; g=P A ; A hn ,
Ahn fiw W fiv G.
]O:&
:& B@ A C Aa A| P >
fi A W fiWaf >> d @ > B@ WhnP
W W C > AW AW W| ]@ fi BW

@ AZW

30

BWaf > AW WP| fi aR P P @ >

@ P a @>> | P&fi& >> ((U )

Pv:& CPR U . PvP MP T "Bu' fig
sfiw, DW "' G U R~ fig A fiw
a W W|| E fivPR ~ fiv. H,
EP:& A= (EPfi W) B=B fiv; (fiP) A="A'PO
figP P|fivPRR; B W G; @=
P; |=u; P=hn PW; P a= W PW(X
W) @=PR; @= fi WW fivPR.
fi :& B@=K fi; hnhn fivor ;(B W fi G)
=D AP , gfiv|, g,
, fi A , A AW g ; P a=
P |, , OP W ; @= fiv;
= K P fi; P fivor RP
g fiv. ~=h; P=D P; A=
POX; @=Qv ; B@= A a ; =O fiv.
]O:&
:& B C >

@ PrP@ > > B @ hn >

AgPW hn > B > B@ @ P@ hn fi > P

A @ |@ |P@ ~gnP$@ @ fi@ @ > A A
PO Bfi >> r|@ Bfi
@ >>
Bu@ G fiwPv C T MP PWW &
,A MW > Afi P D PWW W d , A Ar
d ; Pv Gv MPRWW Ar d ; I MQRW fi d; H MQRW ud
E G A.
ArPPR Ar d G d hn. I MQRW fi W d E
G . I MQRW ""DfiO'' G B AP. "Pc~'
G H AP. "Bfia g' G GoAP. CPR
fi W d G .
H MQRW u W d G . "B@~g' G Go AP.
"" '' G H AP . "hPc ' G B
AP. CPR uW G .
uWd E H MP or PR MPRW A Ar d E.
Cr , 1 fiwPv 6 MQRW MP B. C
MPW s fiv EP $X fig fivP A.
D MPRWW Gv AWo. J B@ P|PR Aa EP, , AX

@ AZW

31

WW, WW AW. fi Aa fiW ,AX

a fiW AW. B@ P|PR A |&
X. B A W Tr A Pv fi|W fi fiw
P A |X. B P fiw fiP D MPRW W&
. ""| @' G fi| B@ H A P A J.
A fi ]fiW AX.
]O:&
:&@ Bu @ w @ MX@ fig Pfi
> Bu P fig P > P | aP$ MW fig a >
g P fig > |O a fig > P >> ||a
fig > AWuP $r$ | fig > A |
a fig > A P | |W C > Bu >
O ar > PPvW H > a |
@ > PT fig $

CP@ > MW fig

Bu wa@ Og@ > BuP@ > Bu a P

MWPP > A M@ > B W > B AP W
Wd > Ar > Ar d MW > A Ar@ >
B P > W da fi >a fi fiS
W > u > uT > vPPrP P fi > ArvP P
u > PP~Pfi > cvfirfi fi u >

g >>
Pv:

Ma a AZ| M@ > > Ar d@ >

gg W@ >
]fi ] @>> K >> M a a h > $h
@ A|@ >> | Ah > A~
>> fi a P > a a P @ >>
(M..10&190&1&3)
A ""M a'' W P AZ| MP sfiw B
EP PW O fiw GvWPR PP. B AZ| PR
MdW O fiv. AZ| M@= & P M;
=( G Q , G ) Q fi > Ar d@ >
d Ar. g= D WPPRR ; g=EP;
W@= EW fiv.
""AZ|P MZ| > Arcaf >' G AX|
fi|o.
:& (1) M a a h > $h @ A|@

32

@ AZW

A= PfiX ; @=QR (BaX); A=;

M a=() P (P|)(A P DW) a=
(P)(P)(P gW) ; Ah= E; @= a B
; =P ( Afi )(a W,,) Ah=
CW E; @=A B ; A|@=EP ; @=(fi
)(fi B AhnS aS) Ah= E.
( 2)
| Ah > A~ >>
A|=
A|=(Pv fi) EP; A= QR(Afi
X)A; @= , fifi vfi aS; Ah=
E; @=B ; A~=W W; = E(v@ r) fiwX;
@=W Pw; = ~WW; =fiX; =C.
(3)fi
fia P > a aP@ >>
A:& =r P A fi ; fia= a ;
=b(P) AP=r fiw; A=A ; a= WP
; a= ; AP= BP ; @=WP BWPR WWW(A
TW PW fi W Pv) AP =rfiw.
hnP:& Pv P D TMPW sfiw WPR PP. A
Gv Ba fivPR. CPR fi|,""g| > PW > Ma
t gj Q Q >''
""@ @ W > W c $ > H @ P
@ a >'' G ga PvMPW sfiw fig fiw PvW
W GvWv PP.
]O:&
:&Ma

AZ|

M@

Ar

d@

gg W@ >> M a g$ P W Q
Q > P g| P > M a t gj Q Q >
]@ M a@ >>
C @ > A A C Pfi Ba$|@ P
M a Ah > M hn PPP@ >
hn PQfiP|@ fi fi a RO
@ > @ @ Q P@ P ROh > @
@ P@ fi $acP@ > A|@ A|@ Ah > g
PO iac h > A H h gP@ >
| > P @ @ fi vh > Q@ > A~
P|@ fi fia >" fi a
'P@ > @ @ @ gn @ A@ P C
a aP P A@ P@ @ WP

33

@ AZW

PWP >> Ag > r ] @ >

fi| >>

A AZ>>
W AZ fiv
K

P P fiw P P
WPv A D PW P
P.

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E-:& ""H-P ----> -- ---- > P-- --P > ---Z- --@ >'' G fi-|-. J AZ P--- B- -fi-v---PR-R- , - AZ P-- B----PR-X, - AZ
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:& B P-- fi? G C--? A-- ----

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@ AZW

34

- ---.

:& - fi-|-- ----- E-P- ---P-- A-PR fi-|--?

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:&-U------ fi? C- G---? A- - -?

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-:& AZ---- fi-P--- fiv--P?

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- G---P-v, G-v----W-- --X fiw-P-v W- J-W A----- - W--P-v
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:& AZ----fi-w- E-P G P--P?

E-:& "g---g- Q- > g$-Z a -- > g-- -b > -P$---O---P [-~ --- >' G fi-| ----, AZ-----P-- -P E-P-- P--P. B P-
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Z @ > @ fi a X > H P @

@ AZW

35

> H hn hZ PP > HP HP AO P
Z Pfi '' C $@ >> "W$ag W > CaPc >>
AZ g U AZ Pfi P & ""P|Z
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v > b fi B Q >>

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@ AZW

36

(G WPv v)
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--- H fiv--P?

@ AZW

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> ]fiy > AP | PqPOg >
y SaPR > > fi
Tg > A~fi$@ Ar$ > g pP@ &
@ > W$c P$c > P| fiW@ > W
P > |vb a > fi fi P >
v fi g >>
(C) P =P; ]Q$||fi= P Q$
]| O ; "" M Ra'' G fi|o. BP| BO
W X fiP fiv. P ]Q$|=A ]|
WR Q Wg=P Wg ; P=fiv.

: W

Gr?

W W G W Gv. W
W. CPR MW. C . WW W. APR M. C
W |afifi . B W v.

: Wg WWW, WW H p?
Eo. WW WW Wg fiw ArW
fivPR. W KPP | fiw W
CW gfivPR.

W g:&
(]fi) K @ @ > | > W

> @ afi >>

@ Ofi, P, AWW fiw, MdW ; fiw W P
(]fi)

]Q$|

Wg@

>

]fi ]P| >>

K @ > (fi W||)K @ >(P I)K @ > (| S

@=(C W| P fiP fi fi; =WW; @= A
hn&PW ; afi= | fiv C ; =B ; =Qv
W|r Pfi; @=gWW gP A rP; =W|W ;
|= g; W@= |P Qv& hn fi

13

@
; = fiv.

: Wg fi fivP?
""KP ac a > W | a > gH@ >' G
fi|, KP, , W @ A KP > D
P gfivP "| W a g@' G $ fi|,
|X WgfivPR.

: g Gr? AW O.
bP, EP, fiP G .
EacaW rX W Eacfiv bPg .
W Eacfiv X qW P C PW acO fiv EP g
., AP|W W fiv @ @ fiv
gPR fiPg . "ac ir a > PbfX
$P >' G $ao. aP EP, EPQR fiPg AP
Pv.

: W gPR C ?
. ""E fi g > E $ > A bP h@>
bP$ PP a > fi P > W@ >> G fi|.

gP fiP CP?
"" gufiP > cfi fi@ WP >
fifi@ _T g >>'' G fi| g
v fivPR. PR Gv Wg PfivPR.

gP fifiPW vP?(fivPv?)
" P > P > fi gc > > fiP >
aP > afi > a g > > PP g >
gP > fiP a > HP Waf h@ > A
WP a Q >>'' G fi|, gP W; W v;
fiv; R fiv; W prPqrPv Pv; P PQPv P PQ
Pv Pv; Av; PR PW fiv; D P fi
X g fivP. gP fi |u , AW Rfiw
WP aP.
"P,fi,, , Av|, a , C Pv
vPR. "P fi P > r g| > a ggjP~ >''

14

G fi|.

]O
g h@ >> r$PaPWPPW@ > A&
:g
P@ g Pb > W@ W C@ > PPW@ C
Pb s@ >> P AW@ S C@ > AP@ @ A@
g @ > aP a P > fiP a
P > afi@ a g > P P P > Waf
fi > ra | > "ca@ afi > Q
> Pg| BP@ WPfi@ > a >> Afi
P A@ > PPriW| > a a
ggjP~ > fi aa $ > a a
g > r$$ g > gPO >>
Wg Gr B fivPR ?
"" fi > >'' G ]a 1000 B E, 100
B , A . A Pfi WW BhnWPv
A EP BW fivPR. ,
""afiXc > r g >> > P g >>'' G
fign$R$$ EPX. , " fi > >> W g >
O >>'' G $,

" a W Sfi >

Ar > P >>'' G fi|Wo. BPv, a

WW 108 Bgfiv P . W APX
1000 B fiv AP . B AP. ArPR Pw
fiv P. ( PW fivqr.)
; "" g$ W $ > g EP > Ar Pq
g gfi >>'' G fi|.
"" fi|P ~ _S P BafP
P '' G fi|o. "" Bg Pfi Oa g >
R PfiOa g > hfi gu@ _S >'' G fi|,
Por EorPv, J|XorPv SX
gfivPR.

Wg fi fivP, orW fivP?

Wg W fivP, D PW fi|Wo. W, PW|W.
""W$@ @ X > c g Pfi > BP

15

@
QO Pfi > fi g >'' G S$; ""
g fiP g$>'' G a .
"Sfi Pa@ > PPcP$~QP@ > aQPfi
PW@ > ifigP~ >>'' G $ fi|.
Wg AWW, ArW Wg fi fivP .
"W|T Pfi > W$ @ X > BP
QOPfi >g T g >
Z >>'' G fi|o.

W g fiw ?
"" W > fi gafb@ > P P >>''
G fi| W g fiv W vorX P(Ps)
.

Wg hnwPv fivP?
Wg hn vPv fiv. Z$ ""hn W
gfia > gj P >>' G fi|.
Wg hnvPv fiw B g W, gfiw X
fiW fi| .

WgfivWY PW fiP ac?

gP gfiv PW W P~ B PP~ g W
fi|.

W g fiv H () ?
"W g > vP hnfi > C @ >''
G fi|Pv, Wor W gfiw PW BW. "HP g
c > > Xc H @' G fi|. ""Pfi
Pfi$g' G fi| fi or W Wg vPv.

:& Wg fiw fivP C?

""W g > W i@ >> Ar | >> c$
PX h >> Q gR >> G fi|
W fiw g fivPR. W o. (AW BPW PR)

AW, Md, HP fivP?

" @ > > M @ > @ >>
d > hn @ >' G a, W fiw

16

gfivPR.

W g fiQRW ASX fiw H ?

"WW g > P P Pfi QOhn > P |
Pfi c PP > BP| E ]P EacoP
a >>'' G fi|, , Q|, c, E PRWW J QRW ASX
fivP. A .

fi gfivPPR fi W wPP?
fiPWu$g$@ Pa > g$ Pu Pa >> gfi
W gP > rPfi gP~ > APfi W W
>'' G P fi|, gfi or , or AP C
orW vP. gprW, QprW APR WPv. fi C v
gfivP. WWW Pv . (APR u P QPv Q
JW BW qrW acfiW, fi wPv JW P~ gfiv.)
, "P P @ aT P > Rh g H @ >
P (P) > fi S a Wg > ' G fi|
, gWW, R(PW PX )PR X PW fiwPv

gfivPR

. @P g W X, Wg X, P
g SPR X PW CorPv EP fivP .
Wg W, g PR, P g PWPR GX fivP, D PW
fi|. "" fi @ > Ej aPP
gfi >>'' G.

W g vPX fivP? C W X i
fivP?
W X i gfivP. B Pfiw W P&
, vPX fiw Pv, D PW S$ fi|.
"" W > Abf W af > e
ggn fia >

Wgfiv H W Ep ?
Eo. AW PW O fiv. APR B. B B W PPv g
hW fivPR.
P :& ""P@W @ > gW@ Q @
Q@ >''

17

@
"" P@; > @ P WP@ > O
O |@ > W PP@ > P @
P gW$fi@ > \ Q hn g@ > h O@
Ea > g g$fi > P gO >>''
a :&
""Oaf P W g > gj P T >'' G fi|&
PW ac TP Pv gfivPR. TP C fiw .
P PR X GvW ac.

B PPv gfivP B? A Gr? A

W ?
B Gv. J PW QPv Pv. J X
fiwPv Pv.
:& WY ""aiP'' G WP. BPv,
A Za Pi A P .
Gv:& , , X fivP a .
:& "F P > P X W ' G
fi|. vW W QPv(WPR) gPR Pv .
P:& "FPcP E > MgPX P aP >' G
fi|. GvW Gv vW PW fiwPv gPR Pv P .
:& HP@ P > MgPX >' G
fi|. vPW A Cor (vPW , GvvPW Gv) orW G
gPR Pv . g B WW PW P R
Pv fivP.
1. K BO$ P$ @ > 2. K P Pfi@ > 3. K vP@ > 4.K P PX
@ > 5. K h@ > 6. K A A@ > 7.K @ > K $
@ >>

J Bfiw gW fiv?
fiw gW fivPR D PW fi|.
P ; " P $ gfia > gP fia>'

gfivPR E B fi?
""O @S > W P >> P $ b@ >>
O @ > >> @ > O >>

18

@S > P @Sa >> Pi > B@ hn >>''

G P BWX Pi A.

]O:& b > aP > AW a >

g @ > u W fiP g > BaP >> u @ @
B@ @ u P g > Bu >>
E > E E$ g > W@ g >
g > aO fi >> ag Pfi
HP @ > HP g P| a|@ > fi@
gP > AW P g > A a P
fi > fiP > @ @ > Ar Ar
> Ar W P g > Ba EP " fi
' > E |fifi fi fiPP A ~hn
AT >> AP PP PP @ > PrW a |fi
C $@ > fiPg | > Wg P
fi| P$@ > E fi P E $ > A aP hn
g > PrP P fi gP~ > P Ec aP@
PP~ > Eagr@ aW|@ $@ > E@ afW|@ fi@ $@
> fi@ Pfi rP EP@ > aP fiOa g D@ > fi
aP@ @ > Rbafcra > gfiP@
Z $ p > Ofi g | | P P > OP
@ ra >| aP$ gP @ > OP
>@ W _T gfia > BO a fi g
_T @ > W Md > r r
gRfi > gP $r$ $r$ > T a gj
> A OW r$ $r$ B g P
@ > g P gfiP a > HP Waf h@ >
A WP a Q > gP Wfi fi O >
Ph Pfigj fi > W|gj Pa >
$ fi P > Qfi @ | P >
Rb P R > g R| aP@ > g
> gP Pfi @ > ""
g bf$ > Abf g Ph > W

19

fi$ af > i @ >> '' W

WgP fi P $ af P P
>> Wg P| P > |P W a|@
> vP o o > a W P g >
Ar > @ Pg > | gP
W Q >> W > a fi
>> W a Y @ > a Q@
> gW@ > W P P~P > P
E |@ > a @ P@ > WP g @
a >> |@ u@ W > @ Wfi Oaf
> KP@ P > a W Oaf
@ > P@ @ > g W > gj
> APfi QO a Pfi > fi g
>> g W fi > g PqW| | Pfifi >
APfi g Pfi PbP > ac Dr
a > Qbaf g@ $@ > P fi W
gfia

>

BPfi

>

ARfi

BP g > Wac gfia > &

ag > Pfi a > fi
P WgP| > P P @ aT P >
P g H@ > EP P g C@ > > Wr
g P > AW Sfig HPPW| > SfirW|
iP S~@ P > qPP
QPPa >$ P O Pqa > P$Pq
PW > @ P$@ > ~ @ >
Pg@ | ~@@ > i@ P$ H a > @
g P@ > PfiP| P Pfi P$P
P@ P W@ > i@ h@ @ T@ QPW
qPcQU ] gfiO > fi >
A gW Ofi@ > E P MSfi > A @
Ofi aPO@ > W g$P > | P
|@ > g@ a > PfiP@ @ >

20

Kfihbf@ c g > WOfi C P > H

Ofi P AW Wg Pfi > Sfi >
W$@ ATfi@ > WW | Pb P >>
W$ CP P|@ WP$ $T
TTP | @ @
OrPac WO@ > fi W WOPP
O@ fiPP ac W$ P
W$ | @ AP@
P@ a@ v |@ @ |&
a@ @ > H > WO&
@ > fiPWP ]| Q W g P
W| OrP g Pfi > P >> W$W| rP g
> H g @ B PO P @
@ | OP$ | P Pfi > gP| P|
P >> ""g a W PO >> P
|@ > P @ >> g Pfi P$ O > | P
Pfi a ' >> >>
W :&
K h C PM@ > WhX > r d@ >
W@ >
(]fi) @ K > h @ > @

W~ X@ >> (M>> 1&99&1)

:& CPR E . " > S@ > F&
> EuP >'' G fignR$$ fi|, AWW
, PPW hw, gW G, E ( )fivP.
h=hnP|(AX AW AXfiP) h h@ (h@
) G W fi; = ; () =WP
X) v| ; @=(hnfi)(AW$W) AXa fi ! A@=(W)
Cbf ; @= B AX ; @=W, =; W~=W (PrW); =
; C= vX; A= PX q.

]O:&@ E>> g P fia > E

P P >> P@ TW@ @ > MW h C >>

21

g > h C PM@ hX > r d@ >>

W@ >> h h@ gn@ > AW$X@ hc
AXc hX@ > Pgj P@ ]P@ |@ >
(h @ > @ W~
X@ >>) h h@ hP| > AWfi gn C
fi > h hfi gfi| a h hn ]O
Pfi@ ]| | P C
@ >A fi g @
O | P@ > @ AX@ AXP ]|@ > A@ P
Pfi c P @ AXP@

@ AP AP W~

WP P fi > fi
W P P fi >
K af @ M@ > > Pd@ > g
W@ >>
(]fi>) @ K >> af~ W hn W gn >
@ @ > fi@ > F iW g > A
a >>
: D W PfiX (WX ) tPR.
=WW P ; @=C PR WW P(SX) ;
=A(A|PP G P) ; B~=PX (bX |
); hn=hn$ PPfiuPPRR; W=W (); gn=
gn gfiW; W=PR P .) =a; @=
P; @=WW; A= BW ; fi@= WQ(hn)E W ; @=(A)P
BW; F=A; g=(fi) r P L; iW=W
(W) (g); @=W; =WX ; =S; A=BW;
a=WW; =S (BW).

]O:& > K |$ C XP@ >

B~ fi@ > P | P@ > @ T T a @ >
d@ > hn gn$ W t hn gnP ]
>> gn gn W gn@ PP@ >
gn ]O W P >> hn @ >>
gn > gn @ > Qfi| hn gn$

22

W t W W P >> @ @ @ @ P@
> Q @ @ @ A$ >> @ Qfi| > fi @
> g F Eac > F C Aac O
P@ > Aac H A iW W P >
g F ac P iW > W W
P@ >> A hn BW r
>> >> @ g g a
i W W >>P@ >
K | C M@ > WP > r d@ >
W@ >>
(]fi)@ K >> O A$W @ $ @ K@ >

a a P >>@ K >>
:& O=KPP; AW=AXa; $=fiP; K@=
KfiP; a=fiP; a=aS fiP; =
=W|| fiW; @=A RW; P=fiv.; () @=
RW; (B fi) A=C().

]O:&
:& WQ P@ EP C@ AP P
>>
E @ P @ > O W|O AW
AW$ WO $ WO L@ L| @ A L
P > a > a PWO a P
| arP Y| C P @ >>
AX@ @ C OP| O
fiW a >> $ ]P$$ K@ K
a $ a O C R|
>> P > A P
Q@ > K@ K gP $ fi Kg fi C
fi > a $ $ a O @
fiPQ$@ > W > | fi > P
>> Cr @ P Q$W > W
Q > fi Wfi >> fi hc @
>> | ' C a >> A MW @ @ >>
WWW :&

23

@
"aO@ > QO a fi@ > a O > fi E$@ >
b > P|@ a >'' G fi|a. fiP
afa fiWW R PR.

K @ a$ fic H Hc@ >>

a$=QRW APfi CAX A ; W, AfiP A E
fiW RW. H=B QR ; fi@ a=fi ; @=W( C )
=fiw(v) ; Hc= BWWW; @=R >>

K @ QO fic H Hc @ >>
QO= Q|QRW APfi MW; A ; (PR )

K @ a$ fic H Hc @ >>
a$= cQRW APfi | A E W ()

K @ Ea$ fic H Hc @ >>

Ea$= EQRW APfi P,, WW ; AW; A
E W ()

K @ F fic H Hc @ >>
FQRW APW Wv, ~, P WW, AW, A E W,
()

K A fic H Hc @ >>
A= APWW APW ~, A E fiW ()

K AP fic H Hc @ >>
AP =APPWW APfi WO ; A ; A E W ()
(. B. 2 .20 A)

]O:&
:& T Q| P Xc
P aP E X > K @ a$ fic
H Hc @ >> K |ac| > K W|O
P hn a P| Aa g Aa
h > a$ Chn P~ a > E
C P a C@ > H fic @
~P@ Hc @ C@ > BQ@ > H QO
QO | , a$ Wa$ W > Ea$ EWa&
ba$ Erfi Aa Ea$ P T@ > F Eac
A ~ ; AP CP ; A C s A S A

24

S > H P@ @ |@ | a a
C@ QO@ fi@ > a@ O@ > Ea@ fi@ > P o >>
" a | QOc fi@ > a O fic@ $' C >>
"" BcPfi @ > aP@ rQ @ >
Pfi a P fi@ > H c gnfiP@ > QOfi
@ > @ P A fi@ > fiPfi P
fi@ > A a | fi@ > B W@ fi@ >
@ $ X@ > P fi@ > @
P fi@ > @ r$ > P
Wc W @ > fi@ >

fi $ a '' P@ r@ >>
:&
K @ > (PW R)
K @ >>( fiPW R)
K $ @ ( fiPW R)
K @ >(C
>
W, A fiPW)
K @ >>(W A fiPW)
K M @ >(MW
>
A fiPW)
K W @ >>(WW A fiPW)
K fi @ >(
>
A fiPW)
K @ > ( A fiPW)
(gW fi ' &XQ)

K PP @ > (Wofiw PfifiWW, A fiPW

R)
]O:&
:&" ' " $ &
' P @ > | c Wc P > &
W > "" WW c >
i ' >> @ C@ > @ @ C@ >
WW | @ |a fi >
B a P > |P P| >
B P P > @ C >
@ > $$ @ > W$$@ > $$ @ > >

25

@ > Pb @ C > P W a@ @
fi@ @ W a@ C @ > @ M R > P@ |
P@ > g CT P b
W M W > @ Wc CP > @ P@ >
@ @ P@ > Pgfi@ > ""Pgfi A '' C
|P@ > C fib @ P >
PPP @ >
P C > PO@ BP fi hn P@ ] @ P
Caf@ P| > P AP > @ hn PP@ >
"P@ P u' CP@ > P@ > P hnP@ > PP
Pc > PP > $ Pfi @ > a A P
AvW W~ PP Q a >> PO @
@ C Q > ""PP@ > PP
P@ P P, P@ P P, P@ P P H
PPfi >'' H P P A a i
A$ Pfia@ $Q ac > $ g >
PP > ac > ""fi @ fiTg@ > @
X P@ >>'' a gn gn ""P C P
P@ Pfi P P@ W PW fi > P W >
P H PQ| > EX@ W'' @ > P@ @ C
PP$@ d@ > A > A_(v?)@ d@ > C
P > P ]@ W >
K h P>
K W K>>
fi ~ a~ a> fi >>
fi @ >> (.B.10. .66 A)
:& =AfiW; fiPW($ @ G fi|)
; B@= EPfiW fiP fiW ; g@ =hfiW, fiP W;
@=W,fiPW; BP=BPfiW, fiP W; K =W||;
.:&
W= vYO; = P fiW(.:&
.:& A
W ) @=R.
fi&fi A Pfi ; a~ ~ a = aaW;
= ~W ; @=P , @P, =Rfiv ;
= B , Pfi ; fi= ; A=RW; P=P|fiv;

26

fi AP @= W P|fivPRR fi W
(]fi) fiW; @=R. (fiP afa fiWW
R.)

]O:&
:&hP > $P@ > a
>"hP > K W ' P P
P > hP B fi > K
W|O W K C@ > P @ d@ >
h g > @ P@ C
ac BP a > a a > ]P
] a > "H | c Wc
> H a' > aa hn >
"| Bh @ > g' a EP@ >>
P| > fi > a~ ~ fi >
P| > aPO@ aP > fiP > P
]() C > P > P E Er | >
P > P aP > H$ B P
@ > W H a B > P > P ]O
W > ]| fi > P > P ] H gW
> H | > P I "" |fi| i
' > H > QO > QOfi ]@ > E Er@ @ > AcrP@
E@ F C > BX@ BP AX fi P fi @ u@ >
AW CX C > C a MW r >> @ ]@ W > A
QOP@ Pa ] >
O Q > O @ >
|vPP O (]fi) ]a >
"" | W | a >gW P W @ >>''
A:& Q@=Q Afiw fi ; |@=| ; @=
PP fi ; |@=|; vPP@= PW P|W fi;
|@=|; @= fi; |@=|; Aa@= fi ;
|@= |; |=P |r QvW|r; W=BPWW; |=
|W, A hnWW; = fivPR; gW=gWW; a= fivPR; P=
|hnW; W= ]fiW; @= RW

27

@
fiv.

Q| a > b W OW >
]W OWaf @ >>
A:& Q|= ; =fiwor ; =QvW|; a=W;
=fiwor ; W=W; A=(); OW@ =| ; ]A
WO= |PR WW; @= RW;

]O :&
:&@ aa PWO AP r CrT
fiO > "" | W | a >gW P
W @ >>'' O |@ > O |
| C P AP > W| a r > r$
W| > gW Cr > P Q@ > Wfi
fiafi C a W > WP$@
C W@ > WP C W W > W@ X@ g
C aP > ""O Q O @ >| vP
O a@ >>'' ""| a > b ]
W | W@>>] W OWaf @>>'' C P a Pa
MW@ s > P P W|P >> O @ >
Q@ |@ @ > @ O hn g@ vPP@ > |@
P > ]a C@ > P P > Q|
Q aaP WP ]@ rP >
]WPfi| ; E
] E C W E C M@ W > W E W@>>
] fi@ K>> E S h fi >

O Waf S >>
] Waf S @ >
fi fi a h >
B@ a h P >>
(CPR A ) P= Ps ; h=W EofivPRR; fi=
; @=fivor ; =ArW PvPR ; C= ; h=AP
W ; a= RW ; fi=W; @= ; =
WR; B@= B ; |= ; a=g ; =Por ( .)
(D PR E .) =QvW|r W A WP
fi ; fi=PR ; =( A PoX bPo, ,

28

W QvW S) h=E A P() E=u(

W) ; S=S ; (W) (=CPR) ; O@= |; Ahn=
X hnX(PPorX); S=( )afX ; Waf=W;
S=afX; ]=PX; Waf=WPR W A W; @=R;

]O:&A Pfi| >> Bfi W$

BW > fi@ hP@ E h
Pfi > E S C > fi E |P PfiW
fi S ]Ppa a XS h PhWO
|PW hP @ Ohn > Ohn
S SP T fi > |P Waf >
A fi EP| > fi Pfi E S PT
C S > @ d@ >> S h @
fi@ Wv@ S u C fi > P
]| " fi Wv a' >
]S|h ]S| C fi > W
S > P ]Pb > Ps@ ]SO&
W@ Bfi @ >
& fi ] > O@
O@ O@ AW > Ahn Phn @ @ hn > r >
Ar >> >> bfi Efi > Efi
Pr E@ C P@ > PP fi > fi >
Ar > fi BW C @ > hnWa Q
g S| h > h O P~ a
> "" Qa gW | Hg @'' PsPP@
P~ h fi @ > a B@ |
a g@ h O > P P hn fi >
P B@ | Waf S O@ >
| >
g >>
= W (A @ G fi|.) (W s fiw)
|=PR fi| ; =W(W PR) =
fi ; =QvW|r ; g=rgP fi ; = fiw,
(B PR ); =B ; @=; B= .

BP Waf W >

29

R@ ] P Waf>>
] P Waf @ >
BP=BP; =; = EP; W= P; =fi;
Waf=X ; () R@= WW fiw R; P =
fiP fiWR; Waf=X . A fiWR R.

gW > >>
gW= P; =; =X fivqr; () fiwPqr,
=(gW ) fiwPv C|, W X C|;
=X> = |WW BX Afi
fiX; A=C (B P|)=a fi; =WR;
@=R; A =C.

$ >
Pq WO @>>
A= @ P@ W|@ A; =ATPW ; =A &
W, =ATPW; =, AQ=W; @=W; F=vW; =gW
; = ATPW() W; &a A P
;= BW; =ATPW; PqW=(P A BPv)
PqWW |fiw; Pq=AW aPW; W=Gv O
fiw (GvaPW O fiw B Pi fiP ]aPA
C. A A | .)fiW RW.

]O:& WafP BfiP a WW bf

AXS

pPQ a a P Abf
PP P fi|fi >> C >> $ @ P@
W|@ A AW > ~ Q $ >
P > Wfi C W > A C >
|vYO P > B @ r$
v > ~ H hn a CP > hnfiP >
> P > PP > P @ > HP AP >
P PqW| C > PqTP WO >
Abf WT > H Pq PO >
HP T > vPbf gP Ab
APqW > UP PS P PPP C $
g EP ]P > C
Q@ > A Pq @ aPfi@ > Pq aP W
aP > Tfi a > aPQ A > aPO >

30

PqW W aP PW a aP > P fiPv O

P fi$ >> " PW aP W > aP | ]
P g' C >> A Pq P P > A W AaP @ > $
PqWO > XM P P ]
P ] fi|fi > BP > r >
Pfi P ]P@ A
fi|fi >> > s gn >> "" P&
r ' @ > gP > AP
PW@ > H r > hn Q a
fifi@ fiP$ P fi| | > >
gjW fi > ] @
B@ A > H @ C > gW > gW @ c
c @ > ]fiP @ ]@ > gW P
Pfi Q$ fiP >
A(Rfiv)
K A > K @ @ @ >> r >a@W
WO@ >
((""BX&&gfi

gW

MP T B A''))

C fi fi: fiv A WW Pv R
fiv.
W >>
(C W X , GvW GvX qrPv, A W acO
fiw W, |W, WWW, A X E W )
A:& @=WW; =P ; A= fiv.
@=P BW; @= ; r@= WW () BW; aW
= RW AW ; WO@=WWW, |W(hnWW) =P;
=BW; A= ; =WWR ; A=R fiv.
DP A W Eacfiw rW R fivP.
| C , AWW R fivPR. C fi fiP
]fi fi GW R fivPR.
BW| "A| > W Pa > EP$ C

31

@
>' G fi|.

R W fiv W?
" > O > r >hnW$@ > fia&
Wh > W >' G fi|, or PR |W R
fivPR. af Efiw, hnP, &, A| CW WW . AW
RfivPR A.
"W$ $r$ A fic' G fi|.
APWW RfivPR.
"|fiP@ > r > A c > Qb>'' G fi|
PW P, W p QPv; PWW fiW Rfiv.

fiW RfivPv ?
"" P RP > E a g >>
AP v b > a >>
gna | a P > fi gnfi >>
|P | > @ C P >>
AP P > B P fi P >> G fi|,
fiv, RW P , Pv , gfiv, awP bc, ,
Kv, AbfiX, , , , afiv, gn , |P |W R fiv&
Pv.
, gn , , |P , | , fiv P P
|W P R fivPv. " @' G RfivPR . R
fiw RW, BW fiv or APPWW W .
(..:&
..:& ] g WP

PrP G .

P A , |W |fiv.)

&$&a&P&&Qfi

>

&|&fi&&

a> Qfi Q fi > fi |

>> A ]fi]P |, $ fi a
@ ()
W|W||
W

W afiO R AP|
hn|

fiPP

]Q$XP

> ]fi ]P| >>

(G v, Ba fiv)

]&
]Q$

32

@
@= g ; Q=PW; B=C PW ; =

fi fi ; $=|; P a=ac|; ( CW) =P ;

(W) |=| ; fi=; Aa= ; = B fi&
; =DW; (A=) =R fiv; fi= Q$fi fi ! =
X; Qfi=QfiX, Q=QX, fi=; = fi
fifivqr, = A; = P ; |=| P|X; A=
BW> (" Qfi |P > Ra Q P R >>' G
fi|.)
A= D, =P P, W=vYO;
]afiO=]a; R=g ; = , =fiwPw';
AP|W|W||, Qfi, hnP,
AW , W Afifi ]Q$Xfi ]P
W, X Pv G O fivP.
(]ZW |W P PW ] AW ]
P.)

a fiv.
]O:&
:&P

WRP

>

a@W > g > @ ]| a fiO > C >>

P C > R > $ a >> C W >>

@ qP OS > g ] >> >>

]| >>

33

]fi ]Q$XP ]@ >>

:A fiP :
(fiPW ]O QR. ) ( W AW C
X. W AW fi .)
W , W R fiw Gv QPv, J BaPR
C AZPR WvP.

1. fig.
(EO WPv)
fig.(E
A@&&&W >
@ & vP& @& b@>>
(G P O fivP>)

2. B a fiv
3. Ofi.
K | &M@ > fi &> W&d@> Ofi W@>>
(G AP, Pu AWuW X wPv)
] fi K @> K @ > K @ > K @ > K g@ > K @ > K >
K |&W & @ afi>> K B h A
@ K>>
(G Pv, v GvW AW W AW CorPv)

4..P
& &(]fi) ] fi&fi &B |@ &
&] P& & Ar PW &&
Sv&g vPO&Wfi@ &O& & P&
&& A fi& afi& uO ]&
& &&&&&&&&
A&&&&M&&&&&fi &&&&&&&&&&& @ &&&&

&&& &W&

P|& HW|| r& ]fi ]P& &W

W& ]fi ]P& ]$&
]$| |fi& ] $| &fiP E>>
( G EO WPv WW QPv v)

5. fig
(EO GPv PX fi P P)

34

K Bu &Ma P& M@>& B& Wd@& fig W@>>

] fi >> >>@ K>> Bu @ > K Fh > K

O aP > K @ @ > K g @ > K E fi@
K AW fi@> K fi i> K B g a @>> K>>
6. g|>
(EO GPv PX P)

B@ M@ > B > Ar d@ > B W@ >>

]fi >>@ K >>

B@ fi > |

fi > bfrg c >

fifi a W >> @ K >>
( G B PwP)
EP:& B@=W A EPfiW; =( P C) ; =
Xfiv; = B =X ; fi= D , fifi ;
=fiv ; |@=P Ba ; =fiv ; =; =
X ; fi= ; =fiv ; =W; = fi , Ebfr =(ia)
Ebfr(Gg)gfiw P Zo ; Ag=P|PR A(fiA)
P,QpW rX gPR A ; = fi ; c=(AWfi&
W) R B; = ; A W a= A( avW
BW) Wg (P X fiv) (APRX D g) =
AX fivor BW.
fi :& B@= K EPWfi ; = ; =fiv A
X fiv; =; =$ fi|W a
fi, a @ G fi|.;
fi=Q$ ; =fiv; |@= P aS; =
fiv; =|u ; fi= ; =W w; (fi W)
Ebfr=""Wc Wfifi W aZ > EbfrP bfu Pa >'' G
fi|. $P Ebfu g Zo ; Ag=g&
; c= P~ a fiw Por v;
= ; A W a= A avW; BW fiw
Wg D W P; =AW$W ; fi= ; =P|
fiv.

"c ' G ? DW "B@ ' G

35

. CPR P|?
BW| D PW P fi| Eo. "XcP$ > @ >
B@ > Ba a >>' G fi|fiP| D P .

Pv PP p ? WWX
? W C?
A fiv Pfiv.
"" > W@ W@ >> Wa >>'' G fi|
Pv A fiv fi Pfiv AW APWW P,
Pv B PW P|fi P| A fiw C X
EP fivP.

7. Ba fivP.
8. fig
Bu a P& A M@&B&a W@&a fi>
u> A Ar& @ fig W@>>

] fi >> >>@ K>> Bu @ > K Fh > K

O aP > K @ @ > K g @ > K E
fi@K AW fi@> K fi i> K B g a @>> K>>
K r B > @ >> DfiO
Pc~ > B fia g >> A A
h > AX a >> B@ ~ g 3 > hPc
>> Cfi@ R a >
E> B Aa W > W BW fi g a >>
P a @ > |Pfi >>
(G PP)

9. g
K Ma C > AZ| M@> > Ar d@> g
W@>>(G AW QPv)
]fi ] @>> K >> M a a h > $h
@ A|@ >>

>>

| Ah > A~

fia

aP@ >> (M..10&190&1&3)

>

36

(G PWPR A Gv W vP)

10. Ba Gv fivP.
11. AZ >>
K | M@& fi& W d@& Ofi W@>>
(G AP, Pu AWuW X wPv)
] fiK @ > K @ > K @ > K @ > K g@ > K @ > K > K

|&W

&

afi>>

h A @ K>>
(G Pv, v GvW AW W AW CorPv)

C ac &H W| |&r& & ] fi]

P

$|

|fi&

$|

&

fiP

W AZ P>> (G WPv v)
B G MP sfivPv. P Gv AZW
Pv. P AZW Pv. P W AP fi
fiW P CPv PP C Aor PZ fiv.
MW APX. fiv. Gv AZfi PvPR
J AZ, "BP' G MP Gv AZPv.
AZ PvPR J AZ, Gv "BP'G MP ,
AZ W Pv. PP cZ Pv D PW AZ
Pv.
AZPRX or "g .)
K --a-P$- - > -M--@ >W--d-@ > - - > A[-P- -$- B----P-O-- g
--W@ >
]--fi-- @ K >> a-P$ --aP$---c -hW > P ------- fi----$@ >> @ -K >>>>(M. 5 A>> 7A >> 9 W) (D )
(1) K b W M@ > > gW d@ > fiP
AZ W@ >>
]

fi

>>@>>K>>

$ j

bP

>

Wh Mh Ah M >> @ K >> (M. 3 A>> 7 A >> 14 >>)

(G AZ Pv)
:& D PR . WW fi A.
@(1)= W PgWP fi ; M= ; @=

37

fiW fiPX fi ; b(2)=

vPR ;( D "| | S' G fi|.
@(3)= X W fiPX; AP(4)=BP fiPX;
(5)= G MP fiPX ; (A WW W Por
AfivPR ) ; gfi Por AX P Pv G
PP. CPR fi|,
""| @ > W O > $ W Pfi > A P gn@ >
> g > AX > A hn P a a >
fih > c >'' C Xao.
(6)=(P) CPR ; A@(7)= AW X ; |(8)=WWPR
=(9)(X) PR; (10)=uWPR(W) CPR ;
M(11)=PR ;(12)=APP(fi fi) A ~fiP
CPR ; Aj@(13)= EPW E WPR ; A Wh@(14)=WW
E; Aj@= EWPR ; Wh@= P (WW
Afi ) Mh@(15)= EWPR A M G gn P
E; A M G PW hn ; Ah@(16)=W
EW W fiv AX PWW fiP; (17)=|W|.

Pv W PX W AZPvPR CX fiW AZ
PvPR fi|?
BW| D PW Pv P fivP .
""B@ | > Bu @ > Qg W b >>
aP W cb > Hgj@ fi@ >>
W$ QP > P a@ >>''
G fi| D AZW fiW P W. ""af@ >
> P a@ >'' G |P Eo.

AZ fi QRW ASX PvPR ?

""AQPT aS@ >'' G S$ fi|
W AZ ESX PvPR .

W P AZ PvP PPvP ?
PvPR. (u) G fi|.
(2) B P C | M@ & r d@ > fiP AZ

W@>>

38

] fi >>@ >>K >> B P g fi a>

| fi >> @ >> K >>
(G Gv AZ PvP)
:& = ; P=PX AP AP ; Bg=P ; (fi
W APP P|X .) (APfiW) Bfi@=
; A=W ; @=W ;= Q W A
PW CPRX; = P ; =v ; |=W; =
P ; Bfi = C.
fi :& =rP Pv a | fi ; P=;
g=Ag GX A@P|; Bfi@=fiX ; =| g
A= P ; B=bX; =PRR(X fivPRR) =
WPW ; =vPRX; |=OP; = yX; Bfi=.
(3) ] fi K>>|& M@& fi& W d@ &
h M@& AXfi @> W& EWr@ d> W@ M@>
> W d@> fiP AZ&W@>>
(]fi) K @ @ > | > W

> @ afi >> ( G AZ Por)

K B h A @ K >> G W$P| g.
cZ
:& Efi M@ > A > r d@ > fiP
PZ W@ >>
(]fi) @ K >> E fi W > E

P >>

(M. . 5&76&3)

:& ( Efi G PR M. AW; r d , PPRX

cZPv.)
W:11 E, B , fi, W, @, A@, > E , C, , , P, A,
> , C, @, A, B, >>
G AW ; E= ; Bfi=PRX; WW P |W P|fiw
WP Q fiv P PR W W W, @=@ P;
W=WP ; A@ =P ; =; E=P ; =
W; P=W W; P, EP|fi P ; =A
SP; A=PO fivPR ; Bfi=X.
(11) D A ]Pwx]a P .)

39

| :&
(HP D | Pv.)
""K fi '' G J | Pv)
K fi

K C fi

K A| fi

K fi

K fi

K | fi

K | fi

K r fi

K A fi

K g fi

K W fi

K fi

:&
K E h && P& P|@&R| M@ > > W
d@ > A a Au@ >> E C a Ar > E a WZ@ >
Ec@ > b a P BX@ P M@> >
r d@ > W@ >>
""E h' G fiwPv, C MPWW P|
R|PM. P hnW fi > 9MPW W d
(W G 24 AP) "E' G 10MP "EWfi'
G 13MPW Ar d . D RQ "E' G MP
fiw 3MPW WPW; R MP AW P ; (10&11&12 W
P, 13 P) ; "b ' fiw 6MP WW BX PP
M. hnWW P ; r d. C MPW fi
E fiv A.

D P MPW Md fiP P?
WW MPWW M dW sfiv MPUWW AP. A
g P . CPR fi|, a :&
""Bd a W a > O c >>'' G .

] fi >> @ >>K >> E h P@ >

>> 1 >>
:& :& P@=Q|W PW; A Q|W ; =
B; E= FW (fiP); =aPRR; = vPR ; (
fiP g v A PX FW B Q|W |&
fiw A) > ( G) =; h=E ~W
PR A hn B ; = P; (C FW G
PR A .)

40

fi :& E= Er ; = @ fi O G W a
; h=W A W @ h@ G
fi| W fiw A WW EP A hn G
rhn E A G P W PvPR; (C)
=QvW|r, W , A B|, A hn&
|, A Pfi;" Qv, iX, , , , , , P,
W G ) (C) =(@ ) hnW PR A r
~ PX A (P ) WW A hnWW P
PvPR a fi ; = D aPRR; =X; P@=
hnW; E=fiv ; A P P W hnW hnaP
W fiv G A.

E G fivPR a KP fiP Eac fivP?

PR BW KP C CP. B KP P. W A .
CPR fi|, W:&
"" KPac@ > P a >> &
Pac >>'' G fi|.

A PP@ > aP >> 2 >>

:& =; @=P; =W ; P@=W PW (W
P~' G fi|) =A PX PW ; AP@= Pv; aP=
aPR PP; = BW w ; A= v GX fiv.
fi :& =W; P@=P P@ G PPR A. P@ G
P P g; A=A X gnW
fi g fiv ; =A PX; P@=PP A P$ W@
G hn Por P|fivPR; = ; A@=AW G
hnW; AP@=APO P AQPR; =
r ~; aP= fiW aP G fi|fi |hnfi
P fiWR hnW fiw; = fi O G X
W. G, fiPX P X fi g fiv A
P P hn, P Afiv P hn W fi g
fiv A >>

A P g A > g AW >> 3 >>

:& g@= PfiX; AW@=AXW; =W; = W; A= D ;
P@=fiWP; @=Q|W; g=~W ; A=PO; =

41

G, D Q|W a Pfiv G A.
fi:& @=rhn; P@=hnW ; AW@=Bfi AXW ; =W;
=W; g@=fi; g=WP gW; A=_ AWa; A=
APa W ; A=WX; =; AhnW P|
W fiw WP , W vor B P AP
P A. A P W AhnW AWY$
hnW >>

~ h > fia >> 4 >>

:& =G ;(=) ~@=P GX; C afivPR
AP fiW A W afivPR("g a g>
HP Pfi| >' G W P fi|. BW
Raf G fi| E fiv W |fiv A.)
=a ~W; @=vPR() av
g W G fi|. G X E
a v A. (= B P| ) h=PP GX a
Pfiw . A P EP aW Q|W
X APfivPR G > ( D P| ) =; a=
PfiW AP; B=|X P fiv.
fi :& =P P fi; (=) ~@=
q;(fiP) @= QW A W PR > h@=
fiWW A (P)W; P=P(afihcP Ah
G fi|. " @'G, "ac acW hfiP' G
Xfi|.) C fiW C Pfiw. b; =
a ; a=P; A=bX Pfiv; (
' G fi|o.) @ gWfi BX. gW
CorPw G A.

_ @ _` fi > _ >> 5 >>

:& =G (=) =W ; @= P &
W P ; ( @ G fi|o.) _=ASX; E= E
GX, PWW ASX E
A > =A PX ; fi =A W ASX; E=E
; = A PX; = ; @=WP ; =v ; =ASX;

42

E=E GX PW fiv W ASX E

A. "P g@ T ' G , "
fi W' G fi|o.)
fi :& = K hnW fi; =; @=WPR
A WW DW A G PX ; _=
; @=W ; E= APXPR (E PR); (&
W A ) fi =hnPRW fiw hnW P; E=EWPR; (Ar
A) = v P; E=EW PW; (W) @=X;
GX, W, hnW , WPW X
AW X C X A.

P aP | g A > | >> 6 >>

:& P= P; |=ArP ; = ; g=h
&~W ; |=|fivPR A | fivPR D P ; H=fi; aP=
P;A=P; =P fiv; B P D PW fiv.
fi :&
:& P=gWP ! |=ErSX A (
E| | > "E|' G ) =; ~=PX ; A= (PR)
g=gW ; A=bX (PX) aP=AW ; =v >>

g$fi AP@ > g >> 7 >>

:& =G ! (=)=; =AP; hP=
PW ; (P) H=X fi|fiv > (H fivPR) A=W; AP@=
; fi@=Eofiv (W W EW A.) g=~W ;
=v ; H=fi|fiv >
fi :& =G fi! g= gP ; AP@=gW APR
RW ; g=gW ; =w ; Afi@=" A' G
A hnPv G AfiwX ; A=("K W' G A)
P v A , =APhn ; (=PvPR) =PX,
H=Caffiv; (C Caf G ) GX, P RW gW @T&
W AfivPR g w AW EX AWW APhn Pv
A.

> bR aP| >> 8 >>

:& = QvW|r; aP|=PP A PW P; =
G ; =H TW ; @=AW; bR=Q|W PWXPR ; =

43

P ; = ; =.
fi :& =G P hnW fi; = G O;
aP|=PW P ; = ; P=; b@=aP
G |fiv; (A) bR= P G ; =TP
CW (P~ I, H) = >>

AP @ > fi Q@ >> 9 >>

:& @= P ; =PR ; @=Pqr; =H TPW;
@=|PW ; AP=Pqr; =; Q@=Poror ; @=B PW; fi=
fi|fiv; PW Pfiv afiv A.
fi :&
:&=P fi! @=W; @(@)= &
W EQ aW; =fi
fiX C A; "aPg fi@ >'G fi|o.
Q@=W; $@= B PW ; fi=afiv ; a X
fiwPv APR BX B (PW) P fi|fiv A.
( G g W Gvg GvW or P. )

K E h E >
Wh >> 10 >>
:& (C fiw MPW WP) =W; @=A
PQR; E=W; h@=h; E=u; =P;
=; E= ; @=v C; E=Au A Er ;h@=
A BP ; AW=.
fi :& @ E=Ahn ; E=u; h@=WP ;
@= vPR; =W ; =; =hnW ; E h@=
Pfi Er fi ; =W; AW=.
"" h @ P > >>
| Ps @ > W >>
h > P >>
SW >'' G dW fi|.

E B >
W fi| a >> 11 >>
:& =P g A A ; PWW
PW ; =G ! A=D ; E=EW ; E=

44

W ; =AP ; B=H CX; (=) = ; W=

W A AW ; fi| a; W E P|
|( C Gv) ;=fiv.
fi :& =APX g( hfi G ) =
G hnW fi! E=Er; =fi; W=WP
(WP EP| FPW) P=gP ; B=PR ; =;
=; fi|=( O ; A G ) hnP ;
W=AvWW , EW Pv; A=D P ; =fiv.

P fi| OP > A fi| >> 12 >>

:& = fi; fi|=| ; P=X~W ; OP=P
QW; = Cv ; A=A ; = ; fi|= | ; = Xv;
=Cv.
fi :& P="P P' G PP; =; =;
OP=OW hnW ; fi|= P
; = fiw; A=A; =hnW ; fi|= ;
= fiv A.

EWfi >
A >> 13 >>
:& ( D MP P). A=D vPR; B@=; =;
=; =PwPv; = P; =fivPR W ; =W
EP fivPRX; EW=E; A=; @=W; =
; = fiv.
fi :& A= D B@= A Afiw P fi; =gW;
= ; =PwPv; (W)= WPv; =fi;
= fivPR P; =hnW fivPRX; EW=P;
@=W ; A="A' G fiO fi; = ; =
; (afiv A)
( G P XPv gP .)

K b WP aP |W@ >
B AP B gWc >> 14 >>
:& b=BcP; =AP POfiv W; |=|W; AW@=
AXW; aP@=; =PW Q|W; BP=; EW=E;

45

=W; =; AP=AP; B@=Q g ; @=

; gW@=gWWW; @ a= WW Pv; B=Afifi GX,
W h .
fi :& =Ghn fi; = W; BP=
P; b=b; aP@=W hn( B W fi); |@=|; @=
; AX@=; D W A W hn; () =
WP FPW; =P APW; AP= AP
AP PW; B@=CW X; gW@=P a gWW; @= PgWW Pv;
B=fiX; EW=u .

afi c >
W >> 15 >>
:& =G ! = W|u; afi=
P; E=P AS E@P ; c= ; @=fi
P; = ; A= A Wfiv; (
A Wfiv P fi P E@ P ) @=
WX Caf$ ; @=; W=BfiP PW ; = &
fiv; =A P; =(A P) E A
P; @= fiv.
fi :& @= _ O , fi O G PX | W;
= ; @=P fi; =QvW|r; a&
fi= Pfi; E=WW ; (W=W|fivPR) ; = ;
A=; cac= Pv; =. (A A fiwPPRX
W A) =G P fi C A ; @=
A Pv ; W=aWW ; @=Pfiv ; =gWW
P ; =fiv. GX, fi aW D aa
aPR PPv E W rfiv B X
rfiv A.

A@ b HW Afi@ > Bu@

@ >> 16 >>
:& @=WPX W; @=acX | ; b@=b A &
W A@=X WfivPR ; Afi@= P PvPR ; = ;
A@=AW; @=RfiwPWX; @=AP; u=FW ; A A@=

46

. @=P| ; =AP; =; =.
fi:& W; b@=b; @=|; HW@=af fi X;
@=Wfiv; A=X; fi@=W E; A@=fi Wv afiv
APhnW A P; @ u(B)=Ps fiw; = AP
W; g@=gW; @= RfiwPorX; E= AW ;
A@=W; hnW A PW A APPW AP
W Pv fi Wv a fiv A >>

P g >
P $ >> 17 >>
:& =fi; P@=P; = ; =; g= E
; ( Q|W D P E fiv A); =A;
=; = ; =A; = ; C=fiP ; =
fi P; (A=WPv; A= ) @=AW ; AP=
A ; =B P A fifi ; = ; @=AP ;
$=WP ; =fiv .
fi :& =G QvW|r fi! =; P@=P; (gW
P ) = gW Ofiv A; = ;
=FW CP WP (A gW); AP=
W A; =P ; $=PW; @=; =X
fiv A.

|aP P| >
A g@ P >> 18 >>
:& = B EP ; =W; |=|W; AaP=ASX; @=
AP A P ; E=W ; @=; =P
g ; P|=fiv; A=D ; @=AW A Q|W; A=AX; A=
; =P; g@=P|fivPR ; A= B ; P=PX P ;
=|fiv GX, D fifi AX APW
A.
fi :&
= P|fivPR W; = X; =G
:&
hn fi ! () @=WP PWW; A=GW JW; aP=
v ; E=.; =P A fi g ; P|=Po
fiv; g@=g | PP fi ; A=@ P@ W|@

47

A; P=Er hn ; = acP; @=P D gW

; A=; () @= fi Q B Q g ;
=|fiv A.
fi W B BW B C A.

A E @ >
O fi @ E @ >> 19 >>
:& @= PW Q|W; A= D ; =; E@=
EW CX; @=W A ; =(AP)
w P|fiv ; A=PrW APW; = w P|fiv; @=W; = B
; @=P ; |@=S | ; A@=A; @=
; =; E= ; @=AP Afi W; fi= POfiv.
fi :& D PvP PvW D A G MP .
(W) A@=Ei; @=hnW A W; A@= fiP
Cghn (A) E=E CW oMP W hn
( D PW ) @=PP P; |@=S |P; A@=A
A PP; @=P; = P P;
E= ; @=P a ; =gWP; =;
(fi ) @= W PPvX; E@= E Erhn
E fiw ; @=W; fi=(fivor h fi Pfiw) fi=;
=P|fiv Afifiv.)

h >> K >>
:& = A W D WW; =AX A
; h= W .
fi :& A= ; =aW g; @(@)=W; h=
W. C=rX; h=W.
(G qrPv g fivP)

] fi >>@ >>K >> c >

@ Zfi@ >> @ K >>
:& @=WW; =; c=Pv; =GW; E=W ;
A=PW ; @=WW; =P ; = ; =Sofiv
; @= WW ; = ; B@=B ; =Pv .
fi :& =WW ; =a rP fi ; c= gW ;

48

= RP gW ; E= gW ; A= PPR W
PW; @=WW; =PW; A=X; = P fi ;
= (rW )Eofiv ; @=WW ; =fi ; B@ =Z B P&
PsP ; =Pv .

A:&
>>K>> @@ @ >>K A > a@W WO@
>W >>
BX& &g& fi& &g& W& B
MP T ( ) A A>> ( G A
W R)
fi @ K >> H Z W ~ >
gu $ >>
>>K A K>>
aco , , W$ Wg CW @
fiv.
W g

PO
&$&a&P&&Qfi >
&|&fi&& a >
Qfi Q fi >
fi | >>
A ]fi]P | fi a fi P
] fi]$&] P ] $|
>> ] fi] P| (G v, Ba
fiv)
| c g P>>
] fi] Aa@ A@ W@ ] Aa
W @>>
P a $ >
P P ](fi) O fi>>
] fi ]P|.
]a, ]g, ]Z , P $ fiW
P AP fiwPw G wPP.

49

&: P :&
P ; fi P WW
A fi C X.
g|

AXc |WM@ AXfi B Paf@

gO W@ > (D PX M,d, )

] fi@
@ K >> AXc fic& c P@ >
>

P>

A > Qa >

$|

C fi >

$>

g >> K>> (C )
PZ:
K POXc M@ > C > r d@ >
PPcZ W@ >>
(]fi) ]@>>K >> O P A > A

Chfi >> @ K >>

af:&(11) , C, , A, @, O, , P A, A , A@, C, hfi >
A:& O= W PR BW vPR C, A&DW, A&WW
P, BWaf=PRW; =AX ; =W AP A P
P=fivv, A PR P fivv . A
W, r . A@=W|W P, hfi=A, W AP
AprW PX W P fivv G A.
EP QPv;

Euu W W a >
Eu >>
G QOPX WorPR . Q X .

]O:&
:&]W@ > ]fi ]Q$X@ >> A
@ >>
@ @ P@ > A P @ @ T >> AXc >>
A > A > h @ > AX@ AW$Xfi
CP@ > AW$ W|r@ > ]@ A@ P@ ]@ > O$ a _flP@

(11) D A ]Pwx]a P .

50

> ]|@ WO > A > E @ > ~ E

Q| P Rfi > Xc P XP@ >
>> C >> ]fi ] P @ >> ]| >>
(D W . Gfi , A C
W|QP| fiv.)
]fi ]| >>
]OW RW, ]W W RW >>
v@ ]| W@ >
@ fi@ W >>
""X| |W@ >

|gng@ @ >> ''

W or .
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