Chapter 3

Power Electronic
Circuits

Converters
AC/DC
DC/DC
DC/AC

Single-Phase, HalfWave, AC-to-DC

Conversion for
Resistive Loads

vt

vs

+
vt
-

vs

Single-Phase, Half-Wave, AC-to-DC

Conversion for Resistive Loads

vs

+
vt
-

vs Vmax sin( t )
vs
i ( u u )
R
vt i R vs ( u u )

1
Vave
2

1
0 vs (u u ) d t 2 vs d t

vt

1
Vave
Vmax sin ( t ) dt

Vmax
Vave
( 1 cos )
2

I ave

Vave

vs

Vave

Vmax
Vave
( 1 cos )
2

Vmax

Vmax
2

Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)
of a sinusoidal voltage
1
Vmean Vave
2
1
Vrms
2

v( t )

v( t ) dt

1
dt
2

Vmax sin( t )

dt

RMS of load
voltage
2
Vmax
Vrms
sin t d t

Vmax
Vrms
2

2
Vmax
[ 1 cos( 2 t ] dt

sin 2
1

Vrms
Vmax
2

Vrms
I rms
R

Electric Power: Method 1

P
P

2
Vrms

2
Vmax

8 R

2
I rms

2 ) sin 2

Single-Phase, Full-Wave, AC-to-DC

Conversion for Resistive Loads

S1

S3
vs
R
A

S4

B
S2
D

vt

When VAB > 0

i1

S1

S3
vs
R
A

S4

B
S2
D

vt

When VAB < 0

S1

S3
vs

i2
R

A
S4

B
S2
D

vt

i1

S1

S3
vs

i2
R

vt

B
S2

S4

i1

vt

vt

i2

t
vs

Half Wave Versus Full Wave

Average
Voltage
RMS
Voltage
Power

Half Wave

Full Wave

Vmax
Vave
(1 cos )
2

Vmax
Vave
(1 cos )

Vrms

Vmax
2

sin( 2 )

2
Vmax
P
2 ) sin 2
8 R

Vrms

Vmax

sin( 2 )
1 2

2
Vmax
P
2 ) sin 2
4 R

Purely inductive
load

i
vs

Power: Purely Inductive Load

Inductive Load
i
vs

vs

vR

R
L

i
t

vL

Switched Inductive Load

i
vs

R
L

vR
vL

Switched Inductive Load

i

vs

vs

vR
vL

vt

R
vt

vs

vR

vR
vL

vt vR vL
t

vL

vs

vs

vR
vL

vt vs (u u ) [Vmax sin(t )] (u u )

I (S )

V (S )
V (S )

Z ( S ) R SL

Vmax S sin cos

I (S )
e

2
2
R SL
S

S sin cos

e
2
2
S

V
i (t ) max
z

(u u ) sin(t ) u sin( ) e

V
i (t ) max
z

u sin( ) e

sin(t ) sin( ) e

- Relationship

Vave

1
v
(
u

u
)
d

0 s
2
Vave

1
v
d

s
2

Vmax
[cos cos )]
2

Vave VR ave VL ave

max

sin(t ) dt

VL ave 0

Vave VR ave R I ave

1
2

Vrms

Vrms

v( t ) dt

1
2

Vmax

sin( 2t ) 2 dt

2
Vmax
Vmax
[ 1 cos( 2t )] dt

4
2

sin 2 sin( 2 )

vt

R
vs

t
Keep in Mind:
Current extends beyond 180o
Load Voltage goes negative

vs

Free-Wheeling Diode

R
vs

Free-Wheeling Diode
R
vs

When vs is positive

When vs is negative
iS

vS

id

Free-Wheeling Diode

is
vs

id

R
L

iS
Id

vS

iS
vS

id

From to

From to

Free-Wheeling Diode
From to

V
i (t ) max
z

is ( )

sin(t ) sin( ) e

i (0)

Vmax

R 2 ( L ) 2

sin( ) sin( ) e

I( )

Free-Wheeling Diode
From to

id i(

) e

u( t )

id
iS

vS

Load Voltage exists between and only

1
Vave
2

Vmax
Vmax sin( t ) dt 2 ( 1 cos )

Vave
I ave
R

First Time Interval

V
dc

Q3

Q1
a
Q4

b
Q6

Q5

c
Q2
n

vab va vb Vdc
vbc vb vc Vdc
vca vc va 0

El-Sharkawi@University of Washington

58

Second Time Interval

V
dc

Q3

Q1
a
Q4

b
Q6

Q5

c
Q2
n

vab va vb Vdc
vbc vb vc 0
vca vc va Vdc

El-Sharkawi@University of Washington

59

Voltage Waveforms Across Load

Waveforms are symmetrical and equal in magnitude

Waveforms are shifted by 120 degrees

Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
V
dc

Q3

Q1
a
Q4

b
Q6

Q5

Q5
c

Q6

Q2
n

van

- 2/3 Vdc

vbn

vcn
- 1/3 Vdc

Control Parameters

Frequency
Voltage
Sequence
Voltage/Frequency

Q1

Frequency
Control

Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6

F = 1/

=t=6t

van

- 2/3 Vdc

vbn

vcn
- 1/3 Vdc

RMS Voltage
Vdc
1
Time

1 2
1
2
Vab
v
dx

V
dc dx

60
60

Vab

2
Vdc
3

Voltage control - Fixed Width

Modulation
Time

Q1
Time
Line-to-Line Voltage

Time

Voltage Reduction VR
Line-to-Line Voltage

Time

subintervals of one conduction period

d
conduction period

d
2
Vab
V
dc dx

6 0

Vab

2d
Vdc
3

Voltage with FWM

VR

Voltage without FWM

Sequence Change
V
dc

Q3

Q1
a
Q4

b
Q6

Q5

c
Q2
n

Reverse the terminal sequence abc to acb

Q1 Q5
Q2 Q4

Pulse-Width Modulation
vcar

vref

Switching of Phase a
vcar

vref

The switching rule

If vref vcar Then Q1 is closed , Q4 is open vao Vdc
If vref vcar Then Q4 is closed , Q1 is open vao 0

vcar

vao

vref of phase a

vref of phase b

Vdc

vbo

Vdc

vab vao vbo

vab

Vdc

Fundamental Frequency

Textbook Correction

vab t

Vdc
3 ma
sin 2 f s t Bessel harmonic terms
2
ma

Vref
Vcar

Amplitude Modulation