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Part 1
Chris Miller, Will McCabe, Luciano Cortes-Alvarado
Alfred Tarski(1901-1983)
- Born in Warsaw in 1901
-Studied Philosophy and Mathematics at the University of
Warsaw
-He Took courses with Sierpinski, Lesniewski, Lukasiewicz
just to name a few.
-With Lesniewskis supervision, Tarski earn his doctorate in
1924
Prob # 4 Step-By-Step
a.
b.
Step-By-Step Continued...
c.
d.
Prob # 15 Step-By-Step
a.
c.
Step-By-Step Continued...
d.
Prob # 35 Step-By-Step
Consider the universal conditional statement:
Z is the infinite set of integers or whole numbers including zero, positive, and negative numbers. Z = {, -4, -3,
-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, }. In our statement, x Z means for all elements x in the set Z of integers. This statement is
true for every integer.
We want to show that the inverse of our statement is not logically equivalent. The inverse can be written as x
Z, if x > 2 and x 2, then x2 4 or to make it more clear, the inverse can be written as x Z, if x > 2 then x 2 4.
To show that x Z, if x > 2 or x < 2, then x2 > 4 and x Z, if x > 2 then x2 4 are not logically equivalent,
then we must find an element in Z which makes one statement true and the other statement false.
Consider the element 8 of Z. In the first statement, 8 > 2 and 8 2 > 4. 8 makes the first statement true. In the
inverse of the statement, 8 > 2 but 8 2 is not less than or equal to 4. 8 2 > 4. 8 makes the inverse of the statement false.
Therefore the statements are not logically equivalent. 8 is an element in Z that makes the first statement true and the
inverse statement false. One counterexample is enough to show that statements are not logically equivalent. Therefore
a universal conditional statement is not logically equivalent to its inverse.
Prob # 21 Step-By-Step
a. 2x + y = 7
1) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) real numbers x, a real number y such that 2x + y = 7.
Plug in
2() + () = 7
= 2, = 3
2(2) + (3) = 7
4+3=7
7=7
= true
ANSWER: The statement real numbers x, a real number y such that 2x + y
= 7 is
true.
2) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) a real number x such that real numbers y, 2x + y = 7
Plug in:
2() + () = 7
= 2, = 3
2(3) + (2) = 7
6+2=7
8=7
= false
ANSWER: The statement a real number x such that real numbers y, 2x + y = 7 is
Prob # 21 Step-By-Step
b. y + x = x + y
1) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) real numbers x, a real number y such that y + x = x + y.
Plug in
() + () = () + ()
= 2, = 3
(3) + (2) = (2) + (3)
5=5
= true
ANSWER: The statement real numbers x, a real number y such that y + x =
x + y is
true.
2) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) a real numbers x, real number y such that y + x = x + y.
Plug in
() + () = ()+ ()
= 2, = 3
(3) + (2) = (2) + (3)
5=5
= true
ANSWER: The statement a real numbers x, real number y such that y + x =
x + y is
true.
Prob # 21 Step-By-Step
c.
x 2xy + y = 0
1) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i)
real numbers x, a real number y such that y + x = x + y.
Plug in :
() - 2()() + () = 0
= 2, = 3
(2) - 2(2)(3) + (3) = 0
4 - 12 + 9 = 0
9-9=0
0=0
= true
ANSWER: The statement real numbers x, a real number y such that y + x = x + y is
true.
2) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i)
a real numbers x, real number y such that y + x = x + y.
Plug in :
() - 2()() + () = 0
= 2, = 3
(3) - 2(3)(2) + (2) = 0
9 - 12 + 4 = 0
-4 + 4 = 0
0=0
= true
ANSWER: The statement a real numbers x, a real number y such that y + x = x + y
is true.
Prob # 21 Step-By-Step
d. (x 5)(y 1) = 0
1) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) real numbers x, a real number y such that (x 5)(y 1) = 0.
Plug in
( 5)( 1) = 0
= 5, = 1
(5 5)(1 1) = 0
0=0
= true
ANSWER: The statement real numbers x, a real number y such that (x 5)
(y 1) = 0
is true.
2) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i) a real numbers x, real number y such that (x 5)(y 1) = 0.
Plug in
( 5)( 1) = 0
= 5, = 1
(1 5)(5 1) = 0
(-4)(4) = 0
-16 = 0
= false
ANSWER: The statement a real numbers x, real number y such that (x 5)
(y 1) = 0
Prob # 21 Step-By-Step
e. x + y = 1
1) First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i)
Start with changing for all to
real numbers x, a real number y such that x + y = 1.
Plug in
() + () = 1
= 2, = 3
(2) + (3) = 10
4 + 9 = 10
13 = 10
= false
ANSWER: The statement real numbers x, a real number y such that x + y = 1 is
false. *Note: Anything squared is a positive. And the equation is adding
two squared numbers, so the result has to be positive.
2)
First rewrite the equation in Logic Notation Form:
i)
Start with changing for all to
a real numbers x, real number y such that x + y = 1.
Plug in:
() + () = 1
= 2, = 3
(3) + (2) =10
9 + 4 = 10
13 = 10
= false
ANSWER: The statement a real numbers x, real number y such that x + y = 1 is
false.
Bibliography
Epp, S. (2010). Discrete mathematics with applications. (4 ed.).
Massachusetts, Boston: Cengage Learning.
Leonhard Euler. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 04:05, Apr
24, 2014, fromhttp://www.biography.com/people/leonhard-euler-21342391.