American Civil

Wa r

Sectionalism Begins
North

Industrialized
Textiles, farm

South

Cotton, rice,

equipment, guns

Railroads

Telegraphs wires

Immigrants

Some antislavery

Agricultural

tobacco

Rivers

Slaves

Wilmot Proviso
David Wilmot
1846
No

slavery in new territories

from Mexican War

California, Utah, and New Mexico

Southern
Balance

argument of property

of Power in Congress

Southerners

succession

start to threaten

Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay
California was

to be admitted to the
Union as a free state
Revision and stricter Fugitive Slave
Law
North had to help Capture and return

slaves
Popular

Sovereignty the right for

the actual residents of the state to
vote and decide to be free or have
slaves

Slave Voyage

Unclean

Stale food

Darkness

Disease

Raped and Beaten

Many died

Resistance of Slavery
Underground

Railroad

Group of people that supported

the abolishment of slavery

Conductors were the leaders

who took slaves to the North

They used false cupboards and
tunnels and gave them food and
clothing to disguise them

Harriet Tubman
Abolitionist
19

trips to North

300

slaves

Slave Auctions

Uncle Toms Cabin

1852
Harriet

Beecher Stowe

Bestseller

-Million copies by

1853
Stereotypes
Depicted

or talked about

cruelties of Slavery
Helped

raise support for

ending slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854

Wanted to divide states

Would bring a vote on slavery or popular

sovereignty

Repeal Missouri Compromise

Illegal voters came from slave states and

Kansas became a slave state

People rebelled

Bloody Kansas
John Brown

Abolitionist

Believed God
wanted him to
fight slavery

Led raids against a

proslavery
settlement

Violence in the Senate

Preston Brooks- SC
Charles Sumner- Made Speech

John Brown
1859
Raid

on Harpers Ferry, VA

Tried

to take over a federal arsenal

Wanted

to give guns and weapons to

slaves for an uprising

No

slaves came forward failed attempt

Brown

was hung for high treason

Lincoln Elected
May

1860

Republican
would

Candidate

not directly or

indirectly interfere with

their slaves, or with them
Less

than half of the

popular vote

Like a row of
dominoes
December

20, 1860 - South

Carolina
1861 Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
Confederacy
Constitution- protected and

recognized slavery
States were to be sovereign and
independent
Jefferson

Davis- President of
Confederacy

Convention unanimously elected

Senator Jefferson Davis of MS
1)West

Point graduate, served army

in Mexican-American War, Secretary
of War

2)Champion

of southern rights, but

worked hard to maintain union

3)Main

concern to get upper South

to join CSA (10% pop., 5% industry)

Souths Strengths
Only
on

need to fight defensive war

own landNorth active, South passive

could

fight guerilla war like Revolutionary

War
only

need to fight to a draw

fighting

for independence and homeland was

important for troop morale and
righteousness on home front

Souths Strengths
Southerners

were country boys not

afraid to get hands dirty and nose
bloody

Men

could go to war while slaves

stayed home doing vital work

possibility

of GB or FR joining

Souths Weaknesses
Little industry, only agriculture plantations
1)Couldnt make own weapons, warships, etc.
2)Clothing

scarcehad raw materials but no

means of producing finished goods

3)Had

to trade for or confiscate Union goods

or products: blockade

4)Poor

transportation because little iron to

make train tracks (ironclad Virginia)

Souths Weaknesses
b. Weak central government
1)States rights had bigger role
2)Harder

to have unified strategy,

troop movement

3)Could

inflation

not tax directlyhigh

Northern Strengths
Strong

Industrial economy

1) Wealth (3x wealth and RR that of

South)
2) Production capability 9x South

Northern Strengths
Larger population
1)Two and a half times size of South
(plus immigrants)
2)South

did not allow slaves to fight

(property, not citizens; didnt want to
give slaves guns)

Northern Strengths
Better military
1)More soldiers (2 million vs.
800,000)
2)Better

equipped soldiers

3)Larger,

better Navy (blockade and

trade w/Europe)

Northern Weaknesses
a. Most

of good commanders went to

Confederacy since they were loyal to
states (Lee); as result, Lincoln didnt
know who to trust in military

b. Northerners

not used to wartoo

Gentlemanly
c.

War tore men away from industry

Northern Plan to win

Anaconda Plan
Block

Southern Ports

Control

the Mississippi River

Capture

Virginia

the capital at Richmond,

U.S. Grant- Union

Generals
Grant Union
Part

of Lincolns plan was to cut CSA in half

at Mississippi River
Grant in charge in that area and ordered
down river
Scored major victories at Ft. Donelson and
Ft. Henry in 1862 (Reinforced KY border
state as US)
Won another victory at Shiloh but at huge
cost (Grant unflappable at losing men in
battle)
Grant then starts costly siege of Vicksburg

Generals
Grant Union
South

could not reinforce because

scared of attack on Richmondallowed
Grant to slowly amass forces to
overwhelm; only a matter of time
Grant (Vicksburg) and Admiral Farragut
(New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Port
Hudson) concluded conquering of
Mississippi July 1863 and brought it
back to Union (TX, AK, LA cut off from
rest of CSA)

Generals
Grant Union
MO,

KY relieved of economic
pressure since river opened up

Dissuaded

GB and FR from
recognizing or joining CSA. Also
tightened Norths grip on South
(entire Mississippi)

Generals
Grant Union
This

success prompted Lincoln to

promote Grant to general-in-chief of
all Union forces
Very unpopular decision at time
1)Grant was uncouth Westerner (like

Lincoln)
2)AlcoholicLincoln said that if he knew
Grants brand of whiskey he would send
it to every commander in Army

Civil War is War of

Attrition
Attrition

warfare is a military strategy in

which a belligerent side attempts to win a
war by wearing down its enemy to the point
of collapse through continuous losses in
personnel and materiel. The war will usually
be won by the side with greater such
resources.

[1]

The word attrition comes from the Latin

root atterere to rub against, similar to the
"grinding down" of the opponent's forces in
attrition warfare.

New plan of annihilation and strangulation

1)Inflict

maximum damage to fabric of

southern life, not just military

2)Anything

that can be used to supply

army was destroyed

3)Hope

south would surrender rather than

total destruction

4)Anticipates

century

total wars of twentieth

Union Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman

Union Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
a. Commanded

second of Grants
two-pronged attack
b. Pushed his way through GA after
the battles in TN
c. Besieged, captured, and burned
Atlanta in Sept. 1864.
d. Saved Lincolns bid for re-election

Union Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
Beginning of "March to the Sea"
1)After taking Atlanta, cut a 60-milewide swath through the heart of Georgia
2)Ended at Savannah on the sea in
December, 1864.
3)Destroyed everything in his path:
supplies destined for the Confederate
army, horses, cattle, RRs and cities,
towns (but did no direct, physical harm
to civilians)

Union Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
4)Designed

to:
a) Weaken morale of the men at the
front by waging war on their homes
b) Inflict the horrors of war on the
South to break its will. "War is hell"
c) Cut off Lee in VA from MS, AL, GA,
rest of CSA
AKA War of Attrition

Shermans March to the

Sea
Scorched

Earth policy- burned what

could be used in war effort
Will devastate South after war is
over
Causes surrender of Confederacy to
USA

Total War
Definition:

a war in which
every available weapon is used
and the nation's full financial
resources are devoted

Union Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
5)Pioneer

of "total war."
6)Turned away slaves seeking refuge
7)Turned northward into South Carolina
where destruction more severe than in
Georgia
8)Capital city of Columbia set aflame.
9)Shermans army reached deep into
North Carolina by wars end.
10)Despite brutality, war was probably
shortened thus saving lives.

Confederate Generals
ROBERT E. LEE

THOMAS STONEWALL
JACKSON

Confederate Generals
Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall
Jackson
a. Two of the 25% of Union generals
to side w/South after being offered
command of entire Union army
(Lincolns reaction: I will bury this
countrys dead in his back yard.
Arlington National Cemetery)
b. Lee

given commission in CSA army

CSA Generals
c.

Instrumental in defending
Richmond from Union attacks
(versus McClellan at Seven Days
BattlesGeneral Joseph Johnston
wounded, Lee given command of all
CSA forces) during opening stages of
war

d. Emboldened

by initial successes,
Lee attacked Washington in hopes of

CSA Generals
e. Both

Lee and Thomas Jackson defended Union

attack in 1863 at Chancellorsville

f.

Jackson was religious fanatic, saw himself as

Gods instrument, demanded much from his men

g. After

Lee, most able, famous CSA general:

fought 6 major battles, inflicted many casualties
on north, diverted 60,000 union troops from other
attacks, inspired south.

h. Due

to successes, men were completely loyal to

him; earned moniker Stonewall since his men
stood like a stone wall against enemy attacks.

CSA Generals
i.

At Battle of Chancellorsville,
Jackson was accidentally shot by
own sentry; arm amputated,
contracted pneumonia and died.
Lee: I have lost my right arm

j.

Again emboldened by success, Lee

decided to attack on North soil
Battle of Gettysburg (see VIII. B.)

CSA Generals
k. Very

next day, Grant wins battle of

Vicksburg; in few months Sherman to begin
march to sea

l.

Lee cut off from rest of South and isolated

m.

Left with little option but to be on

defensive: King of Spades

n. Inflicted

heavy losses on Grant, but North

could replace faster than he could kill them

 o. Lee

supported idea of arming

slaves to fight, but did not have time

p. Lee

continually hounded by Grant

forced to abandon Richmond and
burn to ground

q. Finally

cornered at Appomattox
Courthouse and forced to surrender,
ending U.S. Civil War.

First Battle
March

4, 1861
Fort Sumter attacked by
Confederates
Surrender of North

The Battle of the Haves and

Have Nots
North

More people, food

production, factories, railroads.

South

Cotton production, Skilled

Generals, Motivated soldiers.

The Battle of Bull Run

25

miles from

Washington DC
General

Stonewall

Thomas Jackson
First

Southern

Victory

The Leading Generals

Robert

E. Lee (South/Confederate)
and Ulysses S. Grant (North/ Union)

Deadliest Day EverAntietam

Lees

effort to capture Washington

DC
Union corporal found plans in one of
Lees cigars
September 17, 1862
26,000 dead
No decisive victory
Allowed Lincoln opportunity to
prepare the Emancipation
Proclamation

Antietam: Lees invasion of MD

Aims
a. Protect VAs harvest
b. Gain MD volunteers
c. Win decisive victory

1) Demoralize north

2)Persuade GB to recognize CSA

Antietam: Lees invasion of MD

Outcome
a. Lee outnumbered 2-1, still not completely
defeated
b. Single bloodiest day of war: Lee lost
10,000; McClellan lost 14,000
c. Union claimed victory; turning point of war
1) Lee retreated back to VA
2) GB intervention unlikely
3) Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (see

IV. E. 2.)

Gettysburg: Lees invasion of PA

Aims
a. Only

victories on northern soil

force Lincoln to accept southern
independence
b. Ease pressure on VA
c. Weaken northern resolve
2.

Gettysburg: Lees invasion of PA

Outcome
a. High casualties on both sides: Lee
28,000 (33% of forces); Meade
23,000 (Picketts Charge7,000 men
in 30 mins.); Union victory
b. Myth of Lees invincibility broken;
huge morale lift for north
c. Lee never again strong enough to
invade north.

Freedom
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
Freed slaves in the all rebellious

territory
aka South

 I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves

within these said designated States and parts of States
are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the
Executive Government of the United States, including
the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize
and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby
enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain
from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and
I recommend to them, that in all cases, when allowed,
they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further
declare and make known that such persons of suitable
condition will be received into the armed service of the
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and
other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said
service. And, upon this, sincerely believed to be an act
of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military
necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of
mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

Buffalo Soldiers
All

black regiments- Massachusetts

54th
Glory

Helped

North Win

Surrender at Appomattox
Courthouse
April

9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant

Jim Crow Laws

Legalized

segregation in schools,
housing, military, and drinking
fountains.

Civil War Test 1

Paper
60

mins

sources

opvls

Look

over notes and I will post

documents online

Graphic Organizers
Compare

and contrast
The strengths of the North and the
South