SOLAR ENERGY

light
1%

1
2
3
4

household

ventilation
transmission
heating
hot water

ro160'~-----------------1140'~---------------------~ 120'~---T3T-----------3
3

J::

insul. regs. insul. regs. low energy

1982
1995
house

Energyuse in a household
hot water
881

body care
washmq. laundry
dish washinq
other cleaning
total

CD

cold water
281

531
181
101
71
881

Heatingand hot water

requirementsof a single
family house

toilets
20I
drinking, cooking 41
car washing,
garden
41
total
281

Useof water in a household

<:

house

>

1'~wlI'ctm
\~

. ;

~----

-/,30 -138
0

6(0)

25

5(0)

sun's radius lin summer

house~

E5 -53
0

Useof sun's radiation

Sun'sradius in winter

Swimming pool absorber

heat exchanger pipe

Vacuumtube collector
~tand[[jrt~

low temperature
hot water supply
swim. pool, rm heating

thermal sun

O~"di'"~
Dc;)

photovoltai

low temperature for

room heating

concentrated solar collector

~"'~i'm~

high-temperature steam
for process energy and
electricity generation

O~o'''.~

sun energy use

Hot water supply solar

installation

104

Hot water production

house

About 1.5 m2 of collector

area and about 100 I volume
~ 20
of water in the storage tank
3500 c
'2
is needed per person in the
sooo
::l
15
0.
household,
) Q) A 30-pipe
2500
::l
0
2000 8
solar
collector
with
an
10
<ll
9
0
J::
absorption surface of 3 m2
8
1500 Ol
c
c;
'" 76
is needed to produce hot
E
'"
water
for
a
4-person
1000 ~
g
household.
The collector
10 00 00 100
150
200
_
building with min. thermalinsulation (150WimL)
will
produce
about
........ improved thermal Insulation (130W/m2)
__
good level of thermal Insulation (100W/mL)
8.5-14.0 kWh solar heat per
___ very good level of thermal insulation (70W/m2)
depending
on the
(:;\ Heatingandfuel requirements day,
\:!_) of housesin relationto
amount
of sunshine,
i.e.
insulationlevels
enough to heat 200-280 I of
water.
@ Within
the
foreseeable future, the sun
cannot
provide
enough
power for heating, so solar
heating
installations
still
require
a
conventional
heating system.
There are two different
technologies.
Solar heat:
thermal collection of solar
energy
using
collectors
(equipment
which catches
and
accumulates
solar
thermal
energy). Thermal
Angle of slope of collector
energy
is used to heat
--=c"l----:
water.
Solar
electricity:
a; I ! con~rol
rn
: equipment
photovoltaics
is the direct
s: [:}
~
conversion of the sun's rays
_g
into electrical energy (direct
current) with the help of
solar cells.

eo

Solar techniques(diagrammaticrepresentation)

electricity
generation