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Total Energy
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v1/2g
EGL
v2/2g
Q
y2 = ?
y1
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If for the moment we neglect the energy loss, the energy equation
=
=
E2 + z
y2 + Q/2gA2 + z
(4.1)
Where is
y
Q
A
z
=
=
=
=
=
depth
discharge
Cross-sectional area of flow
z2 z1
change in bottom elevation from cross section 1 to 2
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E = y + q/2gy
(4.2)
E and y if q is constant
q and y if E is constant
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i) E and y if q is constant
From Eq (4.2)
E
0
=
=
y + q/2gy
y Ey + q/2g
(4.3)
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v/2g (head of
velocity)
y > yc
y
yc
C
A
45
y < yc
E = y + q/2gy
Emin
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y2
yc
y1
Emin
*Note q is constant.
Eo
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T
dy
dA
= T.dy
dA/dy = T
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(E = min, y = yc )
=0
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q
vc yc
vc
vc
= gyc but
q = vy = vcyc
= gyc
= gyc
=(gyc) or vc /2g = yc
(d)
Emin
= yc + q/2gyc
= yc +(g yc) / (gyc)
= yc + yc2
= 1.5yc or
yc
(e)
Emin
=(2/3)Emin
The point of minimum E is found by setting dE/dy equal to zero, and solving
for y. The result is yc = 2E/3, which is called the critical depth yc. The
corresponding velocity V is called the critical velocity Vc. The critical depth
divides the energy curve into two branches. On the upper branch, y
increases with E, while on the lower branch y decreases with E.
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(4.4)
=0
qmax
(f)
(g)
Note;
Subcritical and supercritical flow normally depend on the channel slope, S. Therefore, for the supercritical flow, value of S is
high.
*Critical Slope = slope at critical depth.
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qmax
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=1
vc2/gyc
=1
Then,
at critical conditions
So,
at critical conditions, the Froude number =1
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10
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A/ T
Z
D
=
=
Q /g
A/T
or
where;
= AD
Equation (4.10) may be define as Cross Section Factor (z) for critical flow. (Where as
AD is cross section factor,z)
If
Fr
z
=
=
a,
Q/(ga)
therefore
AD
zg
Q
z
=
=
z(ga)
Q/(ga) ===>>
or
cross section factor for
Non uniform Flow
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11
Example 1
Water flows in a rectangular channel with 5 m width and
8m/s flowrate. Depth of channel is 1m. Determine the
specific energy for this channel.
Example 2
From example 4.1, if the channel is a trapezoidal channel
with side slope is 1.5:1 and width of channel is 2m.
Determine the specific energy for this channel.
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Example 3
a) A wide and straight river was flows with 3.5m/s/m flow
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12
Solution 3(a):
q
yc
= 3.5m/s/m
= (q/g) = [(3.5)/9.81] = 1.08m
(answer)
= 4.6,
= v/(gy)
= 0.76/(9.81)(4.6)
= 0.113
(answer)
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(answer)
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13
Solution 3(a):
Specific Energy for y1
E
but
E
Where as
y2
=
=
4.6
4.6 + (3.5)/19.62 (4.6)
=
=
y2 + q/(2gy2)
depth at the same specific energy
= 4.63m
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Example 4
A rectangular channel with 3m width flows water at 12m/s
flow rate when Froude number is 0.8. Determine the
depths (y1 and y2) for the same flow rate and specific
energy.
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14
Solution 4:
Q
= 12m/s
V
= Q/A
= 12/3y1
= 4/y1
If Fr
= 0.8 (subcritical flow)
v/(gy1)
= 0.8
(4/y1)/(9.81y1) = 0.8
y1
= 1.366m (depth for subcritical flow, y1)
Specific Energy;E1
= y1 + q/2gy1
= 1.366 + (4)/2(9.81)(1.366)
= 1.803m
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Solution
Calculation for y2 at the same flow rate and specific energy
E1
1.803
=
E2
= y2 + q/2gy2
= y2 + 0.815/y2
y2
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15
Exercise
1. A trapezoidal channel designed with 6 m width and side slope
1:2, calculate the critical depth when the flow rate is 17 m3/s
using ;
-Trial and Error
- Graph
- Design Chart
2. A trapezoidal channel with side slope of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical is
to carry a flow for 16.7 m3/s. For the bottom width of 3.6 m,
calculate : a. critical depth
b. critical velocity
using :
-Trial and Error
-Design Chart
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