I. Sometimes a base by itself forms an English word. Latin Base Meaning English Derivative FIRM- firm, strong firm VERB- word, verb verb FORT- strong fort Il. In other cases a final silent ¢ is added in English. (This ¢ is not a suffix and has no meaning.) Latin Base Meaning English Derivative GRAV- heavy grave FIN- end, limit fine tain Base Meaning English Derivatives GRAV-, [GRIEV-] heavy grave, gravity, grievance LINE-, [LIGN-] line line, align V_ In some cases a Latin base is extended by the suffixed element -at~ (sometimes -it-), which was a normal part of many Latin verb bases. (To this sometimes a silent -e, or other suffix, was indded.) In these instances -ar(e) merely represents a different form of the Latin verb and usually has little or no effect upon the ‘meaning. Consider the base SPIR- “to breathe” with some of its possibilities:arrived yet, and perhaps never will, although the -ar- is required for most suffixes (-ion, -ive, -ory, etc.). Expirate (= expire) and ‘perspirate (= perspire) both had short lives, but, again, the ~at- is re~ tained for additional suffixes. Inspirate, “to breathe in,” also aborted carly, but with the rather recent revival of Latinates (“Never use a With -it, we exhibit, inhibit, inhabit, audit, and credit, rather than exhibe, inhibe, etc., although for a while in the seventeenth century we did creed “to believe.” And today we imbibe, rather than imbibi although we must retain the -it- for imbibition “the act of imbibing, The -ite form produces such as expedite (although we impede, and in Scotland they even expede) as well as unitetire ending was -atus, -itus), && -€2, ~€M, €t0., are past participle end- ings in English. We know that past participles in English can be part of 1 vord phrase (He has broken the window; They have restored the old mansion), or many of them can be adjectives (a broken window, & stalled cat, a restored mansion). Similarly, these ~at- and ~it- forms produced adjectives in Latin, and when English borrowed words with this ending, these words naturally became adjectives in English, such as explicit, apposite, opposite, illicit. Some became both adjectives and verbs, as separate and corporate/incorporate. Some of the adjec- tives have included a noun use, as requisite, composite, Some do not have any adjective use but are today nouns and verbs, as deposit and audit, And English has further stretched some into adjectives, nouns, and verbs, such as aggregate, duplicate, degenerate, subordinate. ‘A similar suffix (-ate only) was used to form verbs from nouns, ad- jectives, and other Verbs by a process of extending the base so that the English derivative ends in -ate, Here, the suffix means “to make," to do something with,” “to cause to be,” “to do over and over,” and so many other different senses that it is better in writing out the analysis of words to list it simply as “‘verbal suffix,” as with the four ‘examples below. When other suffixes are added to the verb, the final ¢ 4s, of course, dropped, as locate, location.Prefix Base Meaning Loc- place + -ate NOMIN- name + -ate e- + LIMIN- threshold + -ate PULS- to push + -ate Over the years, -ate has been suffixed with indiscriminate aban- don—on Latin nouns and adjectives where the Latin verb derivative never existed, as acidulate, and insulate, and even on non-Latin words, as camphorate, chlorinate, and calibrate. (In Part Two, Lcxson XV, we will see that the Greek suffix -ize has been performing nnimilar duty.) ‘The -ate (-ite) as an adjective suffix will be formally introduced at l.cason X. There is also a noun suffix -ate, which is discussed in Lesson XV, English Derivative locate, location, locator nominate, nomination, nominative eliminate, elimination, eliminable pulsate, pulsation pulsator, pulsational1. Lear the following bases and their meanings, Smudy each base so that you can recognize it when it occurs in a long, compound word. Latin Base Meanings English Derivatives ALIEN- of another alien, alienation ‘ART- art, skill art, artifact FIN- end, limit final, definite FIRM- firm, strong firmament, confirm FORT. strong fort, forte, comfort GRAND- great grand, grandeur GRAV-, [GRIEV-] heavy grave, grievance (Griefis an orthographic variation of the form GRIEV-.) LINE-,[LIGN-] line Tine, align NIBIL- nothing annihilate, nihilisea NUL()- nothing, null, annul PART- part part, depart VERB- ‘word, verb verb, adverb, verbatim, Proverb VEsT- garment vest, vestmentTou must check your words in a dictionary to make sure that they ‘actually contain the particular Latin base. For instance, inves- tigate has nothing to do with VEST-, “garment,” but is formed from another base VESTIG-, “trace.” It will be found that the meanings given for the bases do not always exactly fit the defini- tions of the words containing them, for over the years various changes of meaning have occurred, some of which will be studied in later lessons, Nevertheless, in most cases, a connection be- tween the meaning of the base and the modern definition can be seen.de off + deduct |Ihix, of course, is not something confined to words of Latin deriva~ ‘There are & number of native English prefixes, seen in words like Ivestunder, off-spring, forevarm, and withstand. ‘An English word may contain more than one prefix, as in dis-af+ Srered, non+coneductor, anid re.prosduction. ‘There are two special points which must be kept in mind in learning. 1 recognize prefixes. tioned tongue). Therefore, it is easier to say impossible than inpossible because there is less movement in und of the mouth, and itis human nature to do something the easiest way. In the word inglorious, it was ‘not found necessary to assimilate any sounds since the stage setting of the tongue and mouth required for pronouncing g is very similar to1, Another point to remember in connection with prefixes is that ‘occasionally the base itself exhibits slight changes in form when a prefix is added. The general rule is that a went to e, and e went t Latin Base Meaning English Derivatives SACR- holy sacred, sacrament, but also conSECRate, deSECRate APT- tofit apt, aptitude, but also inEPT FAC-,FACT-* tomake factory, manufacture, but al afFECT, deFECT, and efFICient SED. tosit sedentary, but also presIDe “Lain verbs ave sve diferent forms, v0 of which are often found ix English word derived from these vets, Ste these forms are not easily predicted on from the the, iti Bek 1 smemeriethomall,EDS ‘Meanings Examples the, ary abs away, from abduct, abnormal, (This prefix is never assimilated, avert, abstract so do not confuse it with a followed by adouble consonant, which is from ad.) ade, ae~, etc. to, toward adopt, udmire, (Occasionally this prefix appears access, aggression, simply as a-, usually before -sc-, attract, allocate, ~Sp-, and -st-; €.g., aspire, ascribe. mecnd ‘When in doubt, however, assume that the prefix a- is a Yorm of abs, sanay.")ambi- bboth, around ante before, im front of (Do not confuse this with antt-, a Greek prefix meaning, “against.") cireum~ around con-, com, co-, etc. with, together, very ambidextrous anteroom, antecedent circumference, circumscribe ‘connect, conduct, ‘compose,compress, collect, correspond, co-operateeT ae ede — thoroughly ise, di-, dif apart, indifferent dispute, disable, directions, not _—_ivert, divorce, iffer ‘These prefixes can be found listed in a good abridged dic- onary, where they are generally more fully discussed. . Learn the following bases and their meanings: Latin Base ‘Meanings English Derivatives CED-,CESS- ogo, yield concede, precede, excess, procession. DUC-,DUCT- —tolead induce, transducer, conduct, reduction supIc- judgment Judicial, adjudicate JUR.,JUST- right, law; take jury, conjure, just, ‘anoath, form justify an opinion LeV- light (in weight); levity, elevate tolit LOQU-, LOCUT- to speak colloquial, eloquent, ‘elocution, interlocutor LUD-,LUS- _toplay, mock interlude, delude, illusion PREC- torequest, beg; imprecate, precarious prayer(Pray and prayer also come from this verb, through French.) TRUD-,TRUS- topush, thrust protrude, intrusion, ‘unobtrusive VEN-, VENT-, tocome intervene, Invention, (VENU-] avenue, venue IIl. List the prefix and base, together with their meanings. in each of the following italicized words. Define each word as it is used in the sentence or phrase. In this and similar exercises the bases con- tained in the italicized words are ones assigned In the lesson or in1. 2. B. 1 . Russia historically desirous of dominating the Balkans, will tase Soviet policy to atemulate rather than alleviate Geosk (roubles Harper's Magnzine Into this jungle of abstruse learning Pico plunged with sll he ardor of his powerful cellet.Jobn Addington Symonds Synonyms in Faglish often result from borrowing both & (Greek word ad the watson of 1 iio Latin made By the Romans—for example, poriphrass and circumiacition. «the noise and nerve-nambing will oatinue—and get worse With the advew of supersonic commercial taffic—Time Tahal ow proceed to delineate dangers of a different and, perhaps, sll more alarming kisd.—The Federalist «ewhenever a particular statute contravenes the Constta- {ion it wil be te day ofthe judicial riba to are to the later and disregard the former.—The Faderallt Friendship takes place between those who have an afiniy for foe another. —TRoreat ‘Congress convened in August for a special scasion. ‘Since his accession tothe Crown, Charles the Fifth had been chiefly engrosted in the polities of Europe. Willa Hick ling Prescot Flere. in the twinkling of am eye, he divested himself of his cont.—Dickens evidence, mainly negative in kind, hes been addiced to prove the sory of ia fabrication. Francis Parkman “The right inherent in sooty, to ward off crimes aginst itsell by amecedent precautions. ...—Fobm Stuart Mill ‘There is no nead to dwell hereon the evils of eolitson te fix prices and to resvictprodction.— Harper's Magazine15. Amd now, hopelessly out of condition, our sedontary ex- ‘cutive sill deludes rset into thinking be is the suave and Sexy lady-killer hat he alo ought he was thirty years ago. “nical Iueobs 16, By a powerfully welded chain of deductive evidence, the guilt ‘of the robbory and apparent murder had beea fixed on Chit- ford. —Hawihorne 17, How, it ws asked on the other side, can the fundamental laws fof a monarchy be armulled by any authority but that of the Supreme legislate? Macauley 18, But he lif I ea. ..s not conducive to health Dickens 19, Thus, fora third time, Beatra's ambitkous hopes were cire cumiented.—Thackeray 20, ..T shoul! deprecate strony the overemphasizing of party djiterences now. and recommend tha we all bind ourselves ‘wih vaflagging encrey and unbroken union to the nail task —Sir Winston Churchill 1. Form words by combining the following elements, changing the ‘spelling ofthe prefix where necessary Example: con- + lusion: collusion. Lad + sion cb. + clusion 2 sub + fuse Tie + ruption Sad + rose Bad- + montion as + tet Sob + umive Ser + fuse 10.con- + rivei Bxumple: depamure—PART- part an actor instance of departing or eeving, 1. Por an lnftnvesimal traction of a second his fingers closed again onthe mal object. Joeeph Conrad 2. Even ileal, though it anniilared several years of my lite tha saved me from the distrastions of society and eniscreat —Chuiles Darwin 3, The fat that he sought the burgeoning countryside in ignor= lance of what ho was doing, while T expose myself wo the ag. ‘aravation of hey, docs not ater the case—E.B. White 1 was in the ears that he wookd never atain the Presidency; his reaction to flower dust allied his quale of lesdershp. EB. White they are endowed by their Creator with certain unsllenable ‘igtis.—Thomas Jefferson 6. His usney betrayed him into verbiage, and his descriptions sre more difase than vigorous. John Addington Symoruis7. The tevestisure of Prince Charies as the Princo of Wales took place at Caernsrvon Catlin northnest Wales, 1X He thar is well practiced in his art may write verbarm as fast as « man can... speak —John Wilsos, Zhe At of Steno- raphy 8. Preaching, not teaching, washis force —Willam Allen White 10. An ambitious man might make his own aggranleement, by the aid ofa foreign power, the price of his treachery 1 his ‘consinients.— The Federalist 11, The goveraments ani society of Europe, for year at last, regarded the Washington Government tx dead, and it iis: ters asmulftes Henry Adare 12, In his writings, Proust Became famous for his extrandinary partiolarisaton of ily evens 13, Indesd, Titen’s twelve sheet print The Submersion af Pia- ooh’ Army in he Red Se, ints one vigor and grandeur of rotation, is to woodcut what the Sistine Chopel isto fresco, Tine 14 ssotravelled for hours in those Jong thoroughfares that ocmed to setch ay into dnrtude WH Hideo 1. Inthe speech he gave a clear afrmarion of his former pledge. 16, While be thus disgusted bie subjocts by hie haughty doport- ment, be alienated theit affections ty the imposition of arievous taxes.—William Hickling Prescott 17, But he looked! again, and the face and person seemed grad ally t grow less stunge, 1 change. «ino linecments tat ‘were fanilar —Dickeos 18, Religion by force, especially ofthe cate, is @ moral travesty fand-a contadicon in terms for modem man.—Harper's Magazine 19. Poor fellow, his brain lipped a cog and went out of aligre ‘mont adhe was alae oft the funy faton Bll Marke 20, How can one be objective about anything? Ind t impossible ‘imparsciy even 10 the smallest dgxee AllanPREFIXES: Te will be seen that most of these Latin prefixes in Lessons IIL, IV, and V are “living” English prefixes that are used freely in making new English words. Consider exira-sensory, extra-special, extraterrestrial (ve have more extra coinages in English today than the Romans ever dreamed of), interfulth, interagency, imerface, intergroup, pre- schooler, and preregister. Ex-, non-, super-, and intra- are so popular that they have combined with hundreds of words in modem English, as ex-friend, nonswinging, and Superman, who is, of course, just super-duper. Some of the suffixes can even stand alone as separate ‘words; such as one’s ex (=ex-spouse or ex-lover), the pros and cons, fa super meal, super (as a clipped form of superintendent of & building), pro (a clip for professional), ultra (a person who holds ex- tueme views), and sub (—substirute; submarine: substratum). In 1985 the Spanish word contra as a noun, meaning “an anti-government rebel, a revolutionary,” slipped into English in reference to military activity in Latin America. The Latin contra also produced the English country: in Late Latin it was a phrase, contrata regio, meaning “region lying against,” and the noun (hete, region) is the part that fell away, curiously enough, with the remaining part of the phrase enter- ing Old French as contree. Other prefixes also became suffixed and tured into nouns, such as outrage (from ultra, “beyond”), and Soprano (from supra, “above"). Although most of the words studied in Part One of this book were borrowed dircetly from existing Latin words, including prefixed ‘words, no distinction has been made between these words and words ‘which have been pieced together in modem times, such as extrapuni= tive ot introscope, both of which are twentieth-century coinazes.Prefix ‘Meanings Examples ere ¢fs etc. ont, from, expe, exasperate, completely eloquent, evade, efficient tn English, when ex- precedes « base beginning with s, the s isdropped. e+ SPECT- tolok = expect ex + SECUT- tofollow = execute ‘xtra extro=—_cuiside, beyond extraordinary, excrovert ny im, ete, vot ineffective, imminent, ig- before n, ‘iumoral, impartial, illegal, irresponsible, fignoble, ignore (This prefix i related to the native English negative prefix un~. ‘he two prtzes are so simian speling end meaning that they are ofica interchanged. Thomas Jefferson, for example, ‘wrote of “unalienable rights,” whereas inalienable ig now the ‘standard form. In general, the Latin prefix is used with words ‘of Latin origin and vice versa, but there are many exceptions.) into, against inject, impose, impel, illuminate, irigate, cendute, embrace (This prefix and the preceding one are the satne in form only. ‘The word injlemmable, which used to be writen on gasoline cans, is @ good illustration of the necessity for keeping these two prefixes distinct: the word docs not mean that the liquid will “nor bore” (non-flammable), but that it will burst “ingo. flame.”) Infra- below, beneath — infrared Inner tween, among interrupt, Intercept uray tnaro- within Intramural, ingavenous, introduce non- not oaresideat (CTs prefix is less emphatic thar in- or the mative English tun; compare nonreligious and irreligious. non-American and tar Armerican.)ob toward, apsinst, obstruct, obetate, ove, Iaceoface,” offer, oppress completely ia many words it is dificult to see the force of the foregoing prefix.) Pere trough, wrongly, permeate, perseeate, perfect, ‘completely perjury TL Learn te folowing bases and thei mecnings Latin Base Meanings English Dervtes crue. ross crucify, crx GREG- flock, herd —_cangrogae,sepreente HAB-.AB-, _iohve, hold as habit, dahabille, able, ub ‘customary inability, tio PED. foot pedal, impediment, podastrian PUNG-,PUNCT- woprick; point punetare, punctual SACR:,(SECR) sacred sacrament, desecrate SANCT- holy sancti, sanctimonious SENT-.SENS- wfeel,think sentiment, consent, sensation TURB. distur pertub, turbulence ‘Trouble also derives fom this bose through French ) VERT-, VERS. totum revert, aversion VtA)- way, road via, previous LL List the prefixes ae bases, together with their meanings, inthe following. iaicized words. Define each word os fis Used in the sentence or phrase. 4. The bishop may order the pres from the pul; but he can’t force the seeliown congregation to abandon its complaint, 2. 1 should not obtrde my affairs so much onthe mice of my waders if vey particular inguris hed not been made by ty ‘owmsmen concerning my mode of life ~Thoreas «and ifthe assertion were proved to be fale o the pledge ‘to have been broken, he should be liable 19 the penalties of perjury. ob Suze Mi6. ...0 perverse will that indulged children invariably c- ‘gure Emily Bronte 7, <0 sll, frosty lady dmperturbable even inthe face of a severe atomodile aceident stained lst somimer atthe ge Of ninetyfour...-—Harper's Magazine 8. The adjustment should ammount to whatever It akes to elimi- nae che slice and align the raequet perpendicular tothe Noor. Racquetball 9. Infuse wat bul nto he system owing to a badly writen ‘consittion. 10, He eame so clos to dicmissl that only the indignant ierces- ion of ts8 mother saved him. — Time 11. Inthe second edition of his treatise he expunged or modified ‘the passages which had given the manager offence. —Wash- ington leving 12. They cursed their fate, condemned thei life, and wasted their breath ia deadly inpresetions upon one another —loseph Conrad 13, “T won't answer for it that he would know me,” Strethec's luerlocuaress pursued; “but T should be delighted to see him-"—Henry James 14 «we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The benve men living and dead, who. struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power 10 dor detract. Abraham Lincoln 15, «jt was as if she demanded mare then ever the recognition Of her dignity as te last Grierson; aw if i had wanted hat {ouch of earthiness to teaiem her Inperviousness—Wiliam Fauliner 16. No wonser that by the Nazoreans he was vilified and exe~ crated contcually.— Hugh J. Schonfield 17, A wort whe has inadvertently parked bor car in a loading ‘zone may have 1 waitin court mealy all Say... Harper's Magazinefa ener “coe 3. enfranchise 8 clockwise 4. resistance 9. semitze 5. resistible 10 suite Give the mearings ofthe folowing abbreviations: L DDS. 7am. 2ERS, Bee 3. sit. oct. 4 Weg. S.KGa wis 6a 2b. I. Give the meanings ofthe following acronyms: 4 radar Sem 6. SEATOLESSONV BACK FORMATIONS, APHERESIS, AND APHESIS ‘We are sceing, in Lessons IN, IV, and this one, how a prefix—or (wo, oF three—can be added to & word to change its meshing. The (alle wart cotens (giving 1s the Rees CAL snd CIE.) wens “te all, ‘» summon.” To this the Romans added the prefix con- (Lesson 1) ‘ul came up with a nev verb conciliare which meant “to unite, o.con- (hat is “to summon” + “together")—which gives us the English \wonls conciliate and conciliator. Then, to this concliare the Romans ‘mkled the prefix re- (meaning “again”—in Lesson V), producing ‘tecomciliare with the meaning “to restore, to repair” (that is, “to tite" or “eonnect”-+again”)—which gives us the English reconcile. ‘Anu, of course, if we can reconcile, we can not reconcile; whence the twllitional prefix ér- (= in- “not”—last lesion), to produce, with a ‘ouple of suffixes, the English concoction rereeconsCILeabilsiry, with the hase CTL- being the nucleus of the word. This is by far the most common way of giving new meanings and ‘new parts of speech to existing bases or words—by adding prefixes tnd suffixes respectively. But sometimes a reverse process takes ace, and rather than adding elements, elements get dropped. ‘A back formation is the creation of one word from another by the \lipping off of asuffix. The new word carries the same meaning asthe went word but, with this clipping, becomes a different part of ycch, Many of these creations (but by no means all) are clipped finns from abstract nouns ending in -ion, as absciss (from absels- Men), ablute (ablution), and accrete (accretion). Some back forma tions take on a special ‘serse, as the verb formate (from formation) weaning “to fly in formation”; and respirare (rora artificial respir- ‘ator) meaning to “subject one to an artificial respirator." Other back formations come from -er, -o7, and ~ar nouns: escalate (from escar laror), Npewrite (pewriter), burele (burglar). Other beckforms are Ize from lazy, sidle from sideling. Apheresis ({rom Greek, meaning essentially “a taking away”) Imeans the removal of a letar or syliable at the beginning of a word. ‘decount was clipped to count, esquire t0 squire, and most when i means almost. The article-+ noun ax adder was originally a nadder, a8 fan apron was originally a napron. (The reverse process was taking. place in the 1980s with another, as inthe sentence, “But that's a whole ruher topie.") Before gets shortened 10 "fore, because 10 “cause, and ‘cantankerous to tankerous. Mushrooms has its own glorious alteration In the undergrourd shrooms, which contain a psychedelic ingredient ‘that your old supermarket mushrooms would not dare to carry. AS an ‘extended form of this frontlipping, we have cab from sarieab, phone from reZephone, and other such, as well asthe proper names Topher fom Christopher. Zander from Alexander. Beth from Elizabeth. and Sandra from Alexandra. These last examples arc blending into the ‘area of so-called ‘clips’ which are discassed further in Lesson XX.RSs a fhageeet ene, ate tarnn Sints 1 Yeapeaeh renner tran a~nmrtcal 'a letting go"). Down: (adverb and preposition) was reduced from the ld English adune, which was itself a blending of of dune, meaning “off the] hil,” an instance where both forms down and adown lived sie by side uni near the end of the nineteenth century, when adown fell away, at least in prose. In other cases, both the original form and. the aphetic form are still going, such as mid from amid. and possum from opossum. Bishop, apat fiom the rest of is history, isan aphesic form of episcopal. In receat tims the two words apheresis and aphesis have become syuoaymous to some writers. |. Learn the fotlowing prefixes and thoir meanings: Prefix post ae ee rex red- (before vowels) sen, sed= (before vowels) ‘sub-, us suc, supers, [sur-] trans-, tran, tra ASSIGNMENT Meanings Examples after, behind postpone, postscript before, infrontof prevent, predict forward, in Promote, produce front of, for beck, again renew, recede, Tecall, redemption backward, behind retroactive aside, away secede, segregate, sedition under, up from submerge, submarine, under, secretly suspend, sustain, ‘succumb, suffer, ‘support above, over ‘superhuman, super- across, through, beyond, ‘exceedingly fluowe, surreal, ‘sureoase Uwansfer, wansparent, ‘transcend, transcribe, traverse, travesty ultraviolet, ultramodern1M. Learn the following bases and their meanings: Latin Base Meanings English Derivaives CLUD., cLUS., toshut exclude, inchide, [cLos-| ‘close CUR(R)-,CURS-, —tomun, go. recur, current, [COURS4, [CORS)-] ‘excursion, GRAD-, ORESS tostep, go. gradual (iteraily, by steps), progress, aggression PEND., PENS- tohang, dependem, suspend, weigh, dispense, expense Pay {Ptr apne acoso ts ae hou French) tol; fll implement, complet, deplete, plenary tolock specimen, conspicuous, ispect respect wave abundant, unduate, ‘bound, redound tosce evident, provide, visual, provision, voice: yocalinvoke, invocation, tocall provoke, revoke (Woice aso comes from this base through French) IL, Lis the prefixes (fay) and bass, together with their meanings, the following italicized word. Defias each Word a it is used in the sentence or phrase, 1, brevity which excludes everything that Is redone a nothing thats significont...—Lytton Sractey 2. the gorilla infam wil, in the course of time, develop an ‘enormously powectul ond protusive ‘muzzle.—Harper’s ‘Magazine3. This tendency represems a regression to a more primitive stage of religion 4. Thoush not ofa rerospecive tra, he made the best efot he ‘ould ose hie mind bask into the pass. Hewthome 5. "You heop stiyin’ up late watchin" them wp forty midnight ideo things and yo" brain, honey, is gonna tum to oatmeal." Brian Levin ‘This is only one of many such compendia ad we know of at least one ther handbook. Kar Weitzman ‘The sierra was 60 precipitous that it seemed 10 preclude all farther progress Prescott 8, Te was now evident that instant retret was necessary an the ‘commana being sued wo tha effec, the men -slowly began ‘hele retrograde ovement —Praacis Parkman 9. All concerned. ..should be asked to report on the mossures| ‘hich they're taking to bmplomen those instructions... Sir Winston Charhill 10, T have not the sease of perict seclusion which hus always been esteatial to my power of producing anything. —Haw- shore 11. The beginning ofthe universe seems to present dnsuperablet Aificaties Onn 1, . the propensity of mankind to exalt the pat, ond to depes- Slate tho present Edward Gibbon 13. By sampling the usage of social extremes, a broad eonspecrar of culdvated, middie clas, und folk speach f secured rane Koran 14, thei country was vacquished simply because its trans- -gresions against civilized behavior aroused the organized Anger of most of homanity Harper's Magazine 15. Once more be bent his footsteps towarde the scene of his Liv- ‘ng mariyrsom, saddened with deep presentment that he ‘was advancing fo his death.— Francs Parkman 16. One lone person cannot count on the succor of plc opin- fon... James Q. Wilson ‘ie vou apr nave ole Lan. itsfgh ee vom td ban okie tan ea nest avi ae "4 4, depreciate 10, inflate SS. associae 11 rerogress 6. ante alla 12, aceelerte Using your dietionary, fin the orginal word from which each of (he llonrng has been bark formes 1, specie 6. vaccinate 2. emote 7. pea 3 execute 8 edit 4, avenge 9. urreal SS. emhuse 10 preempt Using your citionary, fin the orginal wor from which each of the fllowing epaetic or apheretic forms derwved. 1. tone 4, auger 2. mend 5. umpire 3. tate 6. sitoEnglish bave carried on the tradision. Sometimes # connecting vowel, usually 1, hes been inseried between the bases in order to maks the pro. nunciation easier. This ¢ Was in so many Latin words that it was natural it should become the standard connecting vowel. For example: OMN- all 44+ POT- power + -ent omnipotent MULT: many 4/4 LATER. side + scl muliltera CRUC- cross + 0+ FER- tocarry ‘eneifer FLOR: flower +é+ CULT- totill + ure floricultwe Sometimes an i was used when there was never an {in tho Latin base, asin the following examples. Sometimes other yowels were Used as connectors, ether becance it wae the vowel that ended the first base, oF the vowel that begun the second base, or for some ethorepecial reason as with sacrosanct (See footnote for sectence 9 below). For example BENE- good +FIC-touuke +-lal! beneficial AQU- water 444FER- tocurry aquifer QUADR-four +u+PED- for squadcuped TERR. land +AQU- water + -cous terrequeous TERR: land +e+PLEIN- full terrepicin TERR. land +14GEN- toproduve+ ous trrigenous SACR- sacred +a “+ ment sacrament SACR- stered+/4FIC- — tomake sacrifice SACR- atcred-+0 + SANCT: holy sacrosanct {nome cases there is no connecting ewer, ueualy beens the wo connecting consaeans blend easly n speecs. For exampl FAC. tommke + SIMIL- similar facsimile NOMEN- name + CLAT- tocall + -ure momenctatureWin the Aka/ (the ees fie FIRST example OF the above two) and Moth the /ks/ (the e+s of first example of the above two) and ‘| (n-+¢ of the second example) are commion consonant clusters frst rose), when it came into the fi together, giving us the word Prose. the. giving us the we bate which denote numbers are fe- «quenily found in combination with other bases. month, Octobe, the eiphth and 90 %- ASSIGNMENT 1 ie sams ofthe months were left © op new Year on Blafeh 1; Ms, SeplomBer was Me SEVERN Originally the Romans began thet 4 the beginning of the year was put back to Yemuary 1. Learn the following umerical bases and their meaning “So far as i is known, Repton was the frst to use the word (0:E.D. 1816). Toca itis spelled SEMI. talf, partly semiannual +The in this word isa inflectional ending inthe criinl Latin phrase sary sanctus and wos Ln ae ‘uniform, unanimou rained when te two words bended ogethor—like the posesivecase ain the Enis dooms PRIM- fist primary, primitive day ay of doom) and Wadhesy (Woden’s day). Callthis.0 "an infestion.” Du- two ee eel BI-,BIN- (before two twice bicycle, binoculars - a ete. This element appears in extended form in the words siplets, ot three tricycle, triangle —_ quadruplets, ete. QUADRW)- four quadrangle, quadrup! 4g with some other bases that have been studied, such as with most QUART- fourth uarter of those in Lesson IE, by adding a letter we can form a free-standing QUINT- 8 as seins quintet word, such as octave and prime. Cent, mill, and quart need no addi- SEXT- ne septet, Se ber” tion, Sometimes longer words are clipped down so that they resemble serraag- oer PemPE pases, as bi (bisexual), eri (=trimaran), quad (—quadrangl or bo ee quadruplet; quadrate), quint (=quintuplet), semi (=semitrail pam bi Geciliter, decimal Semifinal; and the British semi-detached house). Some of these can cane hundred century, centennial acimit a plural, such as octaves, quads, quints, semis, cents, mills, MILL thousand millimeter, mill quarts, This list does not contain all the bases for the sequence from one to ten, Some have been omitted since they appear in few English words or only in very technical terms. These are: SESQUI-, “one and a half times,” SECOND., “second,” TERTI-, “third,” QUINQUE-, sEX-, “six,” SEPTIM-, “seventh,” NOVEM-, “nine,” NON-, “ninth,” and DECEM-, “ten. ots uso f lear the suffsed element -(0ple fold” along with the bases given above: rriple, “threefold,” quadruple, “fourfold,”ist the prefixes (if any) and bases in the following italicized words, Define each word as it is used in the sentence or phrase. |xumple: semiconduetor—SEMI- half-+ con- together + DUCT- to lead: a mineral substance that conducts electricity with an efficiency between that of a metal and an in- sulator. 1, Some...with many legs, even to the number of an hun- dred,...oF such as are termed centipedes.—Sir Thomas Browne 2. Thave ventured to suggest a hint for such a structure as may support the road..., rather calling it a Via-duct* than a bridge.—Repton 3. During the last three months an element of baffling dualism has complicated every problem of policy and administration, We had to plan for peace and war at the same time.—Sir Winston Churchill, because of the city’s [Berlin's] quadripartite occupational status.—Time 5. Fertility hormones have produced a rash of -uplets from twins to sexruplets. 6. ...another voice shouted occasional replies; and this in- terlocutor seemed to be on the other side of the hedge. —Thomas Hardy 7. The president of the university addressed the convocation. 8, The long, narrow plain was interrupted in. places by trans- verse canals. 9. Let them establish your fundamental rights by a sacrosanctt declaration. —Thomas Jefferson 10. This is an extremity to which no government will of choice accede.—The Federalist 11. Any system of compulsory wage arbitration would have to be tripartite, with representatives of the workers, employers, and the public making up the tribunal.—Harper's Magazine12. .. .the wall which had been constructed by the anciont kings of Assyria to secure their dominions from the incursions of the Medes. —Edward Gibbon 13. A comtigrade thermometer. 14, All they had hitherto suffered, the desecration of their temples, the imprisonment of their sovereign... .—William Hickling Prescott 15, He managed five wins in the tournament (a record for him) but was defeated in the semifinais. 16, This curpost settlement had had its membership decimated uring the Arab riots.—Harper's Magazine 17, Victory is traditionally elusive. Accidents happen. Mistakes sare made.—Sir Winston Churchill 18, heard her sigh low. Ske was pensive a few minutes, then rousing herself, she said cheerfully... Charlotte Bronté 19, Jett be named from the fishes that swim in it, the wild fowl or guadnupeds which frequent it....—Thoreat, 20. (a) The colonies...of the gibbons and perhaps of other primates not for away from the line of human descent. Harper's Magazine ().. .the election of a new Archbishop of Athens (who is also primate of the country) is a mamer of high national in- twrest.—Time With the aid of a dictionary explain the connection between the numerical baset which were presented in this lesson and the following words. Example: primate — (a) one who occupies the “first” rank; (@) one of the highest or “first” order of mammals, in- ‘cluding man and the apes. 1. unicorn 6. trillion 2. primer 7, Septuagint 3. primeval 8. octogenarian 4, biscuit 9. centurion 5. uivial 10. mile Write the following in Arabie numerals: 1. xvi 5. DCCCXLIV 9. ccxIV 2. xlix 6. MDCCXXXIX 10. MMXX 3. cvIr 7. xxi 11. bevii 4. DCLX 8. LV eat| Soowes FEE HYBRIDS {In the previous lesson, words formed by combining two bases were sonsidered. Usually such combinations are made up of clements that wwe been taken from the same language, but sometimes words are \urmed composed of bases from different Languages. For example: Source Source Ward/Base — Language + Word! Base Language = Hybrid tattle Latin = tax English = battleax ret Latin + fallen English = crestfallen tuntra~ Latin — +band Germanic = contraband GEN-Crace") Greek + CID- (“kill”) Latin = genocide* MON- (“one”) Greek © +LINGU- Latin = monolingual tongue“) The word ‘ype was really promiscuous: type Greek + cast Scandi- = typecast avian ype + face Latin = typeface ype +phenomenon Greek = type-phe- nomenon ype +soript Latin = typescript ype + write) English = typewrite(r) Many times when a word was borrowed into English, it seemed the tuatural thing to do to attach a native English prefix or suffix to it. For example: English Source English Prefix, + Word Language + Suffix by- + pass Latin of tramp French“Although genocide is a word that could have been coined two thousand years ago (for example, by such as Gaius Valerius Catullus, first century B.C. poet, who missed his chance in his phrase ‘uesi acervi, “heaps of the slain”), the word was, in fact, first recorded in 1944 in reference to the “destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group.” The following year the “United Nations’ in- ilictment of the 24 Nazi leaders has brought a new word into the language—genocide. . namely, the extermination of racial and national groups....” (O.E.D. 1972). Since the mid 1960s, however, the Holocaust (from the Greek meaning “burnt whole”) has become the standard term applied specifically to the destruction of the Jews during World War IL.ke: = forecourt et grocions Latin = ungrcious| wm tai” nape abe me ex Latin Soy casey bor atch TT SRR ASSIGNMENT 1 Lear the following bases and thir meanings: AN ‘ind, etng, ane, animated fe ANN(U)-, ENE) yeer ‘anal, emul, perennial BENE-,DON- "wel, good eneacins beng ‘benign, bonus CANT. (CENT), tosing —_canorvmncaion, [cHANT | ‘incentive, enchant cur: ene, care_sinecury secure FQU-,0QU-) — eaualeven equa, edna. niguty FER ober, corny tek, taster, conference Lar tober, cary chats relate, trnsaion MAGN- ‘rear ‘magnitude, magy MALE) fa ‘malajused, malicious, ‘ralisnent Mun. ay smut, rahiply opr. oot eouiman PLIC PLEX, to fold ngle, comic, implicate, [PLy-1 Imerweare impli, comple, Imply, eakiply fH. Lis te pres (any) and bas, together wit hei macanngs, {nthe following llciand words, Define each wordy the sence or phrase, 2 Tn 1970 a young man does ot accept an ngutionscontition ‘with fais. Wand ast1 Molice hath a stig memory —Thomas Fuller 4 Miss Mee was... buried in eit and action, like one whe Tea abvaye a maplity of ahs 0 hand. Charts Brows > neste her elegn dres, you cou tell by hearing her tal that she was not exought up on bonbons. The inaimatecbyct were not sang, atthe ving things a tere past recognition Charon Broa (4), is ost romarkabe fro record of ts existence {vor ote sacoad milowium :-Alarper's Masacine () seemed, nfct asf he illennion were dasaing pon ‘he ln forthe sword wasbeten iio « poughshars nd he ‘spear toa prac hook —Washngion krving 1 He was aggrieved sth accusstion tat he had chee on he tex om stiviy i which hn ot dug im hn pra ies. 9. After sprouting the conten of the gubege com sound komen my dog Invaraly exhibited compen which ‘as nvaraly convinced was putely fake 10, The answer was evasve—I should have liked something ‘lout, bot Mi. Pairta eter cod at, of would act ve toe mere plc lnfonnation.—Charloae Bronte 11. The fc bo wailed tobe asked his ramen turn, bat this pro for ok acquaintance Wav not mede. Willan Going 12, Tris work sed on much eading and corel of data in blotogy. pychology,aeshetc, literate, andthe fie at Harper Magazine 13 Raligioe sym and Incanto are scmetres sed in fhagle, and magic sometines hos a sacred aspect Cada ogy 1, Aft ho erusing deter ofthe Turk at Lapanto, Venice had ‘no challengers of any sis left athe Mecterranesa. Hs Soe fir, secured by an laviectble fax of galleys, ran fom to forte Adria Cree... —Time 1. The inoorable politica! ealendar provides for (a) biemiat ongresioaleleetions and (i) geadrenal presides loc- ont st nsted dates, regardless of when wers end Harper'see eee umon complexities increase, any tale of individual simplicity (and yours is the best writen and the cockiest) ac ‘quires a new fascination. —E.B, White 18. Liberal internaticnalism is a passion for democratic princi- ples, and for bold «merventionist Government to carry them ont.—Time 19. Nothing seems to make an impression on their minds; nothing short of being knocked down by a porter, or run over by a ‘cab, will disturb their equaninity. Dickens 20, Don't you know that good grades will optimize your chances for getting a scholarship? IIL. With the sid ofa dictionary, determine the languages from which the elements in each of the following kybrids have been drawn. 1. television 6. speedometer 2: anteroom, 7. monorail 3. megatoa 8. antibody 4. ill-tempered 9. aqualung 5. automobile 10, monatiral LESSON VIII SUFFIXES. Along with bases and prefices, euffines have often been uscd ia ‘word formation. Suffixes are word elements attached to the end of a ‘base, and, as with prefixes, most of us are familiar with them in the ‘case of native English words. For example: Kind + ness quality of | kincness care + -less without careless boy + -ish like boyish In the same way, many English words of Latin origin bave been. formed by the aidition of sufiaes. For example: FIN- cud -at—pertainingto final NUMER- mmber + -ous full of numerous POPUL- people + -ar pertaitingto popularNUMER- meaning “number,” and -osus becoming “-ous”—and that wus that. The meanings “full of,” “pertaining to,” etc., supplied by itionaries (and this text), are merely practical efforts at paraphrasing wd given only for the sake of example. Like prefixes, some suffixes can also change the meaning of 2 base, tna the basic function of a suffix is to form a different part of speech. In thease of the previous examples, adjectival suffixes were atlached noun bases to form adjectives. We shall be dealing with three types ot suffixes: adjective-forming, noun-forming, and verb-forming. In wome instances, however, a siffix normally classed as adjective~ lormiag will actually be found to form a noun. This is because of @ tendesey, present in most languages, for adjectives to be wed as nouns. Thus, in English good is generally an adjective, but in the sentence. “The gond die young.” itis used to mean “ good people.”” Similarly, the worés numeral (NUMER-, “number” + -al, “pertain- ing to”) and pedal (PED-, “foot” + -al) usually occur as nouns despite the fact that ~a is classed as an adjective- forming suffix. ‘More than one suffix is sometimes found in a single word. For example: CLASS. class, rank+-ic belonging to + -al pertaining to classical EQU- equal +-al pertaining 10+ -ity statcof equality POPUL-people +-ar pertaining to + -ity popularity ‘When a suffix which ends in e is followed by an additional suffix, the ¢ is generally dropped. For example: VERB- word + -ose fullof + ~ity quality of verbosity URB- city -ane pertaining 10 + -ity urbanity, ASSIGNMENT I. Learn the following adjective-forming suffixes and their mean- ings: wal (-ial, -eal), “pertaining 10,” “like.” “belonging to,” “hav ing the character of" Voc. — wice + -al vocal VERB- word + -al_ verbal eas aul ak ee,VETER. old = + -am yen MUND- world + -ane_ mundane MOUNT. mountain + -ait mountain ‘Thesis an (ian) equealy forms words which reused as nove a 9 comes fo mv “one connects with” LIBR. book + -ary place fer + on ibeacan BARBAR- foreign + + Aan barbarian ar, “peaising to," Ike,” “belonging 0,” “having the chase ‘ete of” POPUL. people + ar popular REOUL- le 4 ar euler FAMILI- family, Rowtehold + “er famine cose (ine), “fall of” GRAND()- grat + ose grardione coMAT. fetargy + “ose comune ous (ous,-eous), “il of," “having the charter of" ee PAM. POPUL: VAR ‘oth he “i andthe “e” la these eufnesae connecting vowels, ss discussed in Lesson VE. As willbe cen in Leona that Yllow. Several utes havea comectrg wwe. “The various safes tat you wil study in this bok canbe found, ‘wih very fow excepts. goad dion, where hey are gener {ly dscuased moe fly Bani this book. You wil find sometnes| hota meaniag fora aufis ee found in aietonsy nay St mors com Sestbly the cetaion ct a Word than say o the meusings feed in| {Gis book: Somtimer te oes in he Book wl ft very wal. To deine ‘orpona tn ceence No 9 blow ax “petal tothe bl” would Serve, at wo define verse as “Tall of words™=o banana. My ter ‘ibc esse canbe fll of words, butthat snot wha verbose ans. On the other hand, w define tas “expressed nor characerzed by hse ‘of rmy oF 09 many oes” seem ungecet tan wordy. In all your Getnioe, concsenteit to be conldored, but rever athe expesse ‘ot pecision,‘TENU- srctebed, thin tenuous, attemute (The ist hee ae are related both nfo and meeig.) 1, List th petines, bases, aad suse, togsher with their mean sn te flloving aliczed words. Defi each word at bb a te seetence oe pes, Brample;imefinear—inter- Berween + LINE- line + missum—prodacing MITT-, MISS- VERT- +-tum= veritum > versum —producing VERT-, VERS- SENT. +-1um= senitum > sensum —prodacing SENT-, SENS- CLUD- +-1um= cludtum > clusum —prodacing CLUD-, CLUS- = +etum= ludium > luswum —prodicing LUD-, LUS- (The forms vidrum, mituum, etc., have never been found in any Latin, text, as with verrtum., seribtum, etc., following.) rt went tors VERR-“to drag” +-1um = verrtum > versum —VERR-, VERS- ‘CURR- + -tum = currtum > cursum —CURR-, CURS- before s ors, bwent top and g went toc: SCRIB- +-um = scribeum > scriptum —SCRIB-, SCRIPT- REG- tet = regtum > rectum ~-—REG-, RECT~ FRANG- +-tum = frangium > fractum —FRANG, FRACT- None of these sound changes were hit or mise, nor were they thought out; they were completely natural. They are the result of things that take place in our mouths when we talk. For example, itis ‘easier t pronounce two voiceless consonants togetner, like the -pr- in SCRIPT- and the -cf- in RECT, than it isto pronounce a voiced con- sonant with a voiceless consonant, the -br- and -gt-. Similarly, we areheal nrensanagictie Ahan db winine Ahan toad seni cceaie nsec etente simply because the voiced / makes us want t use the voiced d in front rather than the voiceless 1. These are only three of the several sound changes that occurred in ‘Latin, out they wil help to explain some of the variety in many of the Latin bases you aro studying. ASSIGNMENT |. Learn the following adjective-forming suffixes and their mean- ings: ine, “pertaining to," “like,” “of* FEMIN- woman + -ine feminine CAN- doz + ine canine (There area number of adjectives formed by means of this suf- fix from the names of various living creatures; for example, FEL-, “eat,” feline; ASIN-, “ass,” asinine; BOV-, “cow, bovine; AQUIL-. “eagle,” aauiline, etc.) wate, ~it(e, “possessing,” “being,” etc. This is often equi Tent to the English past participle ending -ed, and is the same ~at-/-it- element that is discussed in Lesson I. ad-+ CUR- care + -ate accurate ad- + EQU- equal + -ate adequate (literally, made ‘qual to) FAVOR: favor + -ite favorite ex + PLIC- tofeld + -it explicit ant, ~ent (-ien, equivalent to the English present participle ending -ing URG- topress + -ent urgent (literally, pressing) ad-+ PAR- toappear+ -ent apparent (iterally, ‘ppearing) VIGIL towatch + ~ant vigilant (literally, waiching) ‘This suffix frequently forms words which are used as nouns, and so it comes to mean “person who,” oF “that which.” AG: todo + -ent ageat (literally,person doing) in + HABIT. tolive + ~ant inhabitant diterally, person living in) ad- + HER- tostick + -ent adherent (iterally, person ‘wicking 16)POT-, POSS- tobe able, have potent, possible power SAL-,(SIL-), toleap salient, resilient, SALT-, SULT- saltatorial, insult SED-,(SID-), _tosit, settle ‘sediment, insidious, SESS. session TERR- and, earth terrestrial, erriory Analyze the following italicized words and define them as they are used in the sentence or phrase. 1. He was too diffident to do justice to himself; but when his natural shyaess was overcome, his behaviour gave every in- ication of an open affectionate heart.—Jane Austen 2. This intention of abandoning Astoria was, however, kept secret from the men, lest they should at once give up all labor, and become restless and insubordinate.—Washingion Irving. 3. The slaves were chiefly women, employed as servants, wool Processors, or concubines. —Edward McNall Buras, Western Civilization 4. It was expected that newspeak would have finally superseded oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call i) by the year 2050.—George Orwell ‘5. Superficial observers will speak of the paganism of the Ren- aissance, its unblushing license, its worldliness. ..as though these qualities wero not inherent in human nature, ready at any moment to emerge.—Symonds 6. What will be singled out as the salient event of our time by future historians, centuries hence... .?—Harper's Magazine 7. Tomanhe is a divine ambassador, a minister plenipotentiary, the Creator's special representative.—Mark Twain 8. Elsewhere metropclitan America has adopted a diet proper to