Name: Carlos Dominguez

Period: 8th

Revolutions in Latin America

General Instructions: Using the internet, it will be your task to explore the
revolutions that sought Independence for countries in Latin American throughout
the 19th century. You will be given a series of questions to answer and specific
places in which to locate the information. The links will guide you to websites or
documents in which you will answer the questions. Once all the questions are
completed, you will choose a processing activity to complete.

I.

The Haitian Revolution

The Island of Saint Domingue had long been a prize in the French empire, and by
1789 it produced nearly 40% of the world's sugar. The island was home to roughly
500,000 enslaved African who outnumbered white plantation owners and free
blacks 10-1. In order to maintain control, white plantation owners used brutal tactics
to scare their slaves.
When in 1789 Revolution broke out in France, revolutionary forces began to emerge
amongst whites, free blacks and different groups within the slave populations. Using
the ideas of "The Declaration of the Rights of Man" and other important
revolutionary doctrine, would-be revolutionaries on Saint Domingue petitioned the
National assembly for autonomy. In response, the National assembly granted the
colony power over local government, but the act's vague language led to different
interpretations on the island and what had been an independence movement broke
into war between white planters and free blacks. The chaos and inspiring events of
the French Revolution led to an all out slave revolt. Slave Revolt that began in 1791
was led by a man named Toussaint L'Ouverture and would set the colony and its
slave population on the road to independence and FREEDOM!
Go to http://www.historywiz.com/toussaint.htm and read about the Haitian
Revolution and answer questions 1-3 in complete sentences.
1. Who was Toussaint LOuverture?
He was a black slave that was a leader of the rebellion and pushed
Napoleon from France.
2. What did he accomplish?
He defeated the French and got independence from them.
3. How was he betrayed and what happened to him?

He was betrayed by the French and captured by Napoleon, and

imprisoned and sarved to death.

Go to http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ht0019%29
and read about the Haitian Revolution and answer questions 4-5 in complete
sentences.

4. Haiti became the worlds first? The first black republic in the world.
5. What were some problems the nation faced after gaining its independence?
Due to the war, a lot of the land for farming and housing was destroyed,
and citizen were uneducated and unskilled.

II.

Latin American Revolutions

As in France, the Latin American revolutions were caused by several factors. Also, as
in France, the disparity between the small number of people with power and wealth

and the poverty stricken masses without political influence provided a situation ripe
for revolution. Using the Following ink, identify the social issues that existed in Latin
America that led to Revolution.
Go to
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?
groupid=868&HistoryID=aa87&gtrack=pthc#869
read the page and answer questions 6-8 below in complete sentences.
6. Explain the social hierarchy in Latin America before Revolution. Include and
describe each of the groups and their respective powers or roles.
Where you were placed in social class was determined by birth, and at the
top were the Spaniards in the peninsula. The have a lot of more power
than the creoles, and then followed the mestizos, which were the people
with mixed characteristics.
7. How could this system alone lead to Revolution?
The reason why this could start a revolution is because many people
disliked the idea. The creoles didnt like the idea since many didnt have a
say in their birth and their class they are in.
8. What Actions taken by Napoleon inflamed this situation and why?

Go to
http://www.eastchester.k12.ny.us/schools/hs/teachers/reagan/LatinAmericanIndepen
denceMovements.htm
read the page and answer the question below in complete sentences.
9. Identify 4 additional causes of the Latin American Revolutions.
1. French revolution
2. Ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
3. Social equality, democracy, and justice from enlightenment.
4. Napoleon conquest
The vast differences between social classes, the introduction of enlightenment
ideas, and the inspiration of the French Revolution set the stage for revolution in
Latin America, but the forces in motion needed one more event to trigger their
move for Independence.
Go to http://www.trincoll.edu/classes/hist300/group3/latin.htm and answer:

10. Describe how Napoleon's invasion and conquest of Spain in the Peninsular War
of 1808 triggered the Revolutions in Latin America. (3rd Paragraph)
As the French revolution was happening, Napoleon led the invasion on
Spain and Portugal. This invasion left their government in disarray and no
leader led a open spot for a strike.
Libertadores in South America
Once revolution had begun in South America in countries such as Venezuela and
Argentina, the people's seeking independence needed their best leaders and a
unified effort to defeat the much more powerful Spanish and loyalist Armies. Luckily
Venezuela, which declared independence in 1811, was home to Simon Bolivar, a
brilliant military mind and experienced statesman who had spent time in Europe,
and had witnessed firsthand the success of democratic principles in the United
States on a trip in 1807. To the South, Jose de San Martin led the forces of Argentina
when it declared Independence in 1816. Martin's more reserved demeanor made
him a hero to his troops, and his youth in Europe did not dampen his loyalties to
Argentine Independence. To better understand the role these men played in their
nation's quest for independence use the following resources.

Go to http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11917&pt=Simon
%20Bolivar and answer the following questions:
11. Pick 2 characteristics or experiences of Simon Bolivar that made him a good
leader and list them.
Unwavering loyalty (Wife dying and vowing hell never marry)
Rebuilt and retrained a rebel army to capture most of Venezuela.

12. Why is Simon Bolivar called the George Washington of South America?
He liberated the Northern part of South America, and helped them gain
independence from Italy.
Go to http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/simon-bolivar.html
and answer the following question.
13. How did Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin Work together to achieve
Independence in South America?
They did not because after meeting San Martin, they resigned from the
army, which led to all hope to go in the trash.
Revolutions Throughout Latin America
Throughout Central America and in Portugal's colony of Brazil, Independence
movements sprang up in reaction to the anger of underprivileged and
underrepresented classes inspired by the model of the French Revolution and
enlightenment ideals. As in South America, bold leaders and commitment from the
people saw an end to colonial rule. Whereas clear military struggle had won
victories for the peoples of South America, royal intrigue and infighting complicated
the road to independence for Mexico and Brazil. Choose one of the following
struggles for independence.
Go to http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mexican-war-of-independencebegins and answer the question.
14. Mexican war of Independence 1810 - List and briefly describe the major causes,
figures, events, and results.
Catholic priest launches war of independence by issuing Cry of Dolores,
called for end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico
January 1822, Miguel Hidalgo Feld north; captured and executed
1820, liberals took power in Spain, new government promises reforms. In
response, conservatives call for independence.
Early 1821 leader of royalist force calls for Mexico to be an independent
constitutional Monarchy.
Iturbide defeats Royalist forces.
August 24th, 1821 Treaty of Cordoba is signed.

Go to http://international.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-4.html#track1 and answer

the question.

15. Brazil's rode to Independence - Outline the peculiar series of events that led to
Brazil's independence
Bonaparte invaded Portugal. Then Portugal united with Brazil after
Napoleons defeat.
1820- Group headquartered in Port form revolutionary government
1821- Dom Pedro and Brazilians realize Europeans intend to curtail
freedom
1822- Dom Pedro decreed he must approved orders coming from Portugal
Effects of the Revolutions
Despite the hope brought by Independence and the best efforts and example of
some of the leaders of the new nations, the goals of the revolutions of equality and
unity largely went unfulfilled. The fierce sense of Independence that had led to
victory over colonial overlords, would cause divisions between the new nations and
destroy Simon Bolivar's dreams of a Gran Columbia in South America. Soon after
Independence, the unworldly reigns of government were grabbed by men who did
not share the sense of equality that had ignited the revolutions.
Five Consequences of Independence:
Go to: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?
groupid=856&HistoryID=aa87&gtrack=pthc
And answer the following question:
16. Who were the caudillos and what type of government did the set up for the new
countries of Latin America? The caudillos are a military or political leader. The
governments they set up throughout Latin America was democracy.
Go to: http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/usa/mondoc.html and answer the
following question:
17. What was the Monroe Doctrine and how it show the U.S. "controlling" Latin
America? (First Paragraph)
The Monroe Doctrine is a American diplomatic decision that influences the
world greatly, and the way its developed this present day. It shows that
the US was controlling Latin America in a sense because they said that
they would protect independent Western Nations, and that affects the
independent nations in Latin America
Go to
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter31/objec
tives/deluxe-content.html and answer the following question:
18. What happened to the dream of Political unity? (New Nations Confront Old and
New Problems - Political Fragmentation) Political Disunity

The dream of Political Unity went into discord because a lot of people did
not agree with one another.
Two items that do not require an answer but are listed here because they
are part of the 5 consequences.
19. Land sales - After independence was achieved governments sold off land to
raise money. The only people able to buy the land were the creoles or the upper
classe that now existed because most of the peninsulares were gone. This meant
that most of the land was once again owned by a small, elite section of the
population.
20. Trade - After Independence, the cash crop economy that had existed continued,
but now trade was not restricted to a mother country, and Spain's former colonies
opened trade with Britain and the United States. To build up their governments,
caudillo's borrowed money from the U.S. and Britain to set up industries. When the
countries were not able to pay back their loans, the lender countries moved in and
took over industries in Latin America.