History of the Subcontinent

After the independence of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan became the first
prime minister. He had to deal with many hardships that Pakistan had to face
during its infancy He helped Quaid-e-Azam sort out the issue with the refugees
and plan out an administrative system. He established the framework for
Pakistans foreign policy. He helped create the constitution of Pakistan. He was
the one to present the objectives resolution to congress. This was a prelude to
the future constitution of Pakistan. Under his government, Pakistan and India
agreed to a temporary and peaceful solution to the Kashmir issue in collaboration
with the United Nations. In January of 1948 a ceasefire was affected throughout
Kashmir.
After Quaid-e-Azam died, he tried o fill the gap that was created by his
absence. The problem with religious minorities reached its peak in 1949-1950. It
looks as if another war between India and Pakistan was going to happen. At this
time Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan met with president Nehru of India, and signed
the Liaqat-Nehru pact. He visited the United States in May of 1951 and set the
course for the future of Pakistans foreign policy in an effort to increase ties with
the west. Important events during his tenure were the establishment of the Bank
of Pakistan and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi. Liaqat Ali
Khans tenure ended with his assassination on October 16 th, 1951.

The history of mutual negotiations between India and Pakistan on the

issue of Kashmir date make to 1947. The meeting of the joint defenses council
was scheduled to be four days after Indian forces occupied Kashmir. The venue
of the meeting was shifted from Delhi to Lahore. Nehru and Quaid-e-Azam were
supposed to attend this meeting but Nehru refused to attend declaring himself ill.
His deputy refused to come to Lahore, leaving Mountbatten alone in his visit to
Pakistan.

Mountbatten arrived in Lahore on November 1 1947. He engaged in a 3.5

hour-long discussion with Quaid-e-Azam. He offered that a plebiscite would be
held in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, on the condition that Pakistan would
remove its forces from that area. He also said that Indian forces would remain
there and Sheikh Abdullah would still be in rule. Quaid-e-Azam refused to follow
this plan and said that Kashmir belonged to Pakistan due its majority of Muslims.

Quaid-e-Azam assured Mountbatten that the problem could be solved

once and forever if he agreed to fly with him to Srinagar. Mountbatten claimed
that he needed the consent of Nehru and Patel to this since India was not
interested in resolving the issue and wanted more time. The talks ended and the
matter remained unsolved.

History of the Subcontinent

Since Pakistans borders were created in a limited amount of time, loss of
life and property emerged as a major problem during independence. Millions of
men, women, and children migrated across the border. Despite this the Muslims
had finally gotten what they desired: a separate homeland. They free to live by
their own ways. They did have to deal wit some issues immediately after
independence. These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of
Princely States.

The most serious dispute between India and Pakistan was the Indus
Water dispute. On April 1st 1948 India cut off water supplies from the two rivers
under her control. The President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development came up with a solution acceptable to both countries. This was
known as the Indus Water Treaty. This treaty stated that three eastern rivers
would be diverted towards India and the three western ones towards Pakistan.

The accession of Princely state was an issue after partition. The princely
states were Hyderabad, Jodhpur, Kashmir, and Junagadh. All of these states,
other than Kashmir, were forced to surrender to India. Their rulers were Muslim
but the majority of the population was Hindu.

The princely state of Kashmir was the opposite of Hyderabad. It had a

Hindu ruler and a Muslim population. The ruler was reluctant to join either country
but Mountbatten pushed him to decide before August 15,1947. The ruler asked
more time. The local population then began urging him to accede to Pakistan.
The Maharaja panicked and called in his troops to open fire resulting in the
deaths of hundreds of Muslims. A local from the state set up his own army to
avenge the death of the others. The Pathan tribesmen from the North West
Frontier Province, wanting to avenge the deaths of their brothers, invaded the
valley. On reaching the valley of Kashmir, they defeated the Maharaja's troops
and reached the gates of Srinagar, the capital.
The Maharaja sensed his defeat and took refuge in Jammu where he
appealed to India to send troops to put a stop to the ongoing war. India agreed on
the condition that Kashmir would accede to India. On October 26, 1947, the
Maharaja acceded to India. Lord Mountbatten accepted the accession on behalf
of India.
On October 27, 1947, India began to airlift her troops to Srinagar, and
launched a full-scale attack on the tribesmen. Pakistan was stunned. Despite her
scarce military resources, Pakistan was prepared to send in her troops but the
British General Gracey, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, was against
it. Jinnah proposed an immediate ceasefire and later on a fair and free plebiscite
in Jammu and Kashmir.

History of the Subcontinent

The Security Council on August 13, 1948, called for an immediate

ceasefire, the withdrawal of all Pakistani and Indian troops and holding of
plebiscite under United Nations' supervision. Both the Indian and Pakistani
governments accepted the resolution.
In January 1949, the resolution began to be implemented. In July 1949,
the ceasefire line was demarcated. Pakistan's side of Kashmir consisted of some
parts of Jammu, Poonch, some areas of Western Kashmir, Gilgit, and a great
chunk of Ladakh territory near the Chinese border in the North. India kept the
valley of Kashmir, Jammu and the remainder of Ladakh territory near the Tibet
border.

The cease-fire has remained in existence since 1949. No plebiscite has

been held and the Kashmir issue remains disputed.

History of the Subcontinent

History of the Subcontinent

These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.

These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely
States. These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely
States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.
These included: Refugees, Indus Water, and Accession of Princely States.