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Cyberspace Textuality Computer Technology and Literary Theory Edited by Marie-Iaurg Ryan ‘Soong nt ndingsent ira maybe npued lid in ey one gr mein e ne Socom ge pl “he Assn ea ey PR, ‘san osse9 ah pp Nossa a pe 1 Gaupatesn cae, Beets pant Phy Lae Pney Te ‘encase peter shy aap asaeee Contents laenne Een tee okra Tegy 1 Apt ito Dd Te Sprig Gide Roney of rgd a Sarid 2 enV ey Bat 2b 5. Vaal Tepe: Sth ad Suite Sperm “+ Gergen, ig and he Test Mla Ryo berspce Hen eo tamed ee TRE 1 eth cont temas sresoes 1 aebegtnte sha sci tts Gee tsk teens neue Ea %peter Citi at Wing Esperinent 9 Ail 1 ad Lier Care ‘Ni athere Hgee 7 40. Vga! Terme A Hype Esploiriono Wim Choe ad ‘Eiteme Boa) “ta ee 11, Myth Unie Liar: rm ‘ex che i he aden Appeal: Wend Wide Web Ses Geog Toray cnet Ie ‘Acknowledgments i ing French verso ded "Vi artical et care iter” Tari Lira Esignement 12 (Pll 1994), 6-90- "A peliniary version of Christopher J. Keep, “The Disturbing Liens of Machines Rethiaking the Body in Hypertent Tear 2 ton” sppeared ia Fea ansaton by Lars Piper unde the tle "Per dane le bgriahe srr fe corps en there en pax ‘Swe Slyprteste® in Litas firma Le tr ine ‘arora, of, Alin Vermin 2 Michel Leoale (Aras: Art ‘ree Universi, 1995) 327-40. ane Ole, “Virtual Temes: A Hypoertoal Techomatant Ex- oat of Wiliam Glo al the Ecos Beynd()” appeared In Sil 29.2 (998) 287-313. ‘An carly veon of Berar Page, “Women Writes and the Restve ‘Tan Feminism, Experimental Weting, and Hyperer”appezed 2 Seton for ia mary Cale 62 (aman 1996) "Mark Power's essay "Theovzing Val Rely: Barilla ard Derrida” i appearing concurrently in CD farm in Mark Posts, The Ueomaton Sub (Nee York Ineratna At, 1998), yn Thicm,“Mych ofthe Unicel Liter. Frcs Axa tothe Portmadem Age” appeared in The Seri ivan (1998), 65-74 Toul ie o thnk the journal and individuals mentioned above fa permission to reprint ths mate. The reproduction fom the emis sip Dsl n Thomas Foster's ess spear wih pein of Marvel Com in New York City.Varieties of Gonmputer Supported Texts Recent adnces in camputer chology, such 5 word- ir deal ely 4 preition description of ” This med x being wed with ermetanal cca throat the Beds of data echiogy and rita hens two ually tango partner indeed. But the combinto- al proces shows o signs of easton yet. az ‘Thee i of eure no “proper” way to approach the digital medi, and most mistakes we malta this Sil xl stage wil probably pone {0 be uel sons ter on. But the prevaling stamp to rete nd rete eating sor by ining hi eee fr the ne ‘oe and ther largely uasuspecting uses, Ss “odoin” seg that is alvysa demonstration of (unnecessary) power ad often mis- reading ofthe theory Being vsed. These theres were nt Seeloped ‘id the digital media in mind, and tee eiginal objects ae sl aid {the oes af thal especies. T ignore hii dip te com pueace of the theory founders, who bnew, we ast ll same, the ‘Sects ha they wee aling aboot. Thatead of paying the combinatorial game and aplyng this or hat paradigm othe new shnomens ny assumption i here that ew media fal for new perspectives and conepua frameworks amd th we mast ep back fom arteries if we are wo abe sorting oot ley ia ‘ered in them. This may sound hopeless, since there canbe 89 ‘hoagie ungrounded by anp there comer, bia 4 preliminary ‘sey of toenipton tay sil yeld sme nights tha = ess on ‘fontatnal approach simply canct reach Ths ia yen ofthe ‘eal template, bt of eure fr fom a rection of they Ergodic Discourse ‘A the en of Tine and Nari, Pa Ricoew menos the posi iyo snter way fer ie to mel narrative. Thisis by giving ise ‘he formation of dscrsie modes other thin the arate os, ‘which wil speak, ia nother way of the profound enigma [ot ine] (885972) Jn ths chapel fous on two member of fay of sch dsc, sive modes, tx tha I caewhere hve named “epic discourse “These modes are quite probaly not what Riccar had in mind, but that does ot mater bere, eet il sufce to estblish that the pest Something dflerea fom narative, and, im partcla, show how the obiem fue muniests ect ticrestiy the expodie modes “The word “ergodic” is appropriated fom psc and its coni- tuted bythe two Greek words rg, “work,” and Hades, “path or touds" and in this context ii ued to dew «typeof course ‘those signe emerge at + path produced by 2 on-rval element of ‘rot Ergodic enunca ar produced by some Kind of beac = ‘em, ie, + machine or human) tht operates as an information fed- x ‘bck lop, which wll eer differen semiotic sequence each eit ‘engaged. Thuan uch a The Sand of Mc os copy of = 2% ‘Sctee Fan: ie i not expo (or oni trvly 2) nce it ‘Since mill ote the sme sequnce of igairs every ime ‘The experiences of She andience,chough individual in am interpreta ‘onal sense inglara far atthe tral sgn production i can ‘emod Ire theeore als possi snd atral to eerbe them 5 a ‘ates for sen f thoy sould beak with narrative tradi (a he ‘is with «work sch ox FW) their nt-narraveanbisaes ae based ‘onthe soma cosa form of aarti ‘Neto nah the ergodic mork of art sich a pert nove, 2 sire dimenional computer game. Here, the experienced sequence of ‘Sons does rt emerge in 4 fed, predetermined ere decide by the fnaiuar ofthe wor, ba isnt ane azn among Ayo ‘eal utes win whet we may ell the even pace of some ‘oni This vet spac deternne by the eaten nd their ‘Sracur ofthe ergodic ost, which meats the, or very individ ‘Suto, we het some ogre, an individual medi ed ot ast 22 “lvl menage. Ts comple mater ns potential for reproduc ling fal dferentiy every time, the erpoic work i indvdulized or (itndiualined on the sone lee, in the iffeen dienes = More geaarally sil the term “virtual rely” began to expand its societal electronially medined exchanges af spb, > ge, and tound 29 that s second woe i costiuted rer spin the Seal” world af sesay print. The made of information ‘ve termed this ital word soe way of concepuaiing the x= {al sgaicance ofthe new phenomenon. In sme Bicaasons af tual ely eopecially among sme erey ei, the tere ees ot {han experience, oon more true dam facts, pow dciplinary foun (ation for Licraare fe conerocted in Ginconsons of ital reaity itis impertne so guard aint the “ranscendowalist gest” 36 [ ‘onl Ike to llth igure maneuver, by keping in mind the ‘terial Sat the erm, the achins semble of cyberspace td Belmet-lveaparatses| 6 Baxérillard’s Crime against Reality dil work hes proven eons sugeestive in she interprets ‘on ofthe medi and of clr! phenomena generally, ike Dissclan, ‘Wich sem sume way 0 shai princes His notin of simul ‘ona utr, later termed “te pee" eapeure tno social theo {ist befre him the linge getres andthe unique conus (of electonic medi as they crue veugh the wid eplarie of the ‘modern body soil. Beginning with Simla ond Salton of Tob and oniing a est through The Ilo of the End im 2992, ‘Baul strrogues the colar! foms of media communications fra consaeat if anbiaeat standpoint Fr Brel ofthe 18os ‘Soding aot prof epee thar wrist ses 2hity to Sn ano gp te uh. coi ein eri {te tdern quem fest fling kino ew made ‘Scat nhc sigs se red om te rein the et Told becoulng rami! ings hype” cen sores Tt mii eyes tthe em “ci ad veal eal ae quiet ch open sign stein whic card ebets te Tore hon the frag tn wc wed sad images appear in {5 Sacra rprcton who fm anton po el ‘rth anctoning ot repesnains Bt bets hem ‘ties, ees whe meng ress wn Pe Bird in vos hae of sina bens wih uation of al ee Slee ty thei etre an isto (Gos, Jos Bauder. 16). Tis rola i the rca oF AEoguage utes hoop ams of nearer epoch Sima, alr somtend threes the incon te ih: teh, ‘cence an oe se ceed we” Oi in ‘at, wang pros Bald dncurs the maki of In fe pe ply te mig ne oy i or of one-dimensional tery ef th perl ayes, Jation denotes a major culrural en's weg Cis to be ike withthe terms “vir a at Sl yey Bh eh tm SSercangeiy wih ximinion” snd owt denaing ‘Ste Ef nt pe Cntr Gall Met ‘Sample oro “nor fer of he ea of yt that 06 sme ve crested sige simaltor, We prefer the vit to the cs ‘topbe of thereof wich teleron isthe ener mae” The ‘rua sequen tothe hyperal oto smaltion Tall eases the ‘etronially meted communication stands i 4 Sub retion fo ‘eaiy. Mediated communication both recs reality by Blering tal frm sender toa reccie ha ae somhow about and eet tates for reality in the seas that tae spl epee reiy bt at forth ie wm rear. Smuts aed the virtual, fr Bead, illeent ram ety bt aes standin ¢ certain elon tt "With Ze Cn ert 199) here, things have changed. To pars pirate Marx rpsking of commaniam sth slton to the Fle ‘of history Barina has become virtal and brows bizslf to be Sock: he egucs hat bis crcl teary of smalain bas become noth ing les than the principe of reality” The wor has Become vital ndslan' theory i no longer trae, bt rea. What xe hen or ‘Baudela’s weings inthe age af irs eit machines? “The ies of smmlacrm wat 2 conceptual weapon aginst rei, ‘pit as bes sole, Nor that thas Been plage, lard, or ‘ae become commonplace (which sro bt hs no cnseqnenc), ‘but Decne simulars have been absorbed by realy which ha Swallored tem and which rr sow oni cad with al the theo Fe of rule And to cp i al smlacrs hae become rei! “Tada solace parent the continuation of the reales lara now hid, aot the tat, bt the fac thet there aoa, that tw ay the cotigaton of Nehingses. (Le rime art 6! Since simalition i 2" the dominant frm of eure, Baud ancep of sation, he thinks no longer fanctins as coup ‘Somer tauoodety be suggests that ory Qs owa) Oat relies iu no longer a theory (Radical Thoaght” 19). Uaympateic itis may Bid rk inthis veiiting ofthe Hegelian dlctc Sothesitng it inand fr ise wf of Mar’ comment boat ‘Napoleon I repeion as face. Baudeilan ttoocompetent = social therst ot tose the prob he iri ints goer igi If the cong of mason ow edad to mise desertion, ral ery and Ealipieament ‘course more generally male: We ive teh vance that ides ado the world that tance that kes a de tay an den What to do chen? What is thee {odo when sudlenly everything tthe ine, etal aera, and catastrophic model that you sugested (verything is the ‘model you gave beyend any hopes you hd because, ese 300 ‘never Gleed i cou go haf, there Joa would never hve tren able to erste) ‘Baudrilrd ergucs ta rime i esponsie forthe curses price ment, the perfet crime alluded 10 inthe tile of the book. This erie {isthe thet of rely by viru realiry Mach of Le Crime poo s+ snow brome the or of etre ak acing to Bala ‘The equa hat rally sat sad slong with po ert eg nd he mcr ht Sad an coegeat ren cr sok sins he hyper” ‘Wha te the fence Uewen Balas try f sma Son and val malty? For ne ee, J. Keg the fens be {een Baal’: concep ofthe hyperte antvrtal raly {Sis Whee the “hyper” sot by the ly of srs y+ Tare finn vit exert the “vital fers nage wih <5, mags which on an eter, epee, ad perhaps oe ip {sy wih sich an en interact (Keep 199) Te fleece em ‘Sted by Keap soe betwee oper per sa feck) and sn ace or nective snd ete tel aly (bas Ge-ampac choles) Thee moth thi apne ‘case Hadrilardder ot dei vir ay neti sty po ‘Slr chology but os ren sage techy i gnc To fat the one pce whee heal cis elmer pve VR tig the Englsh ase "body sialon” be oe ot mete thet8 “iru reaiy” (Le Crime pari 17) Lead we ave a Heeger lament With Vital Rei, and al of ts consequences we ae delir- cred ovr 10 the extzeme of techolgy, to techalogy 28 an exten ‘henomenon Gd. 56) Or agin in an allusion to MeLuban, ‘edellrd warns thatthe lope of techology as eension of tan ‘ied to the point whee i goes bond self and becomes “vital ity without in” All of thi sounds surprisingly like a l-Gshioned Inumanit' ening agrne the ev of techlogy. Indeed the et rakes of Basile flee wo theoriae VIR sis iby eng (ee sseeblges fran ed machine practices and sccont fr thr ‘icra alintnos Instead Bandrlard sth unconscious edi {at/tbeort of the sein scree, imposing tht vison upon cre ‘Sei tecaogcs t maybe tat the conser overtones in the po {heal implicsons he devwe fom the new oder of viral reli Par Two of Le Cine prt drive from his Eure wo cme eps tit the now lel af man-machne iain rpresened espe Ely ty ce “vroncommanita” of the fmerne nd UR weno ‘Cita! reectio spon new technologies murs ne exploration. of the dems of the computer and some experince with the comm ‘istne patterns ifr One ends odo more than exit ep ‘Vitesa metaphor one mast oo sly tits forms, One nest i fereatnte between the TY screen and the computer screen. Sach re ‘ear often ite ropgestive moda that bin co came to grips with ‘itu cies wee ond with Forint Ke He = {ges cmpelingy tat viral sity ecologies equ and put orth = "The now cholo of Wu reality ste {he Kind of phenomena tat foreground pater and randomness and take precene snd zene seem lean (Haye 72), The sit Sa the cat ofthe body in cybernetic echadogies, Hayes sages eorgnies the ld of soll od the eeparisone my deploy 0 ‘ert itlghle, Another example fs course on VR that epesis {ots pecaliaefexures fe Mari>-Lare Ryan's nage ofthe relation of fieton sad nen wecholopes If VE dinguisbed by the immersion tthe india inte compster-geerzed pace, oes not the noel ase ‘rine the ede into anther wi ua word? Rran sors hough th een rein tv tela of Sot meron and ines {fy to sny beng within 4 word bar abo acing upon to change "Though se te cata of cea features of the new technolo ‘Ben sa a the limit impoced by the camper code upon the VR ‘lperienn inthe en she reogines important ferences betwee ix (Suture snd VR aswell between difereat applications of VR isl ‘She conclaes, The most immersive forms af extol interactviy ae deere hae in which the user's contribs ther than perform Inga creat though « diegetc (hey deserve) ase of lnguage, ‘unt as dope ad ie interaction with aher members of the Be tonal worl” VR eae, inded requis, the india to pipe In conmracting the ward s/he experieacs it rendering distin from resdings ned tet As with Hayes, Ryn's anlisof VIR begins tooerte the petty of the experience in tems that ae nt been to fae pts or print mods of cultural practice Binet eapese 19 VR, by cost, i invent a now kind of discourse, det radial hoon ner to mina is star ffom i to prsrve hs place in fats abeed of VR, in abort 0 repestthe pore ofthe evant gure The problem he ses with “ti Gal chought” sta i tees «sence in opostion othe rea, etng ‘pa dacs of negation. Bu the velit is strctured in that wy that the gure of opposition send mle. Aran aerate ‘Bands offers radial cought as “the putting int pay of thi sorid, the material and imimanco illson of this so-aled “el (re ic is nonce, pon-daetieal ouge” Racial Though.” ‘ot paginatel). Thinking fr hi woul be 2 nan-pposional aerity (othe veal ee tha, rough its dference fom the ral, exposes, smock dealin ‘Bandra takes language as his model for ends thought language” he wie sounding very moch the potstrctrlist ore Dede, "an Mason nts ery movement. Keres this en timation of cpsnes or nothingness athe very core of what 5, fie mall mtr = decnatracton of wat iin” (id). The insubstancity of language allo itt escape the “evil transparency” of there, ts loge of enti fle and perform {Bey Sas postion wool etre he werd alin ther than ‘aL Alain, the world tales many forms, sang them the rel ‘ality of today the “spocalypeof sult.” ‘Against ices Badellrd denis tha radial thought sii. Refsing wo defend intel he sil insists that". ..we have to She spins cares of uneality lek of responsi, aii, and e- ‘sic Radics thought i ever depresing” (Le Crime perf). His ‘pyc urogeous pronouncement suc ab “What te you sing (Erte rfp" ov “Th Gulf War id no tae poce™ ae pot exo ‘eyed reo but a sr of desert playfulness inthe face of treme phenomena. Radical ought not ret decipher or dcr the world but sands wme in oc and rnieeneneiatione of Tangunge. Buri not language tel king on em frm in thee ‘ire reality ad cyberspace? Can one ret with «sel syed deantrative stance when the material infrtrcture of he sin i being s0 ‘rasta econtgred? Baudrillard vrtalrealy as ne tales ito count, With enough gor and serosnes, the cndton of the body, ‘he materi tbe tee. Though be al for 4 “aa strategy” of the ‘ect this objec i wichoue substance, depth, rntance no that there fanfgured cual mold of the mode tnfraton resin in 2 distant, thretening hin of America, the desert, In the end his word of ttalzed simulation remains limited by the smd of simulation, Simultions rely wpm thir ference rm ee ‘Satons If slain refute the gia epreentation i im ‘tact subject, pie object they main the hnguiti ably ‘of represeaations Simulations are ooerent ets of meanings, ve if they ae detached fom refereats and precede tbr objects. os Het level sialon like map othir-ee insole the tevied ‘Gulf Wa hs calral form resins fed mea of eaige TV Sows sad theme perks rpaize «cara world that the inal ‘onmumes. What distinguishes VE om smalation ir transforma Sonal srutare: subjects and objects iteratively ames can ‘erat cultural space and eens. They 6 s not the pee sat Inge of the frst medi ge but in te informational loge of ptera/ ose ofthe secnd media age. The curl spac of VR Sno preceded ‘bythe ode insinuations but continu fneted and en sted through the mata! parameters of the media spperatun As ‘ervlage and elmer lve conrroct, VR disombobulee eit ‘ral and soil arms in oder orenmbine them new cnet Tin, ee nt wahau its oem costaint bt with costs that te peculiar ond immune fom compen by merit enpin| Derrida’s Ghose In Spares of Mare Derrida engages the ise of vet elit con- ecting it wth the geeral question of pais, he medi, and thee ‘erpreaon He Set shows how the vil te sopleent tthe rel What ra ghost’ Whats he cffescty othe ree of pete, “hati of what ems to remain as ineffective, iswbstatalas 2 Simlacrun?” (Speers f Mare to). Deoastrctve nals wil show ‘hat theta een the el hat hats” ut he al roe tc ofthe el in the forme of the eb othe pst sd the prin a justice inthe fur: Derrida ennoances a theney of “hantlogy” to Indie the inition ofthe viral in the el sd ecare the oan dicn of « “new internacional” to promote the aims of is promise, to sustain the alerity of justice again thoe who prc the “good st news” ofan uncontested eran, foster the seco messin of the vital agains the ie ofthe fl presence of Semocracy. 1 vital rey is always already scribed ip the vet, enerog hist foros a "time oo of jing” sesiting the tenrpareny ofthe rel, iis a, fr Derrida,» parla eigeacy of oar age Today i= taal resi tke che form ofthe mein snd technology more gener= ally Deed pass Marr's Commas Mast fort cue on 8 ‘ore: "No text inthe tation seems a lcd conceraing the wey in ‘hich the poll beaming worldwide, concering the red iy ofthe echnical and Use medi inthe caren ofthe tot thinking ought.” (23). Spc of Mars conse atime the coals ‘fnew iat comprehension ofthe present age “The ana ‘pubic space today be writes, mus ake into anu 80 many se Und tet, the new sped of eparition ofthe simular the thetic or prosthetic age, and the viral vm, cyberspace sd su seilane the conta, appropriation and Speco that dey py tour: aF powers” (gg) Or apuin the li of the goa” “pons towards thinking of he cer” sais “demonstrsedfodsy bette then (er by the fantastic, ghost ‘sata pret) itu app ings inthe seaic domain and therefore the dona ofthe techno ‘mea and therfore the pubic or poll dona (63), And aa, ‘Western democracy “is cursed with mo ad tare diel in 2 ic pce profornly upc by tech. tie-medi pert ad by ew shythis of nfermaton and cammnication, by the device od the ‘peed of fres represented by the ter, bet lo and conseecaty by th new modes of ppropraon thy att work, by the new trecare othe event ad of pectraiy da thy prada” (9). Te speed of ‘he mein, heir pervasiveness, roducs, Derids conten, coniion isa! hypothesis” relevant only to an age of computers fr example (46s). As he term “iteration” suet, given tecnoly maybe fe ‘ployed esenhere, by an ther sad thawte “poets its pry to sllscenes of techni medi, and ofah- On the ther side, Derrida, sme tonal words f novel Rather he al fr new cencpt tht2 are more refined than those we preset ave, concepts that wool ‘pec the differen sractures of vital ely the dierent forms of ‘Ring in each chological spartue He writes the deel ‘Eloyment of ten of techno ence o wle-techlos . oliges ‘Store than err to think the wtalizton of space and time the ‘posability of ial evens whose movement and speed prohibit ue "Boe than eer (moe and ocherwise tan te, fa hiss ot secu {od heoaghly new) fom oppreing presence tts erection, eal ‘lo deferred tm ffertty sacra, tevin othe ‘ow lvigs inset, iving toe ving dodo hosts Te ies {Sto thi, fom thers another space fr demacacy” (16) Unite ‘andl, Derrida setses the ned to accaane fo ferent mates alter of the medi, or th wasn which the hosts of tevin src= ture sje difeaty Gm the virus of emapute ser, or the way which Internet communities ar diffrent frm helmet-end- ve computer pneated wor Ar in sear work, Devt i= {fete co the ace and to material maniestions "But Deri doesnot provide the conceps needed forthe ana of ‘the new technsogs, an it scan f "che virion of epace inte” tend to presers the sop’ ate forthe general oer the culfral sna penchnt fo the particular Fer instance, js fer Insnting pen decoction’ acta, ti sno mere “eiqee tf cote” bs pose itervetna, sablshing new istiuoas (ds istereaconal sat new storie (for he arly ofthe spectral Af ofthe media, Deri warns tha his al nothing new thar here ‘ills be the need for aw concepts, fr “ota restactrtion” {i6s) Te qestons tet remain then ae thew Can amily ae the nat tp and bia to specify the criteria by which these new co0- ‘pte would be eve? And even further: Can it specify which re {he pertinent domain materiality hat can be diferente ad ana- Ipeed in tee eect? Insead of ths iiaie Deri proves Strings of hyphenated terme “te technology” or “echno-scetiico- ‘conomic-media” (7) tat vaguely point n'a ietion without eu hg the ia ela any parvelar econ, “There at laut one place, however, where Deri hs begun an amass of the “ce tecolgia?™ ie cent esa "Archive Fever A Freudian Inpresng” (rg), Here Detida does more than tame the ‘hencnenon or point to He species ts characteristics and deter fining features If an achive sa necessary supplement of discourse, at ‘Dera argues ts sere Srm tebe! eel, determines sof Fett sachin, aby to peserefformain both in Hie td in ene Eictromic databaues, be surmise, would fave changed the 3 ‘reodian momen: by de bite inthis ear lone. Secondly the clecuoni rive ko determine mat can be preserved: the tei Strotue of "he acing arctve so Secermines the recta of the ‘Sekai comets.” (Archive Fever” 17). Water canbe i {aed canbe sored. For example, ado rere ideaape of meting the Payceaale Socey abd of sstions with cents might be a= ‘hve. Ie pariular Deda meta ctr ah with its ato ‘mate archiving fonction, changes stored memory is particular fr up sachs pychoaa_ets bene of hel exeaie correspondence ‘Bh mre than any ofthese features, the impat of tlc ‘mor exgetin fr ransformaion of wit Doria calls the pi tad the pate Ie his words Selectric mal wd and even mare han the fx onthe yf transforming the ete pic nd pia space of ‘munity, and frst of al the Kimi between the private, the see (Po ‘ate or pl) and the poco pense” 17). Dera doesnot caborate om iis srgestiv cm. Sul many bre observed this phe ‘momcooa and commented extensively upon it. Electronic swans fd compute: databases reduce if pot ere the dasa ofthe pie ‘Comptes eno alan in working wo eode the privacy ofthe moder a. Televi ln as Johan Meyronit argues, y fing su tre and its lesion inthe family ving room, transforms plc, Tormaloccasons end space into intimate, pate ones, The mad cm subject sense of excuse awareness of x wn thoughts ad {ncinatos, however much hiner onrrction sr Frames Barer shows, i resvoctured by ceezoni communistion sytem bo 2 ‘ender maga is priate, medio space. Tn these nays Derrida enumerate specie features of oe teletech- ology e-mail, a it profoundly affects the question ofthe archi “ec does se invent a ication of Fed andthe cay poy lye movement, when thre wae no -.Deae takes «caren "op of pest urgency and anroery and eviews chars aefn the presen bot in pathescal ine even an anachronistic ine or him, in discursive act which he els retrospective cece etion,” cal eld hee changed paychomnalsis But why transform e-mail ‘st oro cece tion inode to set up 2 topic of amas wen 1's in tll we foggy? Petape Deni requ hs ehcterca ove {in order to erin his untclog, in oer t0 enimate the show in reu' archiv with an anachronistic ekechonogs? Or perhaps cle ‘ecinelogy may enter deconstruction only indirect, hong the ten ral distance inserted by Derd's dour the temporal distance of retespecive since tion? This ming sient of e-mail od of ‘he teletechnaogial, displacing it Ge its moment of inception tado issemiaton, ccc while the liars athe Universi af Califo in, rvne ar aczumlating the maseie carpus of deconstrcton for Grae scanning ia a electronic ative In Specter of Mors Derrida daces an ample o's “tletechool- othe “vole” or "helo of the ghost in haespear’s “lic, Desa ie concerned to porty the maternity of the ghost through ts pra o ernescentvisbilty hows refit the xp 2c ofthe “rea” ody eit the perception of ebctviy of he eey~ Soi Demat wend the how presente". the fre and ut sable vbiliny ofthe fvile "the tangible otangy Of 2 oper body witht flesh." (7) Ian erinary ghost vince sich eosin the vsbl then she belied hoe of lal’ fer, ith bis vitor preventing certain SdentScatin, plays worse Reve with ‘he rel and does 9 in another material regi the ghost with bene. "This te bene effec” oles Incomparable power” os bears “he oversee wahoat blag sen” of hiding "hisidenhy” (0) Burs he Danish king heer a “re” helmet? De ghosts wear metal ca hit beac aly simulans of metal? In Shakespear play odour his Likewise, Steve Savio ue explicly eine “World Wide Web browsers tur the Interne eto what Deleuze nd Guat ell modh or rite spor 3 space of “sen fered oats nie networks of astm in wich omemnicn- ion ras fe ny nego to ny eer, he ems or cues do Int press, zd ll indivi are interchangeable, defined aly ‘by tbe sa at given moment.” (*=2P) ‘Sharro deserves Interact, and in particular, networied vital rei ‘Sey aa reli of Focal’ beterepas: metastable and dyraie eherpucs or pacer of eterna” forged by shifig sbjecini- tie" and “nomadic diplacomears” (13 Pavel) Phe esl ofthis ‘rae of Delesean language, parislary among various hypertext ‘ers as been a attempt cet rom hese sth Spurton = ‘gece in wick “they” beoames an actu: Gearge Lando, fr ‘Sook, comment tat hypertet provides an "alsstembarasingl i= ‘al enbodiment™ of Teeary theory (4). He writes Critical theory promises to theorize hypertext and byperert Promises to cnbody and thereby tex aspect of thers arcu FERy those concerning wetsliny nae, and terol or feDc- Sons of ede and wre (3) Unlike the wpe desire to reste body pli in sited space, hit snot space ee crestes an ambient fr opeaness and fom. In {he sme manacr tat svating metaphors substantiate oposreny of ‘Soca, ths spatial eabodimnet (a “body wthow organ") poe 1 troud that abeatats a tpogrphy of disrbation "Given the “uitance berwees these to Stil figurations, should ‘bo sure that they often appear as Opposing terms to bean. From “wahin’ 2 StatestsedToporapy,nomad/anoat Space 8P- pens ass dangerous none, in need of contanment. References fo Fron mace wan sree topegapice refer wo su wil “oe nk or a» fir meting for sets sn poners Servis has CompeSere and America Oaline, fr empl, provide Intret {cose beyond the caine of thir lsd, reultd domain, bat pre- ent thie “been” ar am s-four-owo-ik widens: that ‘which is ‘use of community Mach ofthe cacern over pornography ot In ‘ret drum ce sila linguage to socne“uncoaaed® sd “ut«6 ‘equltd” with “dangerous” and “obscene” Gary Be ofthe Family Research Council, fr empl, eve images of «peril “open” ‘berspace when calling for legion that would “ciminte yer space’ asa safe haven fo pornographers.. yeinaliing eo seenity oo the Internet” ("Sente). Camere “within” amok 1. Dowraphies srton appears a reiane tothe “natural™ smooth space Rabert Advan, for example describes the “informe ‘ion Supehighy” aa restrictive and vegulatary constrict sd ontop ofa more open aed erignatve “eyberpae” Cyerspace tas no highs or interchanges or evn eto, tis Justa ys univers of connections ins midimeninsl at ri. ‘You cn gt ot in cyberspace... Cyberpuce i init, charic tnd sear, while Mr. Gore's Superhighway is Git, linear, tnd ‘ry Gaara as to ssburb Areicne ‘The sesmptions of «smooth topography ply that strata visltes the “nature” af the mediom: tat infra, Borrow Job Pe ‘avlow's pe, "wants to be fee” (Sham “e2 BP). Ae sooth topography, ebespece is “onphascaly nn inst anden-eal e referred modes f aration would ikeendytrelve distributed, ‘multi, emergence, xo open-edednes” (emphasis mins, Now, “Transrittng"- In thie Bid topgrapy computer medated coe sation i sbout che fla of ifort and en; replied i- tion amount to strangulation of ta ow ands desth af the meu. chee two competing tpograpics were simply eonfictng gure: of spsch ten the problem berween them would snout to thing ‘oor than a mater of mined meaphors Quite the contre howe, 5 topogapin, de deseripios of Internet crete and reveal pe ii mech nthe way that tpogrphis in peer fnction por Imtie speech acts (Mile 4-3) By ealing 2 wraal topograghy 3 pt formative speach at, Iam dininguihing between in At pes, “ding something rather than simpy saying something" wth words (esformatie” 23). Deere and Guatart carry this point farther by describing these performative (ot “Hlcatonry”) ats a “order ‘word utteranes tnt aang and order (in bth sense) the world (G8) These ets are immanent and itera to the expression, 9 hey ve + asformaie porer (Austin illoeonay fore) on “bad Jes"—tha which occupies space and nein the world. These at re ‘herfore“inorperel wsnsformations” inthe seme tit the at te ‘witout bodies themes, yet des ansfrmation oar on bodies ‘he workin werking trough his deinion of performative and illo o cinary a, atin makes post of emplsizng the importance of ‘oontet thet wil Bot acknowledge and provide referece forthe “sro” ofan crane a ilar, Dene and Guat stress ‘he context “pragmatic implications” of these sce. Tey Seine hie social apt (he entext tha ives thse order. words fore) a eal Teeve aneblage of enunciation”: "the tof al inarprea anor tin caren given suit and ated othe bie ofthat 8o- (Shy Go), These variable enunciation, gen force by » pragmatic tonter,orr and determine subjective apd elton, te thus ae ‘wor ames of the “pragmatic implctons” of these terns ot ‘ery thie “gna” (8). simplest language, then, thew cur within tat sace~apd the more Lied the conditions of pos- Wii. A determine arated topography, then, is ecient in capa ing smooth space and tisforing tint + made within is Yeime Far example, inorder to mai ts Stat-rkted ARPANET, the Degartnene of Defense ad to find 2 meas of sllestng no goers ‘mental ammunition (mostly cussions aout sence fiction and = tert fatay umes) wikia the fanction of ts Advanced Resear Proce Agency (ARPA) tether than siting down communication, AARPANET adadairstore permitted (captor) thi oxy sxing = 4 mode within larger sjtem of productivity (Rheingol 179-80). Frances Mintel sytem poids 2 similar example of how a sited topography ale space inte determined reetons. Franc’ inital lan {ortho mor ages infrtonwiy” fav the extent he the French cizenr were fly uninterested inthe flormaton sits oF fer by the goverment (Ringold 1)-Ta ft, the popular ofthe system in France came about only a a esl fa “ack” to thes ‘an dat slowed unauthorized wer-to-orrcommniction (Ringed 27-28), The State moved to capture this snoath flo by legit8 ing” this featre on Mintel usage sarged, ba apnn in unseen dire- ‘ons—Minitltecame 2 popular forum for on-line seal eases nd etre renders Daring tht Est annie sel in pope [Eri the Mintel eytom wa overeled bythe vl of cman catons—at one pint t the lvl of cating the seen (Rheigeld 230). The esters ms fling no though overestctin, bo hgh ‘he unregulated (south) Sow of inforaion hat could noe be bot fito a dererminale reli i a srited rte. Lik the ARPA ad ‘ininratrs, bower, Mintel sessed ora stem when eared Iw to allots thee communication under the fenton of mags es, oe sezual prt a larger, prota Sete ron bay! ‘While these “histor” examples provide « compelling acount of ‘State-ased sation, pechap the most common and cers sans by ‘which stated vital topography fonctions a a rep” i by se {lag up determine retin of interconnected sts, This alletion of space (architectural nd otherwise) what Michal Menser describe 1 the “orguing” prin ofthe Stare (29s. Thi principle Sines ‘jherspace nan iterdependeat whale (or body), while a the tame time ‘seblsing inva tes as organ or terminal pins. On mere, these orga often appear a architect! eis o more eter it ‘ual cites” in tat points af entry and exit delim thei seocrre For Ve a5 wel a Deleuze and Guat, these tem fonctions boy's transformation of the world into 2 cty” (Deca and Osta 212) Cones om Ineret Satin transforms the (rial cyto ‘weld The cy apnea the erated space pr exclence” to the ‘eat htt functions a einite/ ened site (Delos and Gata ‘81. Willizm Michels City of Bis, for expe, rears repeatedly to {he determine relation of he ciy” asa metaphor fr viel allcative Sructures A good portion of hi took describes the varios frm hs ‘nw city can take—em spite artoloal depictions of infor o ill msn its codon o possibilty (Michel 3). The lloctiv e- fine of the cg, real or vet, depends on this ga-zation of fe aint mode or dart oeions “Strom, Delane and Oustari note, eanforms terior into “tund” wich site alloaton a property proper lace (40). Esther Dyson expres smilr vison of Internet when deacrbing ber space as el ete: intellectual, les rif enizonment con Strate ont of ln” (26). But wea dstbsive principles replace ‘Mle principles, land” detevtraline; the wrted ty pace ‘res ay foe math “eld,” wher inside and outside no loge de termine Fupton. In pace ofthe alloatiearttectare ofthe viral ‘Sry, one finds in smavdh cyberspece interactions determined by dis- ‘rite reltions su a in Lebbeus Woods's eamception of fee ‘paces: seres of interior landscapes joined only by the eect i Hrumenation of spee-aFight communications, i crer-changing {ntersctions wich ne another and with a commit of insbitats re ‘tel only thruph the ragsier of log” (286). Wood’ desc tion of a acter of peopl, machines, and e-word structures spl (ut beyond the crpetes sree. This cyberspace tray “viral” in ‘he Dleuza sense an indeterminate “brrarchierare™ tht changes wh the prtpens who interact withthe spooe™ 1 frees, bat ot i the airy of archicetura nd so- al norms the fessurnce of comely stable authori and of editabycrtainy, andthe roatininton of behaior What x fine is ot an aver to the perpetual quinn of space, but Simply» cer azlation of ts potential Prom this creything tie om. (Woods 29) Unite Mitel’ recombinant achitetur, with its metaphors for sllecaton of faction, the smooth space of what Marcos Novak calls “tigi archinctue™ determines «diferent condition of polity:‘eres tae part in an stsnlage governed by the semiotic regine of “the network" we “dese: an expanding, aeing ream of nected information (Landow 2). fn spare, [elvery ph defines am equly convincing and appropriate ced ing, and in that simple fet the reader rior to fhe test the “writing pce” anges aca A tex at eon has a0 ‘nivel senses a malipicywitno the inpostion ope ‘ipl of domination. (Bote 35) ‘When Werk Wie Web designers gant spy this hyprcstal a= terface tothe Imermet, the resol war oe aera tht alee ad few with each person sing ita docamere of workwide conee- ‘ons “The vars the palywoclity of diction” the Dae and Gusta asacit withthe rizome and smeath space equalydexribes the tpopr=pty of hyper: + “oaiod and ct delimited verable ‘srtorapy (82). Tn place of the “reltie global of the oierete ‘iy the Wold Wide Web's hypertext! keer 1 tome ol absolute (Dekesze ae Guatari 382. The “enflding” of each page ‘nto another bth creates and reveals «sco ope. The ine face encourages users to navigate this space primary By may of dic “ieowsing” fo lnk Kak, rather than moving from destiation to destino. “Homepages in ther werd fonction ke cheer homes hana pln of pssge in lpi ‘While hypertext appiaions like web browses are capable of sb- ‘ssntting# eneoh ace in which ach "web page” serves 4 relay ‘pase, siting applications sch se e-mail fp and elet create tnd reed» cfberspacrof defn sits and pis-t-peint contact. ta ‘ch of these appliations en adress serve demain fst fing place, oct ely with fp and telat in parca, arving® “alowed by logging “iat” the ste, cling t od apain Mich notion of inhabit in a vireal cy. Unite the tizomate stro ture that Shairo and eters Sad inthe hyperental unfolding the WWW, these sisting apts stop vr tpography that {is notcebly ergan-ined; mae sa, chis space tends toward harchy (er “arborestene"). Online service “chatrooms” prove pete the ‘most wellknown example ofthe hierchicalonanization of spe, in ‘hich discussion topics become discreet tp” Ags, thin alls ‘ie organiation of space tends toward the image ofthe walle iy ‘wich Soom serving a arcteraral wie within large regaled em, Pecaps the current eriene ofthis sor of string aplication are the “exe Based ritual rates” Known as Mal User Domains n (MUDs) or MOOs (MUD, Object-vested). Like “cutroom” on ‘AOL and CompuSerse, MOO “community” bess with parr’ based logon: passage trough the cyber gates 500 speak Bat -MOOs carry thi atin «step further toward becoming alae thle word by encouraging users to "esh this wopograby by pr viding written desenpion of themseles (or rathey thee “ple bec”) her rors sb he Yarows pasesons. Furthermore, the ‘plication smaates ace By asking users to itrsct wih eachother ‘wthinexplcereferece naciectrl entrance nd exit well ‘arabic “aya” Ta« MOO joer presence express sen terme ‘of pronimiry eke layers within this “viral space” In ct, ples literal inhabit rooms in he MOO, 2 player-objet sae “inside” the |MOO,wuiing fr is payer /aer to lg on and “seen” All 3 tions occur witia this coed, dened sytem of the MOO “se «whae™ (@-ejbersty), and witha the stars of « Wrtchicalarangemest ‘ot permissions, While the noon of “tex ed ite resi” may Sem Uzer to many intr of orpanition of opce tis sper ‘Non substanties an allocative topography that no diferent rm the ‘highly lel viral word deserbe nthe White Hove's Agenda fr ‘Action enacts what Roland Barthes cals the popular and ag ld Image of the pre inability of reaty” by cresting “med!” ‘el in which we can ve or vital nes (24) The goal ofthe ‘lesion, then, ino to each + nomad ow of er and informa tion; quite the opps, this sriting ser intefece sme a resting # abl nba word ‘Coberspace, then, reveals itself quite diferenty depending on thee one is “in” + MOO ox “bowsing” through menses In both nance, we iceriesFunton at part af epi of sgn which, a the level ofthe user, determines cJbrspace Inthe mime may tit ‘rd Wide Web rome tempt to “vein” leat aed male vida page subordinated tothe pate they determine the av ‘nal space of the MOO determiner» diferent sore of space, one in ‘which “pong” comes fr kes portant than “rvng™ sd coming {0 rest (Deleuze and Gastar 380). This preity expres singular ‘Ses and turns dem into modes or parts ofthe sens own gen ing principle Since te MOO mus mantain te herarch erature of bude progmmer and wizard in onder on, on mt ec che asin which codeevelBirarchie of sila appicions ‘ill ewataly undermine the most pian deems fer eplarian = ‘espace. Although this image of tahoe cyberspace piesa sorts of opportunities for exploring ently ad in paras, the sumptions that lad to our understanding of body, presence, andfined" not challenge or deals asumptons In the sme way tht the gaviational spe of the MOO tends reorpnie darupia ino frown sytem, one would expec find in ftooth space eadeney eo eocourape what Deleuze and Gusta o- Serene proces of deterrisaton As George Lando note tht [ypeeeul decerebae a0 centro pray te ene “exis oly 1S me of eranezcence” (0), Ineead of tans or organ, the exDe Fence of sooth space oe of "mmping” « mation trol one pt om tthe sexe (Novak, *TrensUrtan”). Community, there ould rseable « nomadic band or pack, in contest to opanined Structures lke family or ckizeary (Deleuze and Guattr 35-36 ‘Kutlen Burnet fr euler te caren rien sender ome ike Shovro are usted in conrasing the te hierarchy of tpi fopt-taed commie the thizmatic ammanity of weap i ‘Thich » proliferation of conection ean lead to dectered commen ‘son, sef-plishing andthe breakdown of extal hear. Uae Striated comity’ elt legate teh the smoath nomad o- iy Sees el by is dy and ie mtataestrctar ‘Bu as Docu and Goatar point ou atthe end of A Thasend ‘Puasa, “never belie that + month space Wil safc to sve ws” (Goo) Barnet jeription of schla’sthzome," alongwith me ‘Sees oe isons fs erat beretic pace tht eats "ope theory, provide in many mayan equally dcerminate regime of sis In the sme way tht the senotie machin of strated topography mst ential tempt to bring sigan the grvatinal pl of {he'Sta, saci topograpies must continually move wo oreow all emptso ne the eld “producti” A tly eizomstic space ea for fl ino terri orenzatns of information sch a, 0 the Sicha rhizome” ae an earl, per-evewed jourzal AC its Soothes, then, oe sald not even lk “ina 0 ane” ra of {nfo since nomadic detritralzaton wal! ee any atempt to etc the “produto” at mode from the general flow of inals B {fom point we pint. A dermal moat, therefor, ys its orn Sert of death sentence an “aunt” Hight eer amy rom theres (rwanda (Deleue snd Gusta 130) While te peta tinal sac «determined striated wpopraphy funciona 2 "black hole” + determined mort topography preseas is own inescapable space: formless, bank wall upon which nothing con be writen (Deseue and Gata 1658), Inher pography, then, + problen emerges to the extent that cy ‘espace comes determined 5 Bing one topography or the the Ia ‘ead, one ds these competing auemblogr of eruncition eeing ‘nd revealing mised topographic" Any aceon of computer ened amma that sro engages the conception of “bernie.” ‘hen, woul ave to cme to ers with the nixing of thes to pO ‘aphies. This rin of computer medined commanicting ecu a ‘akin Bay's scant of “the Ne” andthe Wed" in wich pia, ‘mac sath spac omsnelyerupes frm within he iad pce loge grerament sod sic str te Mandela po nea ien within the map (112), Lilewig the condita of os silty determined ty # smooch repime ae aot immune co striting forces Martin Roseoberg.co-dsignr of the RHIZOME wring p= lian, aos tetera the aparently “smooth” mule, non lner linkages of perc cannot escape fram the siting "yeomeri ‘ological east” underlying its hima appearances (987) Ac 2 Alleque Stone notes, een at Leary engis in Nawomacr, “berspace” inves tht inte becween the "gid of information set ot in Caen spe snd the “soothing” nomad efecto he acer “cowboys” who roam this space (Benet 104)" Unite de scspions of cyberpace that ake partin eterned south or sted Topimes cack ofthese approaches foregrounds s ruc ape ia he ‘da emp, bers revere cme Sewage pe {2t"hre goa may fe pee 1: Alboagh he pine of ge” ne he intr, Due and Gat ‘Str th ihr soon or aed spe ein ale ey ‘ed, evo sce consul bing treed to 2 fed space, sated pce i constantly being feed, eared 99 eth see” 1s: Remo ine enone scents oth the ate detec ‘ergucearsgen ture nel the ined watere hse ut ‘Stns Agpesnceel yin 995th wed eit oie ee ‘run Wel sod moe ever he WWW a spent ery {rath ce. Dung the ame pv, borer, Nesape was a {ng vein 2 trap, cling a) soso ad i (Surming all rena 2 pom) se ‘Dyan, Estes “If Yu Dent Lve fe Leet New York Time Maine 16 "bir ns Gaar Fx “Regimes, Pay, Subj” Inari, New ek “Ze ps 6-3 Lantos Gere Hypo Bair: Johs Hokie UE, 952. Mew, Brin i Cae Co on Shp, Cnt Mee, Sb, “Beaming Hea: On Teche! Thess, Mine ‘Scecy n the Prod of Space” Than ond Cp, Now ek Rote, 1ph 29-6. le Hii: pep Stein: Saft UF, 995. ‘Mc, Will Cryo Bie Cambridge MIT R938 “Moreau D*Grltera” Ea snd ep Mah Nene 9, ep wre peace ~none/é3 em Newt, Marae “Tanai Arcstue: The Tenspys Cy™ “CTiEORY (093). ep renccrycom/ay-ranitse_e —asestie Spm Aer Mao Rees” CTY Inep/ renctherycm/qsrecrian_ptnion ke [Racial Hoard. Tae Viral Cm Reading MAL Ain WesCyberspace, Virtuality, and the Text Marie-Laure Ryan ‘As computes tek oer ou lie, two word invaded oor voosbalery: ‘yecreace” a “vital” Theft ea rsh neon, coined at ftw venerable rus) by 2 Since Scion weiter: Willa Gita in [Nearmonar ‘Te sscood caries the prestige and load of « philasophi- ‘altrtion dating back othe Middle Ages Yt despite the skins ‘lent eign, "eyberspace” and vital lve come to be ant Snterchangeaie, especialy if “viru” is appended to “elt.” To the ‘popula iaginaton, compaters take or ito cyberpace, sad cyber Epuce a vital elit The language indamcnai may objec to he ‘Sra ignge ta has ed to he comergeace foil dict Sigifer Butte stra of the imepnation, of cure, ed of ideas ‘ould Ga a nrguing el of invetpton in the powefal magnet [Bm these strange atractors Inthe preset ey [propose explore {he nes of Mo that ave been aocied with eyberapce ad Ied 0 [neering with vial ality. For hs purpose, [wl disngash VR {the technology) fom vital rae (reons ofthe imaginsion) aod fom he piosopbial ance af viral. My prose i ying to unravel thee threads threo give an overview ofthe ints thal limite that favre the emergence ofthe forms of tera dis ‘ed in ths wee, o preven the asocaton of VR and epbepace ‘fom being taken fr granted, nd to pin = beter understanding of the sSqiierne ofthe concept of vitality fr theories of eu "Phe enangent of sberapice with rial reaity tok pace i saris forms of discourse: Hirata, technological specltion, and mast media. Aeris exlebrated debut in Wiliam Gibson's Nare- n wv mene (961) cybermpace sewed a the inspira forthe abel of {trary movement (Cyterpen- A few jars ler became a ekotv in the prophecies of developers of computer technology and thers ‘teomputer clu. By the mi-aneies war sly established in popes: mei, advertement, aed commen parlance, and yb” wat ‘its way to becoming a andard Engi pes (bec, cyber ‘Gt yteses,eyberpua), Trough these mccessie recess tions the conetatons ofthe tem ave swang frm sop to willy ‘wopian oan ambiguus blend of fear and cxcement. This isa rear {ME carer fora word howe referent is seer «palpable thing oF {cetie or pope cncepe, nor even ¢techolgy—a word vic sn i fact wo have been delierstely crested to bing spare {othe non-relatives of Lnguage favored bythe later yds ‘ples of Swamare. As Willa Gilson wets ea jar aftr coining the ‘word: Assembled won pepe em spall agg veil vale o- nent of language. Nelo spsm the primal st of pop poet rrceded any concep whatever Slick and hallow--aniiog ceed ‘meaning’ (Academy Lexie” 27). Bon without meaning. cyberspace ia born witout execs Frc of cura tain, the empry vse! of ‘the nelogiem i pre potent, Pom is very binning. cyberspace ‘bodies the viral. "When cyberspace ctr iterators onthe thir page af Newman, TRssonbly presie: the fonction of at. Lhe cy Tights, ceding” (53) ‘hie deinton of the marx es together two themes the ea of 2 srori-spanning compoter network fencGuning as mewing place fo0 Wilions of ses spared by psa space; and he ide of being im rmered in graphic display projected by computer dst One ex regres the Interns the ther VR teclogy A sytal xpeince [igh charged with ert (the metaphor ofthe mntrix sed dsr orgams daring real-world love making), Gibeo’s cyberspace ‘eae the Plata dream of «elit fll sre tothe ind be ‘ae bodies and ther “neat” ae recente by te computer a inceli= file patterns of information. The user “ecked” ino eybespuce ic {asides “se af ilormavon” experienced not at information shea Snething (che real word) Duta the ery teste of «medal reality. his hype, the ming vaces fulineat ina ste of total Knowledge: Adhere things could be counted each oe. He knew the mumber of sane of ead inthe coortrct ofthe ach a mumber coded in {mathematical stem that ested nowhere ots theming thet ‘ess Nearomener [an A ssim)). He Eno the samo of Jel low fond pecker inthe cares the bunk our ded nd seve). He knew th numberof bass tcc in the ef a of the ‘pen zipper ofthe sal-casted ether cet ht Linds Loe wore ‘she todged slong the sunset beach. (238) Despite ix mystic! overtones, home, he cpberyace experience of Gir’ ction mains clouded by dystopc contains. The mati {sls + syce of savation than an escape fom a word made unlit thle ytchnoogx. When the natural worl pyar ender the citer fof madesmaie abject is virally 0 odors in Neromanc) ‘when erga fe des ou (homes have lng anise), when paca spacer compartments tothe pin fering o betas room (Cam lie ta thereto inthe “cheap Hote), when ind ‘Vials are mere pas ia the market wars of Futhlessmukinaonal Caxpornons, sexta survival in «fight fran a wrk conqued and ‘nerd by techalogy into oe entre crested by ican only be T= aed sa pact wih the dev. cyberspace as Virtual Reaiy ‘The ambisity of Gitsnian cyberspace vanishes inthe ely nei, when the term is spropiated bythe speculative discourse of develop (promoters snd ter prophet of the eases VI teal. VR, {El be ended, an immersive snd iterative experience of ¢ ord generated by the computer It ces the ue ise dats sl, in thre dimensional space projected by digally encoded ifarmation. a1 “he ase neice wo he compte gated wai te wn dhs Cahanced thmagh sich proreie equfgment as hexl-nounted blag, datapees, and boc. La 1988, the creo of 4 software ‘aed Autos Choe the term “eyberspace™ to mare hie research ‘lon (bengal 1). The term not only soided the oxymoron of ‘lea vel ali seemed parity well suited to designate the “SRbstance” ef the thee dimensional space projected bythe eamputer: ‘sof information aber han ysis! tera. Te mame (or ick tame) of "gerspacetecinlogy” gave an enty to the prodacts of {EVR indy ad fecliaed thi aren. a 199 the at Conference on Cyberspace mas eld atthe Uniner- sity of Teas ct Anti The teat ofthe paper ogeter wi Sone ober ‘oye wrtes later, were pthered in sn iafactalvolune td Cer ‘joc it Sep. An interacpinary cock of Ia eas, el ‘ea dacoune loophical lectin, and entulr pronounennents, {he callin rte the marriage of cyberspace t virtual rely. The {allowing sample of opening sentencor—quated fam the papers by “Heim, lespbey, Tomas, sn sthropologi, Wena an engines, fad Meredith Brcen, an eneator—tould gine te eader an Sea of the mandatory but rater vague character of the association (all ais tine): "Wither envionment and sirasted worl, esr ‘Sa metaphysical lborstry toa fr examining oar ery sense of real” ( Heim, “Ero” gp) “The computer generated interactive ‘Sema envimament of ofa hes realy engaged the creative imagination of researchers fom various disciplines (Tomas 3). "Goer otal rr, rove us with «number of powefal tool (West 255) in tral mor, we are inside an eriron~ nent of purinformation that wean se, ear and touch... Chere Techelogy cpl the foneions ofthe computer wi human cape Ser aches 569). ‘Asmoch moe sabre dfn opens the contribution of the archi tect Mare Nome CCyherspa isa compe sailizdvimalraton ofl forme ‘enn pla normation processing Sst abner po- ‘ied oy preset ad fur commento networks eoabing Tall copracnce and interaction of muliple ust, allowing n= ‘put and ep from anf he fl amen sensor, perning ‘Smuts ore and vroalreaves roma dats clletion and ntl tough telepresence, snd tual storaton and intercom asian th ell range of ieligentprodots ad enioa- ‘meni eal pace (25),2 (Get? Novak sis 253) that his denon coestenstes six frat ‘berspace: Gitenian, Harlin (fom Joh Perry Bal, it Ee ‘he Grateful Dead nb ofes thi formal: “eyberpace where you se when you areon the eephone” [x8], VR, simulation, teepresee, tnd inaking rely » cyberspace” Le, re-word wes of computer ‘mulation. The deiton wou bea case tread the itd on ‘ponents were proated a the dere apptions of comping power nd ota the faces ofa gobal experience. Let's replace “cyberspace |S" with “compotes can do these things” and we wl relied he texitry of eyoanpuce cones nothing es than all recent, te oF electron spas (rea ali). 8 8, Ronte lat clin ond ot trang erence VR stems op ‘etag on pally rezone object by manipulating ur gies ‘prevention. Thi technol form of Yoodo is exemple by pedicel weve VIL (9. Tal integration and interommication, Al the treads of ie, sowlae, and perience td together by computers. The deem of & global ineligene syutbesizng and linking all afrmato, Examples Gibson's matrix, Berg's Ag. a A fll age of let pads and eons in alsa. The ‘er of Al resourer so faite access to and muniplatin of ‘the daa stored in the system. Example: searching slgoritis for ‘the Internet mail sane and devices blocking acest conse maternle Far st ofthe contr, honeve, cyberspace mach more than «portantens term fr appliesone of cron ecology Tis fre ‘ee ctaycr of desma Traeto isons dein, dhe cl GF Gjermars Fine Sep cllectve hllcnation of nlite ‘henson since thr suber is determined bythe imagination. Fur ‘hr down in Now's teat we real: "Cyberspace is poetry inhabited, land omit throagh two become 2 ea onthe Wil of x dean” (Gag), Nie Stenger an att and poet wing VE technology, chimes In: "Withoo eaggetion, cyberspace cxs be sen asthe new bom ci ble that will projet the imprint of out dseibodid sees on {he alls of exeiy” ()- nthe introduction to the ome, Misi! ‘Benedikt proposes posi mediation on the word thet explores its the ‘mati age ad imainative vale a fly ae Non’ deftones i techn interpretations. Inthe ne of seo rots, cyberspace copes: . Aseparte realty reminiscent ofthe aerate possible words of 5e- {tant logan the theoreti construct of peut pics ‘pale univer, created and susined by the wrk’ comp stad commaniatianlnes” (1). 2 A satan, cena dad ering othe posi of the Lnowa and asthe incabnor af rowley, “where nothing Iorgtten and et oeyting Senge” (7). 4: Ameer expanding errors whose fate ar continually pushed ‘eck bythe formad moet ofthe inguiig ead “es orion owes in every iin; rates larger, complies, ear ‘races and motes (2) 4A plas of eialtion trang speculation, and relentless actn= Snyithe dyamie of capital turned in spectacle: “money4 Aevingaitdcpilins in, cms, scomt ing” @) 4 Acommon marke of knowledge whee information fll ato ‘he peblic aman, ad intellect property dslve into an unre stricted exchange of eas “trying informational and impor ‘art the fe of indvdle wil be found for the taking in cpberspace” (2). (Benedikt als meotions the aernatie “oe focal” suggesting «ne form of inceletal capitalism) 6, Alslton tothe degradation ofthe enrirnmen inthe ral wor “Ghee fpr item. docatenting the ata eed rkenlandscpes redeeming them, sing them from the Gi ‘raging balldoces of the paper industry, om the sel snake of ‘trier and poe fc ruck fm ef umes snd logged ir- pees" G) 7. "Kn extension of our age-old capacity and need to vel in toa” (@) ising s0 many concious nnd sbeonsious, curly sane- ‘one and frien server i the pura of soother realy= reams drop induced hallucinations, myth, situa sod thea Anew art median, marking the let stage inthe development of ‘nting techologie: “the tablet become a page become tseeen ‘ecome # werd ial word” 3). rom Vit wo the Internet ‘The various interpctations propose by Benet enim the pobrias- tion ofthe Gibsoian concep of eyberspaceinm vital elit and netwerking component. At times eberpuce strikes the imagination a [in emnping space sn immersive sane, = ney haba ter times i conceptual! as dye event, «sick marc, 2 force to cat in ender tobe transported coewhere The VE theme invites plunging imo the depeh of eyberspece the necworking theme surfing ontop of a wave. In recent yeas the emphasis has clearly Svtched from te VR tothe networking thee: When the word beet {© spread imo common language, vr reality mas preived asthe hot now thing in electronic techalogy, “soon coming wo an seade ‘ew you" Compared Af, forme he most pbliczed eld om Iman nd, VI placed the human element x the center f the stage (Computers nee longer spore onthe werd frst ar pose as to help create a worl in an iterative weation wih 2B ‘an partner But for ll the plc hat ered ts advent, VB as Ss ott) has significant impact on our ily ives. Fe people hve ‘ez rinted ate oi-th-art plays, rock a whe ean be experienced STSIGGRAPH conference on he Wet Coto atthe Compute Mo eum in Boson. Medial and sieatifeapletions of VR techndlogy ‘se ot acento the gener public For hore interested, eleildoo~ iS i sl assay (an his being opin). The nb “etal realy” has ben attached t rome computer games sig gules 0 Fnmproe the i ens ofthe inal Gop ba these apoio ae {ary fn the interac, immerse enronment decribed Sn te ‘Vertue In shor, Vs not mich more scm o most of wn 1997 than imac in 991. As VR went ito + all, howee, telecom ‘lestons thmagh computer networks bepan fo inopalie the besd- Tine. The Interne rade smc gretrdiflerence in or Ties han the simslatel worl of VR techadlgy. This expsins why the med have made eherepace ino second same (aichnare? metaphor?) for the Interne. Seri tothe network are commenly veered ts “cjbersace se” ad ime spent online sine eespce Tn the language of the pees, berspce as become to the Internet what ‘olan ae to sens griddrs to otal layer, and nirods to bast fea! Jump ino cybcopace, get Ieee access" «radio sd rps us (Geant on 10/12/7998) Ba the Internet became the primary fe ‘atof eybenpce th term maiatsined te consotatonsinbered fram ite VR conection. Through thee connotations, the bel of “eyber space has caped the pub perception ofthe Interetexerens ‘ring the gobal eimlaton ofthe network fo «irae reality Tina sit sense, of couse, tere o reason to regard the Internet se VR gre. lt xin fer the exchange of information, ad this - ‘ange can ea way of doing the basins ofthe eal wold. Do we ee neo some oer reality when we se online seve to check the tok ‘market, bay or sl products find out the amount of ew sow =cut [Evite shi msn, brows the ctalogof sce remote ear rte ‘tex we med fr resench prone? Are we peng rls, building imaginary tes und pefortning onthe sage ofa fantasy wold wie ‘we echangeesmil for professional reasons? Adel thre ae ahr hes ofthe network than doing the rel mols butines: ering “nd forthe Fm of playing ume, comer wih srg eae {ng the on-line soap, isting the genuinely Getiooal words of the 2MOOs IF veal ely isan imaginary werd in which we pay 2 rol, here a cuales pockets of vital n the Internet. To the negation noied by the dicorne of mae medi, thee pocket ‘rete tpl oper the exe network. "The metaphor ofthe Internet x eyberspice replaces the ie of mo86 tie information wih the ides ofa mobile wer: the experience of using the Internet is not oe of retin data thro the teephne ines but lone offing transported tose functioning eho hear, nd moet lade af the dita In theo epme of the imap, leon ton wat conceived on the made! of epiatlar exchange: aa eyes onersation the voice traveled ovr the lines, ate leer traveled fon ler In the paradigm created by the eyberpace metaphor Troe nd elepone ute met na common viral pace. Ava“ beaut” tld Mark Dey: "One af the moet striking Tenures ofthe WELL (Whole Earth Locos Link). dat scaly res + feling of ‘place Fm staring atthe compte screen, But the long reall hat Pim in’ something; Pn same here’ Ee Vc, 7). (Orrline series and MOO designers dither best o pom the fal ing, by amin Ur sevies erooms cetoni cafes and Hypertext ‘Asan iapinary country nowhere to be found on the map (also noma as Cybern or Gyre), eyberpce presents several properie stantaneaus transportation (Kagem s teleporting) rather than being traversed point by poine Ue Cartesian space Iie not fit, but infinitely expands! claiming ateritory a en's en (Fr inetancs, by ‘creating «homepage on the Ne) dos soe diminish the sant of 7 ‘Denys sible odes Beng on py, eden rn all atin the pysel worl as Benditoberes, eyberspace ealy ‘ccs (Seoreally at east) "fom a barement in Vance bast in Prt-a-Princ, a bar in Kyoto laboratory on the Moon” (0). Siace itexpunds and chingescotnully it cannot be mapped. The path that took you fo a fscnating Internet site ane Gay ay be one the next day (aft, the ate el may be gone) In cyberspace es kne thei unity: a message seat drogh the Interne broken op tu pack ‘sand pr back tetera the ead of the trip afer each packs hs teared tough diferent rte, Rewttng te geography ofthe rel word, cyberspace akers pips distance ue ncted onthe aber ‘Ste of the plane maybe ese to reach than your ne oor mir [tis not consioous bur made of gp and ie a Names resin thie volume, i you ae mot connected to tbe Ne, Ju are at par of All inal the Ieternet and x metaporsal pacar the ose aprons tin of dhe psa ie whose centers ecyere ad Greuneence where: erry wae eps is homesite sth het of the sytem, {el shre na limit on ow fr the stem a each” “The seme of the viral natoe of the “ely” made accesible by the Imre iinceasied bythe wide te f the label of “viroa” rch a ‘loge wo sefer othe prodects ofthe software industry. This ws is doe tothe importance of the eoncept of viet in computer architec thre A compute wll be remembered, 2 machine able to eects eer of inmtrestions, or programs designed wo sae 2 vanity of pb Sem The decroni ruts that makeup the psa macibe ca fe cpnie sd eecte 4 very Limited repertory of isractins, known = imachine language. This makes programming avery tedious and cifi- Cal fs, The tak can be aad by using highe-lere anguages Irth wider sepeary of mare pore fstracins, suchas BASIC FC, snd amlating hea imo machine langage though = progr (eriten in machine lngunge) Enowa 2s compro interpreter Since the pineal machin nae to crate the commands of the higher Jere langue, the Cor BASIC programmer interacts with vital machine Ifthe liuage of levels al to difScu to hands the ross canbe repeated by creating lee language nd ranting it {ato the level's ngage thr io io dh amber of viral a ‘ner ha cam be Stacked upon the physical machine. At the op af the Stack we may find some dopa viru! machine that understands pon ‘stra languages. Th ides of virtual has ao been applied ome ‘ry management, time-sharing systems, and the problem of portability (aking 5 program run on diferent types of bard). Sil nate eof the conep of virtual refers othe versal of the compute [As machine, a computer at no intinsi fanction."Thoogh v= ‘pee bere om Seas orber of xing devs and an ‘Tevioy thes boomang a viualelaatr type, cod player, ‘Sorytlle, bys, teach, bolleeper of aivuer on vast at ter Oren, as VR suggest virtual wri nd living space. Tn a dole metonymic tenner, te term “vital” es been ex ‘coded fom the technical vocabulary of computer sie wo the tech ology developed by this scene an um he wchaology 0 any of ts (oe A mance conducted ea the MOO is commoniy decribed a2 2 ‘etal emance roup of people conected by the neti known a 2 ‘een community Chogh et fashiooed pen pals who never met in ‘ety would neve ave ben cll vrai in the pre-network- Ing dys), uniersies fering on-line courses are ital univers, anc palieal campaign contacted throgh 2 ome page onthe In- fern ben ety ced vital ampign* (Wl th cada ‘es viral governor if be ges elected?) The tikes of rceatly founded jjurals con the met: The Journal of Vea! Relations (nean- {ng electronically medined) and The Blan owna f Viral Cal tre. The tendency to rear all produc of Gc technlogy 3 ‘ital bas ako affected te teatl domain. According to Gorge8 Landon, “since electronic text processing ca mater of manipolaing ‘imputcraatipled code, ll texts thatthe radewrite comn- fern the seen a rua tet” (19) I the sume en, Katherine Hoje cals wring with the help of word prea “itl writ ing” in prt because the signs are fcerng irs” lacking sy tot mute, Riad Lanbem does nous he word “real” bat fe comes very cose when e series to cerns et «property of oven [be lacuoais word fas mo essence no guid, 0 stb ene [of the st eid Wy Boks). I ei npn what ‘Sorbo in he genes rotors can bid” (19). eel Fret ‘eared tha eectroic ets ave stored in vial ncato, bees ‘hei material rappor a volume pace (ad a omen sce, ‘oe ivsble ioo chips val (mea alos) deprived of exter Som Tent lithe metanyny could even fee the coer (ofthe sland the real if echaolgie contact abt, then epter- ‘pce asers become ita eles if they costroct there wr his ‘eld Benes ancter viral ely Viral echnalgits has become ‘ieulizing techies “The Tio Faces ofthe Viral “This metogymic extension of “virtual” to dare all empute-med- tl cts apd all sspects of cectrnic culture heatens 2 weske= ing. or een lon of satanic substance 1f “ira” became simply ‘nono wih “computer mes,” twill ell anything oft ‘reat out he phenomena refers Fo the word capa signi Cane feareres of ectronie ctr, te ean something of i ‘loa! Ler! of meaning. Tose what yb viral sbost electronic ‘exe and calor, ler or therefore go bck to pre-techoiogeal defi "Eymology colle that “rirua!” comes free the Latin vits (scrength, mele, ite), which gave wo scholastic Latin the pio piel concep of rus Fre or power. (This wens survives today {nthe exreson "by virtue of") Ia sebolsi Latin, eral dsi ‘ats the potential “hat inthe power (its) af he force” Tae ‘ical compl of veal, dered Goo Anse’ istneion be tween potential and aca existence (x oes w i at), ithe re ‘oer of the oak in the acorn. In schsast pilosphy maton” and r= fut” exist in ilectcl ration rather than in one of radical pps the viel ot tt which i deprived of extence, but {Bat ehch pmessr the potato fre of developing int ata ‘cstece Later wes of the term, beaming inthe chee nd nine 6 teenth ccorwies, tun hi lca lation to actual at binary pposian trea: the vital Became the Scie andthe no exene ‘Ts sense acted inthe opal use othe erm. Acorting to We>- ster dictionary, iron image (ch aa relection ina mir is n= Stade of v-ual foc, tha of points rom which divergent raps of Tight sem ve emanate But de not ually o 0.” Modern es of "r= ‘ual expt the en of ake andl nkerent othe miro image ‘Avira tater is ak fanetining os iter, without bingo ily recoil ar sch In thie ene, the viral preted a oth ‘he gual of thera oda te infria Even thagh "ne good the eal hig, sates fom ak of lepimacy that prevents i fom completely placing te ral AS we se ffm thee Keil definions, che rem “viru” excep lates evo ditince concepts: the largely eps Sex of the ae, ‘Sooury non-xstt, and the overwlndagly poste ides of the potent which conotes productivity, opeaess, and diversity These features corel tothe two dimensions ofthe VRC experienc, se ined by Pentel and Ten: “In genera the term ital malty ‘ers to an meri, interactive experience generate by a compe” (Irs ehugh immense tht the VR eer experiences the “ake.” Smmaterial werd projected by the computer a pyialy present r= lity wo whch se an vel through the movement of bet om bdr Ji dvoagh mercy tat se setae one of he many poe ‘wore contaned porns the Sima seem, ‘The Virwal as ike 1 he vires the ike, cyberspace i= viral space Heeme it ce= test sens of place, even though does nt exit ply nd the sere provides te experince of iralybeenue rept the rit the non-existing eritory of cyberspace. Tn dhe testa dame, the virtal-a fake fr manifested Stina iy. The Sctonal text aves the non-existing i te facta! made, ‘herby ining the rar to preted tle (or spend ible) in is (ck of ality. Tea af suspension of db ithe lier ‘ental iva f the VR cone of imerson Ie deseriee he sade by wich the rade braces ot the Enowledge tha he Be onal word's the product of ngage in cnr to imagine ts 20 _sutonomows reality populated by sd ejects and embodied indi 4a The importance of the expesince of meson forthe pheno logy of reading for plese hae boon acknowledged under varias umes: beings in aster (Nel) ransprtatio Sonal world0 (Geri engaging in x pame of make-blee (Wit, ins; and ‘mena simlton of the represented evens (Wale, “Spluaing”. "The sainlaton ofthe sult the fake elects the obsession of porioderinm with simolaca snd technlgis of reodcton, 293 ‘ssn foreflly disrbed by thers of eamtemporary eure sich ‘Een and Baud. In cata to the Déeadence movement ofthe [ence eur, which culated the iil ou of ero i= fos forthe natural, che lt wentthconary regards the aes of ‘he feat an ierce sure of set rtication. In this fame of tind, the purpose of at ott redo the creation to mabe it more Tia ar ma for Decadence writer bat Bat own pore of ‘mulation by making the coy more dare than the origina. As ED Ins argued, the vistors of Disneyland are mere thrilled by suas performing a ptates or anal in the jungle thn they would be yea animal by rle-ayng humans. ‘Te worl ered by VR techonlogy promise a outdo Disneyland i ther combination of e- Tinea spd arial Inthe ecnt work of Balad, VR ns = ‘deed displaced Disneylnd ae allgory of the addin of Interven ‘thncency clr fo the hyper (Posts, this vl) "The oppostin of the vrs fke to an implicitly authentic eal Is prompted two types af eactons. One of them is eeton of he {aly leading ts backlash against eeuonic clare Arey of = ‘eo bonks eins us to “et eal” by renouncing the so-called ital iting technologies: Sion Snake Oil (Stl) The Gutenberg Elegie (Gress, Mr ofthe Words (Sek), Vr Rais and Ther Di- ‘tens (Sire), Viral Words: A Foarey in Hype and yperety (oll), Resting the Viral Life (Brook znd Boat, Dat Pst: The Theory of the Viral Clas (Krdker and Weinstein). Computes sy ‘ako nto vital wor, bt om thie seo he smi sre, these bok tll stat we wild geouie human elation, he out tory body able 0 move in space witout cumbersome contapors ta tha canbe reed in urban sats who can be or partners fn an itl exchange. “Theater reac tone of shepicisn regarding the comet of eel lite and it alloged athens. Ae Sherry Tare argues, “the]can- tex (othe clare of electron simulation” the story ofthe eroding ‘ounary Seta the eal sd the isa (2). or Michael Hen he ‘lvlopeent of ital eles challenges st examine oo ese of ‘ali: Will the development and propeeton of VR technologies val Tew the el and lend support othe mle e-em of postodera ‘Bought a these technsoges crete an ation to thei ake wrk? Ts RL Ge MOO tae abrevistion fr ral ie) “jst one more win- a lw, and it's wally not [the] best oe" 2 nforman ald Tare (43) I the answers negative a my sins elle, what re the x= {er for dsinguishing computer generated vite worlds fom the mal work? Ts ued tobe that the presence of he body spel the ference be- ven sir! worl and eli but withthe dewlopment of VR teth- logy, ths so Inge re. As Brenda Larel argues, computers [oe fer the oppreunity of “aking your body with jou into works ff the imagination” (44). Conon sear sggens 2 numberof ther ‘lstincons: Vital ors ae conerled Wy Pale, he real world be Ives unpredialy Vital wie ceed by man, the el word ‘sot Viral werlsdepend on thera! weld fer ener thera! wold (retest own. Virtue works ae imamate the real wold corns ‘mater Thomas Lada, engince refutes ll thse arguments: v= ‘al words ae cape of coving in my aut Joreseen by thir po irummers. ‘This te knows ot “emergent” ‘A virus word ‘Sipble of emergent baie i in «Sate of continous sl-reation, {nther than being created once snd fr ll by mas If ital were de ‘end on another worl fr their energy, s perhaps des the real wr: 4 cers) may come frm the ig bang or Wack boks speculated by ‘modern psc. And aly viral words ae at tuly deprived of smauer 4 Laudal args, they cotuin les of cecens and photos ‘Ther mauris simply more fd and les dease than the matter of seat. The ast hres of these arguments rig 0 mind an ies dee ‘oped by JL. Borges i The Givaar ine The try Spit 2 ma ‘th dreams anotber man ito rely, ony to reine that be may it ‘elf be the eam of speher mind a 0 on aii. By the same ‘esping the el Word could be seen a he viru werd of anater ‘Ne, dus losing is cenit inthe tem ofall posible word. "To these thewecea arguments, Michel Hei opposes 2 gt fecig- ‘The diference between Te and itl reais reste in thre stein tha “noch” si the rel word our ince morality the ‘ere diction of tne, and sense of precarious ring Fram the postliy of pli ijary (96) I i cher wor the final cdacater of ei that provides the enol prot of the difference ‘erween ree snd vital worl: fT eo pet are a a computer scored reat can leas exit the sre, rewind te and star al ‘regain, This rgomeat ell for coventy eth sonst o7- ‘ens butt would no stand apne Lana’ abetione one can con Csiveof a VR eyten in wich ime woul bere snd deat al, ‘ecause users would be lacked ia. This possi is suggested bythe drama The Mair by Jean Genes: when the maids stage the mir ofthei ated mistress in play within the play the one who plas the ‘mistress ingets pion and dies, both in the virtual wr ofthe Si Iakon and i he acta word. Te ritual word as ben designed in ‘sich = way 35 10 prevent ESP “The View as Povo ‘Rigorouly defied, the viral ha fow ants wih the fe, the Auer, the inaginary. The vil sot tal dhe opposite ote rea Tron the contrary, ponerfl and productive ode of be- Tne tse that gies erento cron process (15 all ‘esltions are min) 1 will deel ere Ly’ theory of she vet in some dil hecanse ic cine tearing, clecronic ecology ad many apts of eoa- temporary ear wiboat recicng them 1 Vita reales. (OF the ‘wo grammatical forms of "ital" th noun i much more Hkh 0 ‘Seger the potential andthe dete form the fk and ome) Tey otns hee ofthe ran (pied in par by Dees) by opposing eo conceptual as: oe sat, involving the prs and the ‘asad th other mami, inking the actual to he vrtoal! The po ‘Si full formed, bor resides i nba Making felis largely 3 Inater of throwing the dice of fae. Inthe terminsogy of modal lope, ‘her throw of die may be conceived as changing dhe medal pertor ‘Mfecting 1 proposon, without llecng the popsin sel. Phe trations lly eer, 30 a the proposition pcan pas frm mere osibiity to rele back to possibiiy. In contrast fo the predic thle realization ofthe possle, the mediation terween the vital and the ate nota deterministic proces bets forming force. The ‘lr virtual etal x characterized by the floringfareres: limi on the nme of pie sean of rua et. 2 The pune Gom the nrtal 9 te acta aes ansformaio, aed is therefre iver, As Lary weiter: “Action isa ‘ents in he tong sense ofthe tem” (35). 15: The srl i ot stored in opce and tine. Acratzton isthe soge fom a state of timlesmess and detrtrlzaton Yo dupiaon, ‘ar ncw performance made possle by memoria. Texts became GSiy prescribe with the ieation of writing, 2nd esl copyable ‘ith te iveton of pring. The ectronic medi takes this pop (Sty toa higher vl. Tet an be copied on ik bythe stroke of hy, ty tnoher stoke, the disk werson i oped tothe sree, Since the ‘cs preserved on dik vile woth use, iets in he viral Tide ting fort sceazaion hat wl fll is potential: being [ecved by these, bing ea bythe mind. Rater than Fstning 19 En engine rl perormanc, or bling one ot the many copies of 2 ‘athe cade ofthe electron text faces ne of many screen atu ‘tins of one of many dik copies. Prllling this exponential ao of ‘epicion i ls f volume a soldi of the material sepprt: rm ‘he ie uma bods to thm clay table secs of pape, scale ‘Son chip, and easily eral pelo gh ichring on the seren, ‘he ex rand by the rarefaction of ts ubstance® "Vitaliy mre tna feature ofthe newly developed material sp ors ofthe tex also dhe mode of exsteae of the text self ‘eval bet and linguini arise “Prom es Mesopotamian orga”6 wits Livy the tert hae been 2 vet sad abstract object ndepen- deat of any partclar suppor” (5). Prada, chi vital abet “rgnater i an actslinaton of thught The ac of writing tps io (Gn enriches i return) a esurver of eas, memories, tap, and Tingostic material which contain potentially a= inne aumber of texts These resources are texuaied trough selection, asecaton, {nd lnerzatinn Bat ifthe toe the prodact of an actalization, eres fos vital mde of existence soon a writing over. From {he point fv of he eat ee ies cal re wating ‘eperferme every at of reading const the ext and acai ts Word in diferent wy Thi poesia ina jst a mater of being open co varius imerpretatons, or of forming the objeto nil ‘any ac of perception; there ext woud be no mere a no Bes ‘iru than works of wat or thing in be world sch socks ed Tables. ‘The vitality of texts and mascal scares stems frm he com= Poity ofthe mediation between what ther, peal ed hats Ina out of Clo aad form are inherent to pitars ad objets bat Sound is oo inherent to mses! sore or are thoughts, Mes, aad ‘mera epresenationsinberent tote raph er phonic mars of texts "They us be citrcted trough an acy far more transformative than interpresingsensary dt. Tp che ase of text the process of 2 {ualzton inate such ighyindvelioed operations a ling in {he blanks etx with nfrmtion drvom from ke rears sol igs, memory and experince, vsulising in maination the depicted ents, carter, and events and eptalzng the text by flowing the {head of arin theme webs, often aginst the directionality of he Tiner sequence es generat of potential word, acerpreains uss snd expe ences the tent tela already ¢ irra! ject, Wi te mariage of povtmoderian sod leone tena) has produced i pt the ‘ita est ul at the clean f ts Dulin vanity 2 higher ower Ino fern ths exponentiation more obvious the in hyper TEX A double one t-many reaton creates national ee of mei tion bewoen the tee as produced by dhe author "engined might be ‘eter term) andthe tex ar expercnced bythe read. This atonal iol ete tetas dite on the eee. Intact ext, We Dave to leis 1. The ets clletion of signs writen bythe thor 2 he ext as contracted mentally bythe reader “The object of eel x contaneptenisly many objec of keel 2. Ina rain tet the vel ae three a 1. The tet awrite or “engineered” by the author 2 The erat presented, displayed othe reader 5 Te rex arcontrocted (mental) by there” (ae object of rel generates many objets of eel 2, which in orn ‘tan potently many obec of level 3. The ada lee is ‘clase to leoni ete Clases! print examples of sccond-oner ‘tot ae Hip by Jo Cartan, nich can be rend scaring toseera eadig etal or Raymond Quenea' Cen! il milan 1 joey, hic ae generated by casing te lns ef fourteen i= rem vonnets Sat he doa evel of virus is real faite ty theelecon: medium. In ipetet the textal machinery becomes, in Lény’s wordy “= mais of poesia ext” (8) Asa vistulization he aendy nite ppt i rly «hypertext, sle ferential ‘efecto ofthe ital atore of etualtyg ‘A hae sugested above in reference 10 VR, the deepen ofthe viel a potest aly inves a interactive relation between the User tnd the sytem. text! mater dhe concep of interstviy can ‘be interpreted two wpe Sigurt and erally As might be ex ste, ie Heal forms that eles tata viral tos bier wer Each ofthe two manifleions of itera may intr be (Erde ito + weak ad ston for loetity Reni Leet We Cle mertte | Hypeet Seon Pomona -MOOs merce Drama Ta the weak Srl seas, iteractvity stands for the calibration be ween the rar andthe ext inthe prodocton of mexing. As the phe ‘molt Haan Ing ni ice Wage er he ‘hough which the render prover ar much materia the ders fom ‘the tex. This ctv is teased bythe problematic cokerence and seitrefeerial sane of possonder erature: the postmodern tx ‘Gee the render to contrite weld nt a ach to Bete Immered in 3 for the purpose of ebcrving the proces fis on “srocton Intenciity between fest and reader can be Kral en if‘he test undergoes physical changes during the reating proces: Th i ‘erectvty of perertis weak heen the reader conrbaion fo ‘he configuration of the tet a ae between predefined leaves, ‘nthe than the ate! production of signe ei only inthe perfor ‘mance-oented vzeament of MOOs and Interactive Drama, whee {he wer emporernent inalves the power ‘owe language, ts ter ctv eacher fll meaning of tive paripation inthe eetve pres "As important insect isto he deeopment of vrai hw cv i 8 tthe only wart produce an our canging teat. In he ‘ntl art we ve mechanized chjects that moe Ue machines, lp tures tat chime fn the win, and suctres dat reflect the ight of the sn at difleea ier ofthe dey. Al of thse artworks preset the ‘any in-one quality ofthe virealized work. I the vextual domain, there ave so-called textal machines tha se slay proedaes to produce an eer changing rly without intervention y the use (See Core movaned tts” ia the intodcton to thir atm) Tren when the renewal of the fet i obtained though iractve proces, There ia sigieant dilference Getween the interactivity of ypereet sod of VR mete In VR, che utr can usualy eres the ‘emit of er actions Far fstanc, sh an toch can of yellow Pin, ‘hen tach the carpet of viral lvng room dpe and the carpe torn yellow But i mst Urry forme of Byperter the choices re largely Blind. En Michael Joye’ Arann, we ae tld that cere ate ‘Sr that yield” wor hat have speci link sd branches aacbed to them, and other that singly lead to the deft continuation. The trots tat yl ae ot play mark and thre realy Wa) Fer he snr to detect them other then il and ever The author ges ‘Stes eypic opgestion in the accompanying pamphlet ty prone, ‘Tord thu appeal to yon, words that have “extare™ There of course ‘gurantee tat word tat has exare or me alo wl forthe ator: [tof the appeal ofthe game sw Sad ou whee Joye bs iden Tinks, and wheter be and apres on which words re worthy of sei tretment. i this cue, riding he Lyperex becomes bike an Easter ‘hs fm the sede cls on mons oid ot mare words a id= ‘Ee underneath, Another nein of clicking to exp che textual ma- ‘hin running. Hypertet thar cn ha iteractviy rece he fp betes ede ad writer, ut the readers contbtion othe PO ‘teion of the exis most thar ofan agent of chance tis in aon-etoal oe of hypertext thatthe ear has the retest ‘conto the extn ape Inthe Werk Wie Web frien, he * bighlghe, tink actnting hey words eapeare the topic ofthe text 10 ‘retried and enable dhe reader to caromsze dhe output ter own feeds In Lény’s word the seen becumes new “reading machin, the se where «reser of potential information is realized ere and tw fora singular rede though an act slection" (Ly 39) As the Tero dhe electronic rexdng machine rsees, cts, pases, inka Sve she rege eee a und work to We experienced in its t= tai than sa resure tha canbe scooped up bythe srenfl. Ele [onc tcholagy has ot ivente the cance of tex-a resource, Bt ia certs comrbuted tothe current expo ofthis proach fo ‘eading. The attade premited bythe tri eding machine 90 Ttnge btsbuld 1 wth ets” batwhat cad withthe.” In ‘formula thet oes tin ranlton, Lévy wees: Ila maintenant ‘tent, comme ond de Tea du sale” (6). (Theres ao "ext," SS tee is sd and water) If tent 4 mate uence, eather than = ‘ice bcs tere no need to rad Hin te tty. The reader ‘produced by the econ reading machine wil therefor be are i= lied > grace a the surface of tes than to iumerse Nims in 8 terra! meld oto pote the mind of an math Speaking on Bball of this sade, Lory wes “Tam st iterested in what an ease sthor ‘pt int the ex. What [ak ofthe ext so make me think, hee and fom The viral ofthe test sourses my neting ineligene” (7) "The nn-hliismode encurged by the eerie reading machine fends to polaris the atid of the ender ia two diectons: reading ‘comes noch toe ulti, ach more serendipios, depending fn whether the uae ress the textal database as wat Mark Nunet ‘Sim ths volun a siated apace co be tevesed to got somewhre, fans smooth space, be explored for he plete ofthe joorey, ad forte dace wo be made alg the wy "Thies of ding things with tex slo pre inthe case of ec- unis wing The ting proves may be te sculization o thought, but word precesors and ppertet software poms pay wth "i ‘ton tha manta the et longer in virtual sate The es of a= Ipulaon encourages the writer fo perma, expand, and eit chanks ten, to sunt pevoos wersons and to ete dass of poten- aly coals clamene (Ar write thi paragrph Tv ina le called ‘SRufe”ot sue wheter Tl wei sod if do, im which ve f 7 ‘erent poets) Writing sede be like weaving on lnm, oe Wad, fe seatence afer esther athe pn or typewriter aviage moves ack {forth ike» sbaede* Now, a the poner of hypertext software flue (cer and Joye foreost among them), wring is ore ike caging ready-made objec i the metaphorical Space of computer100 memory. We ued think of ets being made ot of words and en= fence aw under the conjoined induces of postmodern theory ad ‘Seton writing technol, we think of texts a being made ot of feat The om ill ede to wee the india mets (less they are found eects lifted ftom ter tes), But eranization sd linearization i now a two-stage process the Viral et produced by the fst stage serving at input tothe seed. While dhe writer reine ‘eposible for te mile! opertion, she may bypass de macrolee age tos ofering do se ara fety ble resource 10 he read, teres than a ete retard algal argument siming a per “The Vietal Text and Portmodera Theory “The sghtened vray ofthe electronic tex has been hailed by same {hers a the mp af the ccnepion of textoality proposed by PosonadersItrry theory more paclrly by posoctaraisn snd ‘Kéortruton’ The sable of George Land's book Hypertext tule aboot the ehonship: The Comers of Canepoary (Grea Taery ond Tebnlgy There seme ndced wo be an Tera” dlinary convergent barr the tile of «chapter of Lanka's tout Serwecn postaden doctrine and what canbe done with elo. onic textual. Taking advantage of the inberest reversity of ‘ML’ fous formats, "the medium she mesoge” theorists ‘etrn textual (Lanham, Landon Bake) ae prove to reading he ‘medium as moe, and this menage ert the poop ost ‘moderns. A Latham writers bard ot din thy at he end ‘Pd etn ext il sem the aru llent of ach cur tent erry theay” (ro) The paage bw (ooted fom Lancow 3) ‘ems tl aade fr hyperen, but is aceally Rend Barth's - serio of the wry (ip) in S/2 i this ieal text the network [ner] are many and interact, ‘rahout ay oe of them bing ae wo surpass the ret this text Tey af mien not estractr of sified: it has no bes ‘og, reveratis we ui ces to by nvr entrances, ae (hich com be sutorttiey eee tobe the rin nc the de enabling extends far ste eye can reach, hey ae i= ‘deeminal. ue systems of meaning cn ake rr thi bso- ely pura xt tt mmr eer cloned, based a8 on the nity of language (S/Z 5-6) wm (Or gua, conse the pssge frm Barthes’ essay “The Death of he ‘utc [the ext se muiimensonl space i which «variety of writ ngs one ofthe original, Bend and cash. The tex a tse fguttnns Sewn from nnameraececers of uur Similar to Bowrard aed Pecacet, thor eral copys stone xe {ed comical whose profound rials indies precy the rth iting, the mer eam nl iaitate a geste that "wap serio, not original His oly power to mix wring (0 ‘Sune the one wih the ther, nS = wap eer test on yon of thm (Image, Mi, Test 148) Lam singling Eats ot, bt theorists of electronic exunity have found parle withthe work of mamerous prominest ech theorist: Dern, Focal, Lyotard, Basil, Doe, te Goatar” The specs conterporay erry theory that nd tee allen in y= ‘Pure hardly med expansion. The open ext Meaning ws ecu {Bic actwor, The lpperincarof the iniir ad the defer of meas {ng (mbes by the system of Finks). Inerextualiy. Reading 18 ‘Siping the text” and se endear sctvty. (Hou never know if 300 ‘ave se lhe ees, and eed al the inks of byperte.) Non linearity, The ceth ofthe author The empowerment of the reader ‘Other points aol metas of portodern doctrine ze eralized in the role laying actin of the MOOr. The deste, kil ate ff the abject The body and is ahs of gender snd race 5 tx thal constr (Coers design thei ideattydroogh verbal esrip— ‘ona The bod inbted by deer seles (ho wil on the MOO, ‘rw thrown bodies). The alfa the pevarmance of roles In the ‘esc of eppetins lnted below—through which pustmadernism di ‘Snguises feel fom erie periods (mostly om the seapegeat of the Enlightenment} prot tex ave Ben vert ogy anocted Wi {he ef and kone testa with he “ie” tr (nbc senses fhe rod) Dabs Exterert Tino arin ‘ful oan ‘bese ‘Reser tne ‘eicenioed eting Emergent ering [eetce fred on etl wot. Aretin foul en langage ‘Tenement mrce om) a)Cetera ected arc ‘TecutratureQewcics) Rime (le promt) “Town nie en Gots caren Tecloberee ecing a alrite Reaing ile mndrng ‘Sarat aprach ‘Tinkering wh the bergen Liga thing Ansel inking Pay Uaty Dini Onder (Chan el creiig eon) Noes esos dogma Contes doelopnt Jp dsconinty Seoualy ‘ein Say Phi ‘eat herr person Tet mae Sac repesettion 6 ecd) nunc nin (bain avy foe) nee et Teac tet ble gs “Th predominance in lect texts of acy ofthe fares onthe right drives to some extent fom the ineren properties of the me dium. Asis the cs with ll medi, clrtroicweingfacitates certain ‘penton, fvors oxtain stuctaes and poms a ern type of ‘itr and eae. eis tempeing eo ner thi ete dete 1 38 astonomous “agen ofthe medium” (Grains em, 43). The “eatreordinary convergence” of posinodern doctrine tnd ckvrmic ‘extality would then be expined bythe pomer ofthe new techanlogy to create «new subject, 5 dicatescmpeling changes ia oor me of thinking. Akerman the dewsupaeat ofthe ecolgy could be ‘tututed to the force of postmodern though, fre though which ‘logy woul prodace the proper ols falls deals Wahoo. tira discounting the posi ofthese two explanation (rte pos. ‘shiny of«frdhack loop berwoen the face of thought aod the face ‘ofthe techoolgy), the comergence spears mach ss mondrous i one emerbers tht alfeady aac slo fect he nvm well a the theorizing of steady sable techoologes ‘The frm, cet, aad ‘mode of ston of curently arable specimens of hyper fction te {mach telleton af geoeral tends i te svat ade Let) pe ction four ime as they ae the rodut ofthe propre medi itself Similarly the MOO practices of creating we bodies iret 103 ing new fonns of sexaity alms the body politic four age ax mich they ae promote bythe reeling facies inherent tthe ‘em. We do real machi he cil Inertue sb the MOO ware ‘tho choos ob “joe themecvea” beac they fd rl-poying too Stream, “thet” more lasubl nd these enproblemsi, tT have encountered some ofthese living anachronism: (They a, ‘of eoure, ve hen ing) In iferetage—one that beled i he noi of ait, end whose Iterary elite plan vale in pl, cat ster and global eoheence the medium of hyperert could be sed for ‘ely diferent parpores than tas been 2 fa stance, rater than ivcing the reader to explode the text coal preset el st 2 jigs puzce challenging the reader to pt back togeticr «cae a arate pctre. I cma to Jye's ier, there wold then ‘ea detiaive answer tthe question “ehst happen” atthe eke ‘ould have explore the entire network te She ston, The ye ‘em of inks cul alo be used to provide deal enrptios or bck ‘und information cbt the charscters nd settings The ade rad "hs cose to speed throgh te potas in ander’ Digest versions of ‘books to lngr on the sene Stl ater pony mod be fo te the hyperterta! mechanism to ell tale with perl plotlines (rc sare cents fom diferent peat of vcr A ack makes lve to Jill licking on ether charcrer's mame would acco thet pvt thous. None ofthese constable oes would lead to the demise of ‘what Brees ells the reader” nor to ke epacsment by the “rit Sb ex. “There is no point i denying the natural ad elective afites of very medium cree its owe pomer and ener aod if evry oe ‘iam inser within clara context, is mre op v0 Ue ‘ers dei how to expo ths poeta Art a mach mater "iting, wansforing, or expanding the medium a one of taking vantage fis built-in fearres Tn the visual art thre ate ware ‘rks that imitate i puting, ad ol pntngs that imate water Calor, pbotogrep that imitate pining sa peintings the mate graphs Tn iteratr, thee ae pie nartvs ta vie el ‘ulin traditions (a sigicat contemporary trends the pope succes of Gabriel Garis Mirgue, Ibe Allende, and Toi Marin uggs), and eters tha espe the coer tbe book ead rei in print the posites row asacted wih the eerie medi. It ‘stot unhinabie tht electronic writing wll ne day rdiacne (cd‘euform) the farms fear expression typical ofthe book medi, oF da # wll emancipate el fom portmodern doctrine [Nothing ead be more detrimental to the ease of electronic tet- sli than eovoling icin a war betwen the fide andthe igh ie of {he sore able Hypertat tery as woo often resorted oan “End of the Hoot” shen that donned to extinction the pleasures and modes ‘of thinking scited with the rit meio. This thetric ar Gone ‘mort tra off amatear of Ine thant pom eectonic tes ‘ual. The features on the et may have dinate erature when the took wa the main suport of texts, but ial the tet ofthe ate spe of pin that ve famine withthe ptr of he ther ee ‘postmodern theory has been largely Govlped in book form. If the r= ources ofthe right ae accessible to «thought cabrwted inthe peat ‘medium, why shoul the resources of the eft side be banned om cle {woe tua? Thoogit propre by expan, et by elimination, [we coir the thee major modes of wanting wx ora pit, and eectronic— frm the point of view of fine, tis ovis tt tach mode epcnent prope cnr the precating Oe, ed it coe puter should cetuall replace Doks, ja ss boks fave epee 0 Frelig a the drinant way of diseminating Knowledge. Bat if we leak athe three modes fom th pint of view of thir era pten- ‘el privileging eestbetc considerations, tea cach oe expanse Fe sree of fteray expression, without rederng obsolete the pes ‘roided by the ches twa nly by recognizing the legacy and ‘Sather potential of bath he ef andthe righ clams ofthe ale hat “ey theory eat pprach dectrnie tetunlty without turing ino sSpesare police” And while the ih ide is inherently more osp- {ale to the veal than the let ane, only by remaining open "0 ‘ath sides (and perhaps by developing other) that the text of ere space ‘can fully tvest inthe resources of wreath vr st Potential is thir sence, posomodernist sts and hevaing re pos iy not «noc News 1. The Gro ret er mee roma” debate the ay of ‘tel suocatng the mond with case infrmton, 2. Inte prey he erm “bers” lly wed il of es sm imernet use feng suddenly sick, seing a message on the Net and eae Sts oy “Linge Ppl Wal” Lr nd ae arte otind $/2, Trane Richard Miler. New York: Hl asd Wan, eres thf the Ato” Image, Ma, Pt Now York: Hi and Wing. 973106 Beto Sted WE Ma Pees Sit: Sid UR Petes, Mitad.“irducti” Chere: Ft Se Ed. Micha et Cat Ey ‘ier Sen Te Gly ier Te Pe no Ber ers Se Th a Rg Ae Dake Jy Dav Writing Se The Coat, Hyper, the Hy of hin, Hille Nf Levece Et, 9 ‘Boss, Ply “Gee de emp et lalate pe eae" “intone ornate La tae ote france a Ain Yi fl he Cen Ar Pron aes ‘Borges, Jorge Las The Cel Raine” Lyi: Sted Sw end ie ig Do si Jai Ne ‘riches, Meredith Vieual Works: No Imerface to Design.” Bencdi ote ral ns and en A. Boao Resins Vref The Cala ond "nr inrmatow, Sen Bann Cy Uh ape De i a ay: ra ay Gm Ne a “jaro Vol Ca 3 Lal Brea“ and Asa VL” Wide nl 4 (6901-2 07 Lin Pere at ge irae? Pri: La Dice, 195. outer, Cart Eopen snd Tim Andenon, ee: Te oral Rat Cabs ‘Now Yr an Norn Rin tse Macy Sabre ol. Vora Rane od Tce Disotent:Bahire: hs pte UF 995 Merion ier Cae Dictionary 9. Spring, MA: Mero ‘Web ey 9107. [Nady is Lai ak Te Pehl of Rad fo Pla, Ne Bare: “ile UR 8 [Nok Macs Ligh Ancien Cybern” Resi 225-4 ‘Phe Kenan Kevin Tei. atte hhh Nw Loti "Ges iona/ Winder Mr 935 ‘ate Mak. The Ms of mains Peacoat Sit Conte “Cheap: U of Cage 29 ‘cig, Horr Ray New Yr: Simon ad Sete, 1798 Seat fe ee nr i a aan “Sl. Now Yr Base one (Hepa ‘sage Nie “Min ss Ling Wala” Beets ob Sl Clr Son Swe Ox: Send Tago te iran High Now tr: Del 05. “Toman, Davi Old Riu fo New Spc”: Bide Pag ond Wiis "Giants Calera Model of Cyberspace” Be 31-7 “el Sher Lio the Soe ley he A of te ere New ek “San od Sir 5, (Win, Kel iste Make Bie: Or te Fats of eRe ‘sua Cage anf Loni Harr UE, i. Simiaon sod Sime’ On Being Mowe by Pci” “Beso onthe te Ed Met Ht sd Ste Le New Yok: One U, ‘Men. “Giving Maing wo Pace: Semantic Spaces” Beat Wel, Benmin Pra dA Jory in Hyp and Hyper. Cam ‘sig MA ecko 2pPART UI: CYBERSPACE IDENTITYWomen Writers and the Restive Text Feminism, Experimental Writing, and Hypertext Barbara Page Te was while reading my way ito a mamber of ent tions composed in hyperen that I began think ck on tendency of ome's wre ing which sims noc only 2 hanging the tenes of ton bt tet ing the forma strata the et tel Ine uel collection of ess about wenreth-catry women writer cle Baking te Sent Homer's Esperimeal Pion, Een Picken tod Miia Fac ce ‘lin of authors who sibert wha they sera pail sumptions foveming traditional modes of narrative binning with Gertode ‘Stcin, Dorothy Richardson, and Virginia Woof sod leading to such ‘terpenes as Christine Broate- Som, Ena Fig and Kathy Acer ‘They wrke Although the woman ia the text may be the particular woman ‘we inthe eae of rwcaieth-eatry women experimen! wet the woman inthe eri lo an elle of the teal roe ‘Soe of breaking patriarchal tina farms; the radial frm ‘lin, nonhicrrchiel, sd Joeteringer, in thems ¢ ‘ry of wring te feinoe (54) ‘Azo contemporary wets, women ae by no mesne aloe in prs ing noe-linear amt-hirareical, and deceteed writing, but many ‘women who afin themselves with this tendency write aprinst ors of “reals” narrative fm + cmecoumessstired ty feminist di ‘runs of estan, especialy thee informed by postu nd ‘cholic thar he claim of Friedman aad Pace ced soe i mjst atic, sumely that sch women writers can produce them ‘hess ace bg: or as ones revalyomapkenthoug el ‘Stes ace of iting spins cued tation. A amir ofthe ‘Sheumporry wre Uncon o hrcamey make 2 dies aes ‘inthe See txt foi hor rater ore fg own {hina de dinar mare in engin of hems + argc vith ther women nthe dicarie ranch of we Se caains orion Ferme wes of this tendeey,bypertet ‘Tcldsco tid snsns y whch ere now psa x Wiking, verscading an etic ang any women compet chops ad rograns hugh oe product of masculine Stim My angen tha the ptr T sus ere wld fe bees seed ty te hyperet medio, but that tir ring in ny respects hypertree bears elton 1 omen {Tnny one wer ow working i pee : ‘These amen weer ors ole tk for ated hat language sel? sod much of cna lcrurecnodc Nera of alae hat den ‘Suc md sabrina wey sd hrf thy ncerporte io ther ‘Sos sume oo pots pestr swell sch Fer arate fone of onprtin. The doo cept he ion, wee th linge opin! alen oh nee {Slo tone bged the ll fr sme eur frm of Ingege ta ‘Reventon creator way prose oars I cs ‘Sur on vs whose ening of ener constrain eters to feck te tes ane gestural eet of thi copestons sod ‘ho undertaet ees the very oppo pose AY the mast Relea he tet of or sr rpc ojecs—al of hese triers ae leary f th oot, sein lines fee that ine the [uth spce of conrenonl ptr and lina he pth the ade: Lik oer pastor rte hey ove on fem det ‘ii gr tin rig cra Be “The nx, fo eam of extn at ening (e storson ihe ost meng of ee) sd ofthe consacton of knowledge Seb tat hs figured prmmenty inthe deropent of pe San in tm port nei hr, ough ther i ‘eu parpres Ein yonder mem ey many of we ‘Comet experince stig scleral wie et Tres in the at One impor diflerence, hgh concer the ‘eifconcous willing hse mer nti 0 emagieweting ‘Stecvng but aber soak apr thf of ered euler {Sle rene ito ew Senge Fol of thse ur eves ‘Tih th fay of pote sigs rething mare than = ug ging se under nk of biel mal meaning Thi in read tte ne ngage sd to spe i fo re ape ‘hse lesa ment toon tne oe il se fae Of sapped fae ty ta shea en ai a 9 Siti One eget mk thi ee rng es Sd es, pry sr meal te el len f wmen eb 1 eam fetig stata ae Sethe ene ane ae usa eed fon te cock ‘Simi poe ny pat feral wo dsb Cae Ma's 199 mel, eda nt septs a ek lhe ah Tis tex sneha ry ne pad fer of cmpertie ere ned fa Kish sag oe ‘re bod due fm of cr The nk lo a, ‘trou, igh, es ene ar do As i ne day in wach Pree Geng Bh ds ne tn a sin Gl a, igen wr Apne facet dvi edna fic apn oe talc at ce a of alarm, Ma pons the tied ad of ‘ve power of entry snd ee Sec eben Sgro Sl suing thropha the to, wn Sst A a pli oe ‘tne An are ie aga the ra ae ‘flr aang. housh repent hc dep ‘Se tthe nip tng in ela os Sou ce been sean tp ce le ne Sa ‘Sms torreets erin cf men fos ea ‘=yetmuted pes Hows ow te ba eon MORNING Esch hla cleat wih el extrvagasce Birhlae - stove dps Sun dy Ben whet we were pow We Came iin the maring gan frail tives hang ike earngy nat Angst A eeoing Come guy ‘The ihe ie yours, Precious. Unerpeted things.as [Mardi Gras farewell othe sh ‘You spake of Tite OF Constantine You ped the rks ‘om you fice. We drank Five-Star Mears on the land of Crete tnd spire the state of msi. Olives hang ie carrng A throbbing. A certain paling “The villagers rew vik ‘We ran through gent nd Wid spe Labyrinth of Crete, mystery of wate, home. In palemieal proface to AV4, Maso argues that much of current oaimereial tion, in ateming to ward of the cor and me” of ‘eh with enpntod, atonal surat, trntely bcos “death ‘wth ts complacent, ubeguvocal ats reductie seinen! of ‘esning, he manipeltions, ts pedicality and anc” In the po ce, Maco rice er resins o tana raves buck wo fecings of dissin with the “ily pos of stories he moter read lod {o her as child. In order 1 stop "the incest march ofthe plo fo ‘ard othe ineible mss,” dhe woul, se eal, waders out ‘fears, taking a seneence ora smn dream ve Often he ould ‘tach the meanings frm the words her mater rea, corning the ‘words int kindof asi, a sang my mothe was singing ina secet ‘inguage jst wo me Bypssng the logs of striesthen, she walked int afer space were she wu able o ime, redone, oaher tempo and ordering of language ea = senso tein from the totes Body to bers. “This what Heratare became for me: mai, lon, andthe boy” 10 AVA” 175-78) "This sth begining, but not the end or sum of Mas’ tin. Rather ie Advienne Rich's Sew poet inher Teancendentl Eta" she walks aay fon the ad arguments nt space of ew composition, ‘thre se takes up fragments ofthe aed spoken with nea ack [Mme stout ndaence Inthe steam of ber marae one hear fo tal ad informal vices of precursor sud comerpones, sale and female, alongwith paces of fc, hay even eee dacouse that figure as fetus ofthe hth ey the wing ofa richly nourished sd mind Ave Kisin never more alive thn on the day of ber dying: (Garcia Loc, leaning o spel and not ay to son, ‘va Kein na beat lack wig, ile up high ns And Iam waiting st whats sun th ate hot, fr my ship to ‘nen if its papier ship on 2 plat efter al. We waned tive. Hw tat nigh you rabed lo sao” lover me. One iter i, sll pepper, by leaves, rosemary. And te spaghets I want 18:00 At Maybe thse cravings ae sin of pregnancy. Some late st-nioute rirscle The wick of living past hie "To ceour all chai the world ‘Because more than anything, we wane fgg esr Banas, ‘ti ute comeniet we sal ie with or bute nt this | ‘You wl he terary tents tht tere ll kinds of fede — unlike the mee case texts which are ot ets thet eit thems arena ets of tertary wih ea border, with, stapte, wih beximnings, cing, ad which wll ea Hide The edge Ho are you? Pv en reedng Kleist with res ers aT ‘vish you ere round to tlk and Irie sen {ms you. (113) For Av, thnking and fecting go tgete, and reading i sensu, saderng literal the dein of inflvence 20 that mle pases of ‘er text=stil unmisaaly her owe—are ashe inthe clr an stir athe: Woof Garcia Lore, Becker, a others Asad ing is lly species of her promiscuss engorgement with lie end ‘cs mind that declines to wal off speaking frm writing oo lee recollection, rarrton, an dsription frm mediation and sass In ‘the passage sbve for example, a sratch of letert Eden Wis (Bunny) rm he airy lepers Naboo stad next 0 it fom Héne Ci, propia tang of nm broken bodes whic in tur bein to oa an expansion of he soto text thn Cam al6 for, The book, casio achiever unity in the act of reading, a= the rhyme sueson of asp indices a condition approaching trance. The effect th ual od visual: when spoken, real fe mst ss berwen utterances; when feud, real pace mist be traversed bythe {e berween inane of et - ‘nan ey that inf inermingles argument and eeection with quotation fm her own noes and fom precursor writer and theo, Maso points to images that bok ground her ambition and soggeal~ termes to linear gost: "AV cold not ve been writen 8 wa fin qe sure, iT had a ben mex othe mtr ay afer Ineo Dpnting the waes” And, "The design ofthe stars then inthe sy. flowed their dreamy nstractens Composed in castes, Wrote oa stclladons of sscionn" Autti independent wil to genres, she ‘scribes dhe “dee of the novel o bea poem, of the pe ob a ‘sat ofthe eas to reach toward Atm, and “the ovine eos this (Notes 20). The desiring text rebels agsnet the viral comp ty betnen “crmnodity novelists” and pallies to lnk onted ase of ely shorn of x emtenese td merit “then, he [urgraph, che caper, de sory the sory, character” As ae rn large prose rms, Mao expsine tat ‘Writing AVA fk mimes. ike choreographer waking with language in physi space: Language, ofcourse, bing estar nd sles erupying space Creating reltions which exist the ite "iy fr ne ting amet snd then ae ong remain in th {ese of memory. Shape that then repther and re frm aking for thi asta, new mains, new longing, ner reasons, inspired by those Seting sates of ting, (Notes 3) ‘She names ax preciors Virginia Woolf of the Maver and Gertrude Stein in Sti's omar, °L hee destroyed enteces and hts nd Inerary overtones and ll she rest ofthat onsen” (8,29). 18 ce of plo she ims “imagine stor a blooming wes, erie ‘of toscnings” for example and makes space i he tet for “thera fo, the accent the rete, the indent. Peis, iepearing ‘aes (27; tales in the egal). And here the aliied word fom the Send Seton 14, smeremently pet in om the opening ‘of the book “Precious Unexpected things” underscore thee ‘lat wells sexe impule in Mass Sinn (404 186) or Masa, the aac of the noe is its eno expansive ref ot prfcion. Sh argos th, bessoe we olga bie tht hee Aicoal tries ar rm, we ano lngee wre iy Deinning-he uz od fon, en if this mene that we mast “rite netbooks tee than masteriees” at Woolf ence suggested ("Note 39). The ean vl “toon and tine for eserything This wil inca efseps is ‘aks peaking ot of turn. Amendment, rea liens” send ofthe “rea” sory me sll ae: "The ably to ends postion ances atte sue time. Contraietry igus ideas, mos, Ts ‘ssl spar of the frm, inangraity ambiance” ("Nees"), ‘Ana fr Ma, bo has the cnidence fund imagination one perenes this frm of Sion, hat doesnt trannies hat lows “pace forthe ede Ueto dream leaden to the “ea try tno “hate ary ws ft me" "A Feminine ape aftr al tne” (Noes 35, 38), In an easy that is something of 2 tour-de-force, entitled “RE; ‘THINKING-LITERAREFEMINISM: (tiee tos onto shaky round)” pot an thew Joan Reta ik? Map, aes ws ‘Sor can be—of parila import or woman in the regu of ting tows nan” or malin, or reventred prose y ease of «reuaton of the terms traditionally ffaed to the sberinged fur ofthe Feminine: ‘A itereing coincidence, yes/a? that what Western clr ss ‘ended toatl feminine (ars characterized by nce, ees sd fal; mukiple, ssociative, aonhirrchial Igy open tad ‘materially comtingeat processes, etc) may wel be ore even fo the complet reality we are coming to se a or world than the ‘aon hierarchical loge that produced the aia dea ‘wrk of cilietion and ts misogynist discontent (547) In thinking dou why fer er the ting of wom today seems par ‘eat tat wi pret, Retalack tages the woth both of Productive ike, tht ges place (0 the contrac of ae imager ‘semings and of ealtrsion, that power rte snd rade to ‘Scangpite (beth together). "in the cosiacton o's ngs, he cet st. Whe ening tel em he that th stra stuaton of women tow prvi «pricy fle “construct sic” fr aoe write, me ropertant fare ot ‘ich iit fo the actin paripton fakin a ongoig 1 ie wo segs that it is woman's feminine text (eying sy ‘edundaney), which impli acknowledges td crete the po ‘iy of eh /aional tance tents Tht as modelsus icantly diferent fom Blom’ compete anit of infer. I opens up a diiron beeen he ned to npn impres ones mat (ings) o the ote, ad intone ther i= eure. (385 my ales) Against those feminss who despair of entering «language ovecoded vw misgyay, Reta arges tat "Language hs always cvertomed the structure/strictures of is own grammars” and tht "The 50- fale feminine isin lngtage Gum the sta” (372). In this reper, eral supliss a aidan of Mao's vay, unas ierodaction ‘of quotation from mai aster nwt she elie hr fone wx ‘Tht prove writer like Mao and pox/thorits ike Retalack donot stand aloe is insted, for example, bythe 1952 anthology ened Rencene New Writing by Women, co-edited by La Robinson and Cle Norton It rings together» peneros sli of Wits who tai gents of vere and pose ely ad ened manifesto or cig in teh the narrative ad the epogaphy of tbe writing. Reza ied inca two, or pepe four, pats—"Tranamiain/Transiain” {nd “Callhoration/Spectke”-—art move um single autor et 0 ‘allabraine sn wo performative texts Loa Robinson writs i the n= ‘oe ‘Evecyer in these ree pcsT find vat unpreicable element in the lnguage wtih forces cnsiusnes 10 ap 2 3p whee ‘aber wring woul makes bride of shared meaning 2 sE05¢ tf eomehing so urgent ins derive to be exreed tar i comes eer the wd tay inthe internment: Maria ‘Teac’ “tong in the head wthoo ie” THs Wing thar ping out oe a dus, pis) ‘Among the most interesting paces in Regt ae the callabors- sion, eding ave by Doge Marat and Betsy Warland, ented “Reading and Wing Derwen the Lines” which undertakes «po ‘ing reclamation of the term “elaborate” ise. Tei endeavor r= Sens that of Retalack, when she rca the word “conspire” by ‘omioding readers of ts rout meaning as “to beth together” and =p ‘lei tothe notion of opening the sahara test to the discourse ‘others Tn ther pec, Mart aad Wald, “runing on together.” Srote thei may thtugh the slr of elaboration in pol ‘Sl sene tos cation of abil py in the lip of Speech and of “et me sip into something more comfortable? she les crass the ny ak lie ip (bite ait: aba: cits) tae “ay ibn de.” lebih, elo, elaborate slip ofthe tongue “the bly of innocence? labia mujra (he “gretrie') bik nd aia nora (te Seer ie) ‘otro mous but he ‘pping one over on platy stipe the tet you teme ala ep ie) ‘sbintization!) ° olin) poste) iene nce ili o esr of the ip grain of ou ips lie ere “prone fuego displacement in poston or cange iam (erm, chemi composton estab (639) This wordplay owes most, perhaps, Irigy’ feminist displace ment ofthe pals asthe etal signifier nthe seal imaginary, pr ticle as articulated Sn Lacan. tn Ths Ser Which Le at One oho ‘wes “Woman ‘odie hal all the time, and morever no oe can fore w d fo er genital re farmed of to Bip in cotin120 xs cont Ths, within herself, she i slrelytwo—bat not dvible In ont) aes ea ther” (24. Althogh nga’ langwepe ‘open tothe ccm that it may lea to babel eens, we ‘should tea in ind that all language est through with meta ‘mars died fem the bod and ta some ofthe blir intervetns Uprinnvative women wre have been trough a nsience on speak ing the body in new terms as «way of breaking the bold of radians lscourses that denigrate and demonine the female ody This mone faint crippling inberitince of alos, a Nile Wed Jooe pois tut: “The whe ides of se kings tel sybase, ‘he phrases tuning sound and recsiming of le’ discos 2) eis alo sme, ss we have seen in Maun, tomard the covery, in material forms comesolyastocated with the feminine, of srctres ‘apleof inspiring new form of writing. For clare writes “Maria and Warland the co-abil lippge betwen wo sd one opens the vet fo 2 commingling of voice oat the wnetined oni ling of women’s bodies, thus enacting a double reversion ofthe [Lecanian Law The effects not hao rect enti the ofthe fan exotics Maso refers an iuginative discursive enactment ofthe “dee” of on et fr sot. Aso pois in Marit and Wel’ tet tm vies march down seperte columns of type ins way semiaiont of Keston’ atphonal ‘cy imocaton bu totes they mere int pennies army ‘sul plafal yma beak-up, reminiscent of Ste, tht shal lose the onerctermined jet ‘te herp (four wor. eeiining cohesion we've moved Sm tren inte tus 2 difical season, my cl writer wring ‘ein we le we are dice sd ou i ending aay ith ue se? . yu and you (at we) in me and are you trying wo svi the auto tllofus reading, which what MogpbicaP wht bel? wri tre do when it boing the "tng ber? when you lene space Toor, metching yorsour min toc yur renders who may at the none temung and turning read you inthe sue way the thei sense and sensing ther sobiogrpieal beomes m= ‘urns dancing wih you fe nal even commanographi in the dae esening otra tht Ee cnet! and parative ‘sense of direction ering to (Carl Gulia) women’s ay of 12h ‘ead you ico where I want to go thinking—andcalsborsting. Although be comets you ‘ring are diferent we hae the ‘or the ground door messing ances on = (162-63) “The yr! strategie here ae air enugh wo cotemprary ceal- the decostrctve questioning (howe i "(Jour wor”? that ex. poses the ins af ubjact and eject the eaiming of termes ‘making of cometindl syuar; the lpi of the Woche texts ‘The appa elect ofthe doble sols i ft ptt eyeing int cis usta, comers the broken, partbesiaed, mulipicaton of sg bas a single vice reading soo in sequence. Unie ‘nary eallabrcve writers, Mart and Wieland cefise to distinguish eewen thei two vices by us of diflesetrypeface or acento ‘he agen Man's 44, nences mati ad bandera txt (wea in Marat and Warland, cilabrstion undermines the notion of ‘wring as imelectal property: we cannot tl where on eres of snd the other bering Ts'o coincidence, I think, tht pre of thi ind ‘ows in geneous, unconventional volumes of Spice, secking expe, i ‘ould sem, fom the rig lineation and nee of the pia et. "Tendencies of the Had of writing Ihave been dserbing ree fresh reaiaton in the medium of hypertext. One of thes colsbor tie ction elle Jeme Ps, by Carlyn Guyer and Marcha Petry ‘sceme particulary comgreat with hase a Renz, bth nits pol ‘sand ins formal concen Zwe Pat ame aot the ren a0 ‘experiment in wring proposed forte journal rating the Ede. The ‘tor fst aed hypertest novelist Mil Joys, bert own fr his yperction Afro, to compose a story Then they inte er thors to reac tment hie text int + eallberation, Cary ‘Goyer and Nara Pry, ech f who ha been at work oo hype ‘ction of her own, rok up te challenge bu refined to acepe fe’ Seton, called POE ra memory of wha ibe, os iro instigating tex. Recogniing 2 patch precept in the posting of master ex, they set about rete an indepenent contraction tht would io transgressive ur and appropiate WOE (7) Ina onscreen =p they plced x writing space conning Fragment of Joe et, it 40d wih pues coming pare oftheir own works io ores then ald 2 fourth, new work, called “Pass” wonen of eonnertions ‘hey crated among the other thre fxs fo produc an Sete aye:Figure 2 As Guyer sd Pery explain: “Almost immediately we begin tos how this process of tinkering with exstng texte by donetaally scaling ther inchoate connects had the ine eft of making ‘Serpthing more hid. me Par bpan fo fet Revey (Petry wih] ‘ich poured ts new character back into hing [Guy's wert] hic owed ver ito POE and Wack thagh Zane” (8) At the ee (of textual organization and of srctural meas, Jame Ps mocks ‘WOE, which eapicaly emanates from "Mandal" an Asiatic dia ram for mediation supposed to kad to myc insight rr Instead, they designed iamond- oro er smond shaped map headed tyra "Mander the Asiatic sigaier of the Yon, the divine female ela 4 Bh, 4 a 5 i “a ls K f Figure 53 Appropriations sod reins of the illustrated are onsite sigue aan internal amc ofthis hypertext. Because i writen in the Stryspace progam, weve, ome Pas aes the further sep of opening tel wo itervenons Uy readers turned writers, who can if they chosen tbat fom, or eareage the tex In this pect, the pais of bypertert slow fr on rez of «frit sit ‘oulted by Reals: i provides “an Soviet t the others di ‘rset pshes farher chose dsrpics of the “rea” sry Mao ls fo, along for efes ofthe sot she ats ncadng “misses, ‘mistakes speaking oto tore, Ameodieats ensures ons ™ Li allhyperiets, ame Pas pois deinitve ealing; the reader chooses the pth of the native The graphical device noting linked mods,

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