Consider the steady-state fully developed laminar flow of a viscous Newtonian

fluid having constant physical properties between two infinitely wide parallel
plates as shown in. The lower plate is stationary and the upper plate moves at a
constant velocity U0. This flow is also subject to a constant axial pressure driving
force
P P0 PL > 0 applied over the length L. Assuming U0is negligible
u
x

v
y

0 continuity equation of imcompressible fluid

friction viscous

u
x

u
y

v
x

v
y

T
x

T
y

u
x
U
L

v
y
v

1 P
x

u
x2

u
y2

1 P
y

T
x2

v
x2

navier

stokes

v
y2

T
y2

energy equation

0
same order

The flowis unidirectional u

0,

u
x

0, v, w

x direction
friction viscous

u
x

u
y

1 P
x

friction viscous

u
x2

u
y2

P
x

u
x2

as L
friction viscous
2

P
x

u
y2

y direction
u
0

v
x

v
P
y

v
y

1 P
y
g

v
x2

v
y2

P
y

u
y2

Boundary conditions
u

U0 , y

0, y

H
0

P
P
dx
dy
x
y
P PL P0
x
L

dP
dP
dx

dP
dx
P
,
L

P
x

P dy
y dx

P
x

friction viscous
2

P
x

u
y2

P
L

u
y2

P
L

u
y2

U0 , y

0, y

0
u
U0

H
0
2

P
L

u *U 0

y*H

H2 P
U0 L

u*

y*

P
L

u *,

y
H

0, y

U0
H

Viscous term balances the pressure term

H2 P
U0 L
say u

H2

1 asU 0 is small
P
L

y*

u*

y*

The problem that we consider is steady-state one-dimensional uniform or plug flow

of a viscous Newtonian fluid having constant physical properties and constant
velocity U0 impinging on two nonparallel infinitely wide flat plates. This creates a
developing flow with nonzero x- and y-velocity components.
u
x

v
y

0 continuity equation of imcompressible fluid

friction viscous

u
u
x

u
v
y

v
x

v
y

1 P
x

u
x2

u
y2

1 P
y

v
x2

v
y2

navier

stokes

Boundary conditions
at x

0, u

U0

at x

L ,u

at y

0, u

0, v

at y

H0

u*

u
, v*
us

y ,v

f2 y

H0

HL
L

x ,u

v
, P*
vs

0, v

P
, x*
Ps

x
, y*
xs

y
ys

friction viscous

u
x

u * us

u
y

u * us
x * xs

u * us us
xs

u*
x*

y 2 s u * us us
us
xs
y 2 s u * us
xs

1 P
x

u*
x*

v * vs

u
x2
u * us

u
y2
1

y * ys

v * vs u s
ys
u*
x*
ys v * vs

u*
y*

x * xs
1Ps
xs

y 2 s v * vs u s
us
ys
u*
y*

P * Ps
P*
x*
u*
y*

Ps y 2 s P *
u s xs x *

x * xs
2

us
x2s

x*

u*
x *2

u * us
y * ys

u*

y 2 s 1Ps
us
xs
y 2s
x2s

u * us

us
y 2s

P*
x*
2

u*
y *2

u*
y*
y 2s
us

us
x2s

u*
x*

us
y 2s

u*
y*

v
x

u
u*

1 P
y

v
x2

u
, v*
us

v
, P*
vs

P
, x*
Ps

x
, y*
xs

v * vs

v * vs

u * us

v * vs

x * xs
v*

u * u s vs
xs

x*

ys u * us vs
Ps xs

y s v * vs v s
Ps
ys

x*
v*

x * xs

y * ys

0, u*

at x

L
, u*
xs

P*

vs v *
ys y *

at y

0, u

0, v

H0
ys

H0

f *2 y *

0
HL
x,u
ys L

0, v

y*

x*

v * vs
y * ys
2

vs
y 2s

P*
2

v*
x*

xs vs v *
ys u s y *

v*

vs
x2s

vs
Ps ys

y*
ys
Ps

y*

y s vs
Ps x 2 s
u*
x*

v*

ys Ps
Ps
ys

y*

v * vs
x * xs

vs
x2s

y*

y*

us u *
xs x *

f * 1 y * , v*

P*

v*

U0
us

at x

P * Ps

v*

v * vs v s
Ps

x*

y
ys

Ps
ys

y*

v*

v * vs

y * ys

v*

ys

u * us

v
y2

y * ys

v * vs vs

ys u * us vs
Ps
xs

at y*

v
y

v*
x*

v*
y*

ys
Ps

ys
Ps

vs
y 2s

v*
y*

ys
Ps

y 2 s u * us u *
xs
x*
0, u*

at x

L
, u*
xs

at y

0, u

0, v

H0
ys

H0

U 0 , xs

L,

us

u
x

f * 1 y * , v*

H0
u*
u*
L
x*
H 0U

if Re H
0

u*
y *2

f *2 y *

0
HL
x,u
ys L
Ps
u s xs
y2s

H 0 2U 0
u*
u*
L
x*

Re H

0, v
1,

Ps
U0L
H 02

U0L
, v*
H 02

1, Ps

U H0
L

v
0
y
v
same order
H0

U
L

Re H

y 2 s 2u *
x 2 s x *2

U0
us

at x

at y*

Ps y 2 s P *
u s xs x *

y s v * vs u *
y*

H0 U H0
u*
v*
L
y*
Re H

H0
u*
v*
L
y*

1 creeping or stokes flow

P*
x*

u*
y *2

P*
x*
P*
x*

H 0 2 2u *
L2 x *2

H 0 2 2u *
L2 x *2

u*
y *2
2

u*
y *2

Consider steady-state heat conduction in a homogeneous solid having constant

physical properties that has width W in the x-direction, height H in the y-direction,
and is infinitely thick in the z-direction; the geometry is such that W H. The
planar faces at x = 0, x = W, and y = 0 are held at a constant temperature T1,
whereas the planar face at y = H is maintained at a constant temperature T2. We
anticipate that if W
H, we might be able to ignore the heat conduction in the xdirection. However, the question arises as to how much larger W has to be relative
to H to ignore the lateral heat conduction.
T
x

T
y

v
2

T
x2

T1 at x

T1 at x

T1 at y

T2 at y

Tr
Ts
T
y2

x * xs
2

T * Ts
2

T*
x*

T*

T1

T*

T1

at x*

Tr

at x*

W
xs

Tr

at y*

T*

T2

Tr

at y*

T*

0 at x*

T*

0 at x*

T*

0 at y*

T*

0 at y*

H2
W2

Ts
Ts
Ts

y*

T*

Tr
Ts

T*

T*
y*

T1

x*

y * ys

T*

y
ys

0
2

T * Ts

y 2s
x2s

, x*

T
x2

x
, y*
xs

T
y2

T
y2

T*

T
x2

Ts
x2s

x*

H
ys

T*
y*

H2
W2

T*

Ts
y 2s

T*
y*

The first problem that we consider is unsteady-state one dimensional heat

conduction in a solid that has constant physical properties and a thickness H. This
solid is initially at a constant temperature T0; however, one surface of this solid is
then raised to a temperature T1 while the other surface is maintained at T0
2

T
t

T
x2

T0 at t

0, 0

T1 at x

0, t

T at x

T*

Tr

T *T

x * xs

x2s T *
ts
t*
T0
T1

T0

Tr
Tr

at t * ts

0, 0

x*

at x*

0, t * ts

at x*

H
xs

Tr
Ts

H2 T *
t
t*

Say F0

T*
x *2

Ts

Given F0

t
ts

Ts

y
, t*
ys

x 2 sTs T *
Ts
t

T * Ts
t

T*

x
, y*
xs

, x*

Ts

H
xs

T*
x *2

t
H2

t
H2

1 for steady state

tH
H2

tH

H2

T*

x*

Consider a solid sphere initially at temperature T0, having constant physical

properties, radius R, and falling at its constant terminal velocity Ut through a
viscous liquid whose constant temperature is T > T0.As a result of contact with the
hot liquid, the temperature of the sphere gradually will increase.
Due to symmetry only r spatial coordinate is significant in spherical coordinates
T
t
T

1
T
r2
2
r r
r
T0 at t 0 0 r

T
r
k
T*

0 at r
T
r
T

0, t

h T
Tr
Ts

Ts
rs

r * rs

T*
r*
r*
T*
r*
T*
r*

r*
Tr

Ts

t
ts

r*

at t * t s
0 at r*

r2 *

0 0

r*

0, t * t s

hrs T
T
at r*
k
Ts
hrs T
k

TsT * Tr
Ts

hrs T
Tr
k
Ts

r * rs

r * rs

t*
T0

r
, t*
rs

, r*

T*

T*

at r

t * ts

T*

T * Ts
rs 2
ts

T*

T * Ts
r * rs

T*
r*
R
rs

R
given, T
rs
hrs T
Tr
k
Ts

TsT * Tr
T*

Since it is a small biot approximation

T 0 TR
TR T

solid resist
fluid resist

Bi

T0

therefore
T

Tr

Tr
Ts

T*

Ts
T0

T*
r*
T*
r*

T0

TR

Ts
0 at t*

0 0

r* 1

0 at r*

0, t*

0 at r*

0, t*

T*

Bi 1 T *

r*

Small biot , dim temp within sphere is negligble , imply within sphere is isothermal
rs 2
ts

T*

t*

r*

T*

r*

say F0

t*

0
1

r *
d T*
d t*
1d T*
3 d t*

4 r 2 * dr*
0

t*

r*

rs 2

T*

T*

r2 *

r*

r*

ts

T*

T*

r2 *

r*

t*

Bi 1 T *
2

r *dr*
0

Bi 1 T *

r*

dr *
r*

dr*

dr *
r*

r*
r2 *

r2 *
T*
r*

r2 *

T*
r*

T*
r*

4 r 2 * dr *

Consider the steady-state fully developed laminar flow of a viscous Newtonian

fluid with constant physical properties between two infinitely wide parallel plates
separated by a distance 2H and of length L. The upstream (entering) temperature of
the fluid is T0. The temperature of the upper and lower plates is also maintained at
T0. Since the flow is assumed to be laminar and fully developed, the velocity
2

y
H

profile is given by u U m 1

where Um is the maximum velocity. As a result

of this shear flow, there will be heat generation via viscous dissipation.

u
x

v
y

0 continuity equation of imcompressible fluid

T
C u
x
u
x

v
y

T
y

T
x2

T
y2

HV

u
x

0, v , w

energy equation

The flowis unidirectional u

0,

x direction
2

T
C u
x
Um 1

y
H

C U m 1

y
H

T0 at x

f y at x

T0 at y
T
y

0 at y

T
x2

T
y2

C U m 1

HV

T
x

0
L
H
0

T
x2

T
y2

HV

y
H

T
x

T
x2

T
y2

HV

T*

Tr
Ts

C U m
kL

H C
Re L 1
L k
Tr

f y * at x*
T0

Tr
Ts

T*
y*

T*

H
L

x*

L
xs

H
ys

T*

ys

T * Ts
y * ys

T*
x*

xs
H

x*

at y*

0 at y*

x*

at x

x * xs
H
L

T * Ts

T*

y*

T*

Ts

x * xs

y*

T0

y
ys

T * Ts

T*

y * ys
H

C U m 1
H2

x
, y*
xs

, x*

T*
y*

T*
y*

HV

HV H

kTs
HV H
kTs