HW10 - Chap 17.5,17.7, Chap. 18.4-18

4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Due:11:59pmonThursday,April16,2015
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
HeatversusTemperature
Thespecificheatcapacityofaluminumisabouttwicethatofiron.Considertwoblocksofequalmass,onemadeof
aluminumandtheotheronemadeofiron,initiallyinthermalequilibrium.
PartA
Heatisaddedtoeachblockatthesameconstantrateuntilitreachesatemperatureof500K .Whichofthe
followingstatementsistrue?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Heatisaddedtobothblocksatthesameconstantrate.Thatis,thesameamountofheatisaddedtoeach
blockperunittime.Therefore,theblockthatreachesthefinaltemperatureinthesmallestamountoftimeis
theblockthatrequiresthesmallestamountofheattoundergothegiventemperaturechange.Sinceboth
blockshavethesamemassandundergothesametemperaturechange,youcanrelatetheamountofheat
absorbedbyeachblocktotheblock'sspecificheatcapacity.
Hint2.Specificheatcapacity
Givenasampleofmassmofacertainsubstance,theamountofheatQ neededtochangeitstemperature
byanamountT isgivenby
Q = mcT
wherecisthespecificheatcapacitycharacteristicofthatsubstance.Itfollowsthatthespecificheat
capacitycofasampleistheamountofheatrequiredtoraisethetemperatureofonegramofthesampleby
1K .
Hint3.Identifywhichmaterialrequiresmoreheat
Considerseveralonegramsamplesofdifferentmaterials.Heatisaddedtoeachsampletoincreaseits
temperatureby1K .Whichmaterialwillabsorbthemostheat?
Hint1.Definitionofspecificheatcapacity
Thespecificheatcapacitycofasampleistheamountofheatrequiredtoraisethetemperatureof
onegramofthatsampleby1K .
ANSWER:
Thematerialwiththesmallestspecificheatcapacitywillabsorbthemostheat.
Thematerialwiththelargestspecificheatcapacitywillabsorbthemostheat.
Allthematerialswillabsorbthesameamountofheatbecausetheyallhavethesamemass.
Allthematerialswillabsorbthesameamountofheatbecausetheyallundergothesamechange
intemperature.
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3545494
1/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
ANSWER:
Theirontakeslesstimethanthealuminumtoreachthefinaltemperature.
Thealuminumtakeslesstimethantheirontoreachthefinaltemperature.
Thetwoblockstakethesameamountoftimetoreachthefinaltemperature.
Correct
PartB
Whenthetwomaterialshavereachedthermalequilibrium,theblockofaluminumiscutinhalfandequalquantities
ofheatareaddedtotheironblockandtoeachportionofthealuminumblock.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis
true?
Sincethesamequantitiesofheatareaddedtosamplesthathavedifferentmassesanddifferentspecific
heatcapacities,thismayresultindifferentfinaltemperaturesforeachsample.However,youmustkeepin
mindthateachsmallerblockofaluminumnowhashalfthemassoftheironblock,butabouttwicethe
specificheatcapacity.
TosolvethisproblemuseproportionalreasoningtofindarelationbetweenT ,c,andm.
Findthesimplestequationthatcontainsthesevariablesandotherknownquantitiesfromthe
problem.
Writethisequationtwice:oncetodescribeT i ,ci ,andmi andagaintorelateT a ,ca ,
andma ,wherethesubscriptireferstoironandatoaluminum.
Writeeachequationsothatalltheconstantsareononesideandthevariablesareonthe
other.InthisproblemthevariableisT sowriteyourequationsintheformT = .
Finally,comparethetwocasespresentedintheproblem.Forthisquestionyoushouldfindthe
ratioT i /T a .
Hint2.Findthetemperaturechangeoftheironblock
WhenanamountofheatQ isabsorbedbytheblockofiron,whatisitschangeintemperatureT i ?Use
m i and c i forthemassoftheironblockandthespecificheatcapacityofiron,respectively.
Expressyouranswerintermsofmi ,ci ,andQ .
Hint1.Specificheatcapacity
Givenamassmofacertainsubstance,theamountofheatQ neededtochangeitstemperatureby
anamountT isgivenby
Q = mcT
wherecisaconstant,calledspecificheatcapacity,characteristicofthatsubstance.
ANSWER:
2/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
T i
Q
m i ci
Hint3.Findthetemperaturechangeofthesmalleraluminumblock
WhenanamountofheatQ isabsorbedbytheblockofiron,whatisitschangeintemperatureT a ?
Expressthemassoftheblockintermsofthemassoftheironblockmi andthespecificheatcapacityof
aluminumintermsofthespecificheatcapacityofironci .
Expressyouranswerintermsofmi ,ci ,andQ .
Hint1.Specificheatcapacityofaluminum
Recallthatthespecificheatcapacityofaluminumisabouttwicethespecificheatcapacityofiron.
ANSWER:
T a
Q
m i ci
ANSWER:
Thethreeblocksarenolongerinthermalequilibriumtheironblockiswarmer.
Thethreeblocksarenolongerinthermalequilibriumboththealuminumblocksarewarmer.
Theblocksremaininthermalequilibrium.
Correct
UnderstandingHeatConduction
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheheatconductionformulaandthevariablesinit.
Conductiontheflowofheatfromahotterobjecttoacoolerobjectorfromahotterregiontoacoolerregionofthesame
objectisthemostcommonmechanismofheattransfer.Theformulagoverningthisis
dQ CH
dt
= kC A(
T H T C
L
).
PartA
Thisformulaappliesto________________.
ANSWER:
3/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
anyobjectofcrosssectionalareaAlengthLandthermalconductivityk C
anyobjectofcrosssectionalareaAlengthLandthermalresistivityk C
aplateofsurfaceareaAlongdimensionLandthermalconductivityk C
aplateofsurfaceareaAlongdimensionLandthermalresistivityk C
Correct
Thisformulagivestheheatconductedatsteadystatebyanyobjectofuniformheatconductivityandcross
sectionalarea,whosehotandcoolerendsareatT H andT C ,respectively.Typicalexamplesareawire,rod,
oraninsulatinglayer,thelatterofwhichwilltypicallyhavealargeareaAandrelativelyshortlength
(thickness)L.
Imaginethatyouareapplyingtheheatconductionformulatoarodthatisheldatahightemperatureononeendandat
alowtemperatureontheotherend.Indicatewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.
PartB
ThequantitydQ CH /dtistherateofheattransferfromthehottothecoldendoftherod.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartC
ThequantitydQ CH /dtistherateofheataddedtothehotendoftherodtomaintainitstemperature.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartD
ThequantitydQ CH /dtistherateofheatremovedfromthecoldendoftherodtomaintainitstemperature.
ANSWER:
4/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
true
false
Correct
PartE
ThequantitydQ CH /dtisthetotalamountofheattransferredfromthehottothecoldendoftherod.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
Theflowofheatinto,through,andoutoftherodareequalundersteadystateconditionsinwhichthe
temperatureofeachendoftherodisconstant.Theheatconductionformulaappliesonlyinsteadystateit
doesnotapplytothesituationinwhichoneendofabarissuddenlyplacedinaflamewhiletheotherendis
heldatfixedtemperature(asinanicebath)theformulawouldonlyapplyafterthetemperatureateverypoint
inthebarhadreachedasteadystatevalue.
PartF
IntheSIsystemofunits,whataretheunitsofthequantitydQ CH /dt?
ANSWER:
joules
amperes
watts
Correct
HeatFlowingthroughaSectionedRod
Alongrod,insulatedtopreventheatlossalongitssides,isinperfectthermalcontactwithboilingwater(atatmospheric
pressure)atoneendandwithanicewatermixtureattheother.Therodconsistsofa1.00 m sectionofcopper(with
oneendintheboilingwater)joinedendtoendtoalengthL2 ofsteel(withoneendintheicewater).Bothsectionsof
therodhavecrosssectionalareasof4.00cm2 .Thetemperatureofthecoppersteeljunctionis65.0 C afterasteady
statehasbeenreached.Assumethatthethermalconductivitiesofcopperandsteelaregivenby
kcopper = 385
W
mK
andksteel
= 50.2
W
mK
5/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
PartA
HowmuchheatpersecondH (=
Q
t
)flowsfromtheboilingwatertotheicewatermixture?
Expressyouranswerinwatts.
Becausethelengthofthesteelsectionoftherodisunknown,theequationfortheheatconductioncannot
besetupdirectlybetweentheboilingwaterandtheicewater.Instead,sincethejunctiontemperatureis
known,calculatetheheatflowingthroughthecoppersectiononly.Becauseasteadystatehasbeen
reached,theheatflowingoutoftheboilingwatermustbeequaltotheheatflowingthroughthecopper
section,whichisequaltotheheatflowingthroughthesteelsection,whichisfinallyequaltotheheat
flowingintotheicewater.
Hint2.Equationforheatconduction
Theheatcurrentthrougharodis
H =
Q
t
= kA
T hot T cold
L
whereLandAare,respectively,thelengthandcrosssectionalareaoftherodincontactwitheachside
andk isthethermalconductivityoftherod,whichdependsonthematerialusedtomaketherod.
ANSWER:
H
= 5.39 W
Correct
Becausethesystemisassumedtohavereachedasteadystate,theheatflowingoutoftheboilingwater
mustbeequaltotheheatflowingthroughthecoppersectionoftherod.
PartB
6/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
WhatisthelengthL2 ofthesteelsection?
Expressyouranswerinmeters.
InPartA,youfoundtheheatcurrentthroughthecopperrod,whichisthesameastheheatcurrentthrough
thesteelrod.Youalsoknowthetemperaturesofbothendsofthesteelrod.Usethesevaluesintheheat
currentequationtocalculatethelengthofthesteelrod.
ANSWER:
L2
= 0.242 m
Correct
Extendingtheanalysisfromthefirstpart,weseethat,sinceasteadystatehasbeenreached,theheat
flowingthroughthecoppersectionmustbeequaltotheheatflowingthroughthesteelsection,whichisalso
equaltotheheatflowingintotheicewater.
UnderstandingHeatRadiation
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheformulaforpowerradiatedintheformofelectromagneticenergybyanobjectatnonzero
temperature.
Everyobjectatabsolute(Kelvin)temperatureT willradiateelectromagneticwaves.Thisradiationistypicallyinthe
infraredforobjectsatroomtemperature,withsomevisiblelightemittedforobjectsheatedabove1000K .Theformula
governingtherateofenergyradiationfromasurfaceisgivenby
P = eAT
whereP isthethermalpower(alsoknownastheheatcurrentH ).
PartA
Thisformulaappliesto_______________.
ANSWER:
anyobjectoftotalsurfaceareaA,KelvintemperatureT ,andemissivitye
anyobjectofcrosssectionalareaA,KelvintemperatureT ,andemissivitye
anyobjectoftotalsurfaceareaA,KelvintemperatureT ,andemissivity
anyobjectofcrosssectionalareaA,KelvintemperatureT ,andemissivity
7/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Correct
Intheformulagiven,e isthethermalemissivity.Theemissivityis1.0foratrulyblackobjectandvariesdown
toabout0.02forashinygoldplatedobject.
TheStefanBoltzmannconstantis
= 5.67 10
W/m /K
andisaconstantofnature.Itspredictionfromfirstprincipleswasthefirstmajortriumphofquantum
mechanics,giving
=
kB
3
15h c
wherek B isBoltzmann'sconstant,hisPlanck'squantumofangularmomentum(orPlanck'sconstant),andc
isthespeedoflight.
PartB
Ifyouwantedtofindtheareaofthehotfilamentinalightbulb,youwouldhavetoknowthetemperature
(determinablefromthecolorofthelight),thepowerinput,theStefanBoltzmannconstant,andwhatpropertyofthe
filament?
ANSWER:
thermalradiation
emissivity
length
Correct
PartC
Ifyoucalculatethethermalpowerradiatedbytypicalobjectsatroomtemperature,youwillfindsurprisinglylarge
values,severalkilowattstypically.Forexample,asquareboxthatis1moneachsideandpaintedblack
(thereforejustifyinganemissivitye nearunity)emits2.5kW atatemperatureof20 C .Inrealitythenetthermal
poweremittedbysuchaboxmustbemuchsmallerthanthis,orelsetheboxwouldcooloffquitequickly.Which
ofthefollowingalternativesseemstoexplainthisconundrumbest?
ANSWER:
Theboxisblackonlyinthevisiblespectrumintheinfrared(whereitradiates)itisquiteshinyand
radiateslittlepower.
Thesurroundingroomisnearthetemperatureoftheboxandradiatesabout2.5kW ofthermalenergy
intothebox.
Bothofthefirsttwofactorscontributesignificantly.
Neitherofthefirsttwofactorsistheexplanation.
8/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Correct
PartD
Asaroughapproximation,thehumanbodymaybeconsideredtobeacylinderoflengthL = 2.0 mand
circumferenceC = 0.8 m .(Tosimplifythings,ignorethecirculartopandbottomofthecylinder,andjustconsider
thecylindricalsides.)Iftheemissivityofskinistakentobee = 0.6 ,andthesurfacetemperatureistakentobe
T = 30 C ,howmuchthermalpower P doesthehumanbodyradiate?
Expressthepowerradiatednumericallygiveyouranswertothenearest10W .
Hint1.Findtheareaoftheperson
FindtheareaAoftheperson.
ExpresstheareaintermsofL,C ,andanyconstants.
ANSWER:
A
LC
Hint2.Findasymbolicexpressionforthepower
FindthetotalpowerP radiatedbytheperson.
ExpressyouranswerintermsoftheStefanBoltzmannconstant,thebodyareaA,thebody
temperatureT ,andtheemissivitye .
ANSWER:
P
eAT
ANSWER:
P
= 460 W
Correct
Exercise17.26
Inanefforttostayawakeforanallnightstudysession,astudentmakesacupofcoffeebyfirstplacinga200W
electricimmersionheaterin0.300kg ofwater.
PartA
Howmuchheatmustbeaddedtothewatertoraiseitstemperaturefrom21.5 C to86.0 C ?
9/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
ANSWER:
Q
= 8.11104 J
Correct
PartB
Howmuchtimeisrequired?Assumethatalloftheheater'spowergoesintoheatingthewater.
ANSWER:
t
= 405 s
Correct
DegreesofFreedom
Thermodynamicsdealswiththemacroscopicpropertiesofmaterials.Scientistscanmakequantitativepredictions
aboutthesemacroscopicpropertiesbythinkingonamicroscopicscale.Kinetictheoryandstatisticalmechanics
provideawaytorelatemolecularmodelstothermodynamics.Predictingtheheatcapacitiesofgasesataconstant
volumefromthenumberofdegreesoffreedomofagasmoleculeisoneexampleofthepredictivepowerofmolecular
models.
ThemolarspecificheatCv ofagasataconstantvolumeisthequantityofenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureT
ofonemoleofgasbyonedegreewhilethevolumeremainsthesame.Mathematically,
Cv =
dU
dT
wheren isthenumberofmolesofgas,dU isthechangeininternalenergy,anddT isthechangeintemperature.

Kinetictheorytellsusthatthetemperatureofagasisdirectlyproportionaltothetotalkineticenergyofthemolecules
inthegas.Theequipartitiontheoremsaysthateachdegreeoffreedomofamoleculehasanaverageenergyequalto
1
2
1
2
kB T
,wherek B isBoltzmann'sconstant1.38 10
nRT ,where R = 8.314
J
molK
23
J/K
.Whensummedovertheentiregas,thisgives
istheidealgasconstant,foreachmoleculardegreeoffreedom.
PartA
Usingtheequipartitiontheorem,determinethemolarspecificheat,Cv ,ofagasinwhicheachmoleculehass
degreesoffreedom.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofRands .
Themolarspecificheatofasubstanceistheamountofenergyrequiredtoincreasethetemperatureofone
moleofthesubstancebyonedegreeCelsius.Usingtheequipartitiontheorem,determinebyhowmuchthe
totalenergyofagasincreaseswhenitstemperatureincreasesbyonedegree.Thenapplytheformulagiven
10/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
intheproblemintroductionforCv .
Recallthatachangeintemperaturereflectsachangeintheamountofenergyassociatedwitheachdegree
offreedom.
Hint2.Monatomicgas:anexample
Themolarspecificheatforamonatomicgasis
3
2
R.
Amonatomicgashasthreedegreesoffreedom,oneforeachofthethreeCartesiandirections.Bythe
equipartitiontheorem,whenthetemperatureofthegaschanges,theenergyineachdegreeoffreedom
changesbyanamountdU 1
1
2
nR dT .
ANSWER:
Cv
s
2
( R)
J
molK
Correct
Experimentally,kinetictheoryandtheequipartitiontheoremdoagoodjobofpredictingthespecificheatof
manygasesatroomtemperatureasshowninthechartbelow.
Molecule
Cv
J
mol K
Cv /R
DegreesofFreedom
Argon(Ar)
12.5
1.50
Helium(He)
12.5
1.50
CarbonMonoxide(CO)
20.7
2.49
Hydrogen(H2)
20.4
2.45
NitricOxide(NO)
20.9
2.51
HydrogenSulfide(H2S)
25.92
3.12
WaterVapor(H2O)
25.24
3.03
Foramonatomicgas,thereareonlythreetranslationaldegreesoffreedom,soCv isabout
3
2
R .Diatomic
moleculesandlinearmoleculeshavethreetranslationaldegreesoffreedomandtworotationalcomponentsto
themotion(rotationabouttheaxisofthemoleculedoesnotcontributemuchexceptathightemperatures),
givingCv avalueofabout
freedom,whichgivesC v
5
2
R .Nonlinearmoleculeshavethreetranslationalandthreerotationaldegreesof
6
2
R.
Polyatomicmoleculesalsohavevibrationaldegreesoffreedom,wherethebondsbetweenatomscanvibrate
backandforthlikeaspringbeingcompressedandreleasedaswellaspossiblesidetosideswingingmotion
fromthebondsbending.Thevibrationalmotiondoesnotnormallycontributetothedegreesoffreedomuntila
hightemperatureof400degreesCelsiusormoreisreached.
PartB
GiventhemolarspecificheatCv ofagasatconstantvolume,youcandeterminethenumberofdegreesof
freedoms thatareenergeticallyaccessible.
= 70.6
11/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Forexample,atroomtemperaturecis2butene,C 4 H8 ,hasmolarspecificheatC v
= 70.6
degreesoffreedomofcis2buteneareenergeticallyaccessible?
J
molK
.Howmany
Expressyouranswernumericallytothenearestinteger.
InPartA,youderivedanequationforCv intermsofthenumberofdegreesoffreedoms .Substituteknown
quantitiesintothatequationandsolvefors .
ANSWER:
s
= 17
Correct
TheSpeedofNitrogenMolecules
Thekinetictheoryofgasesstatesthatthekineticenergyofagasisdirectlyproportionaltothetemperatureofthegas.
Arelationshipbetweenthemicroscopicpropertiesofthegasmoleculesandthemacroscopicpropertiesofthegascan
bederivedusingthefollowingassumptions:
Thegasiscomposedofpointlikeparticlesseparatedbycomparativelylargedistances.
Thegasmoleculesareincontinualrandommotionwithcollisionsbeingperfectlyelastic.
Thegasmoleculesexertnolongrangeforcesoneachother.
Oneofthemostimportantmicroscopicpropertiesofgasmoleculesisvelocity.Thereareseveraldifferentwaysto
describestatisticallytheaveragevelocityofamoleculeinagas.Themostobviousmeasureistheaveragevelocity
v avg
.However,sincethemoleculesinagasaremovinginrandomdirections,theaveragevelocityisapproximately
zero.Anothermeasureofvelocityis(v 2 ) avg ,theaveragesquaredvelocity.Sincethesquareofvelocityisalways
positive,thismeasuredoesnotaveragetozeroovertheentiregas.Athirdmeasureistherootmeansquare(rms)
speed,v rms ,equaltothesquarerootof(v 2 ) avg .Thermsspeedisagoodapproximationofthethetypicalspeedof
themoleculesinagas.
Thishistogramshowsatheoreticaldistributionofspeedsofmoleculesinasampleofnitrogen(N2 )gas.Inthis
problem,you'llusethehistogramtocomputepropertiesofthegas.
12/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
PartA
Whatistheaveragespeedv avg ofthemoleculesinthegas?
Expressyouranswernumericallytothreesignificantdigits.
Hint1.Howtousethehistogram
Thehistogramshowsthefractionofmoleculesthathavespeedswithineachofasetofranges.Each
speedrangeiscalledabin.Takethecentralspeedvalueofeachbinasanestimateofthespeedofallthe
moleculesinthatbin.Computetheweightedaveragespeed,usingthepercentageofmoleculesinabinas
theweightingfactorforthatbin.
Hint2.Moreoncomputingtheaverage
Tofindtheweightedaverage,taketheaveragespeedofthemoleculesineach"bin"(forexample,the
averagespeedofmoleculesinthe0200rangeis100),andmultiplythatvaluebythefractionofmolecules
inthatbin.Repeatthisprocessforeachbin,addingtheresults.Thiswillgiveyoutheaveragespeedofthe
moleculesinthegas.
ANSWER:
v avg
= 474 m/s
Correct
PartB
Becausethekineticenergyofasinglemoleculeisrelatedtoitsvelocitysquared,thebestmeasureofthekinetic
energyoftheentiregasisobtainedbycomputingthemeansquaredvelocity,(v 2 ) avg ,oritssquarerootv rms .The
quantityv rms ismorecommonthan(v 2 ) avg becauseithasthedimensionsofvelocityinsteadofthelessfamiliar
velocitysquared.
13/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Whatisthermsspeedv rms ofthemoleculesinthenitrogengas?

Expressyouranswernumericallytothreesignificantdigits.
Thermsspeedofasystemofmoleculesisthesquarerootoftheaverageofthesquaresofthevelocities.
Takethecentralspeedvalueofeachbinasanestimateofthespeedofallthemoleculesinthatbin.
Computetheweightedaveragesquaredspeed,usingthepercentageofmoleculesinabinastheweighting
factorforthatbin.Thentakethesquareroot.
Hint2.Findthemeansquarevelocity
Whatisthemeansquarevelocity(v 2 ) avg forthegivendistributionofmolecules?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterssquaredpersecondsquaredtothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Understandingmeansquarevelocity
Themeansquarevelocityisgivenby(v 2 ) avg = ( v 2 )/N ,wherethesumistakenoverallthe
moleculesinthegasandN isthetotalnumberofmolecules.Ifyoutakethecentralspeedvalueof
eachbinasanestimateofthespeedofallthemoleculesinthatbin,thisequationreducesto
2
(v )
avg
bins
nbin v
wherethesumisnowoverthenumberofdiscretebinsandn bin isthenumberofmolecules(or

equivalentlythepercentageofmolecules)inaparticularbin.
ANSWER:
2
(v )
avg
= 2.69105 m2 /s 2
ANSWER:
v rms
= 519 m/s
Correct
Aspeedof519m/siscomparabletothatofabulletshotfromahandgun.Incontrast,aBoeing747jet
airlinerhasamaximumairspeedof270m/sandthespeedofsoundinairisonlyabout330m/s.Thespeed
ofsoundinairmustbeslowerthantheaveragespeedofthemoleculesbecauseitisthemovementofthe
moleculesthattransmitssound.
PartC
WhatisthetemperatureT ofthesampleofN2 gasdescribedinthehistogram?
ExpressyouranswerindegreesCelsiustothreesignificantfigues.
14/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Usingtheassumptionsofkinematics,theidealgaslaw,andtheformulaforkineticenergy,itcanbeshown
thatv rms = 3RT /mm ,whereRistheidealgasconstant,T isthetemperatureinkelvins,andmm is

themolarmassinkilograms.
SolvethisequationforT .UseR
= 8.314 J/(K mol)
Hint2.FindthemolarmassofN2
Tothreesignificantfigures,theweightofnitrogenis14.0g/mol.Whatisthemolarmassmm oftheN2
molecule?
Expressyouransweringramspermoletothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
mm
= 28.0 g/mol
ANSWER:
T
= 29.4 C
Correct
PartD
Thehistogramusedinthisproblemisobviouslyonlyanapproximationofthetruedistributionofvelocitiesinagas.
Inreality,themoleculesspanacontinuousrangeofvelocities.Foragiventemperature,themajorityofthe
moleculeshaveaspeedneartheaveragespeed,withafewmoleculestravelingveryfastorveryslow.Togood
approximation,thespeedsofmoleculesinagasfollowwhatisknownastheMaxwellBoltzmanndistribution.This
appletallowsyoutoseethecurvesfortheMaxwellBoltzmanndistributionatmanydifferenttemperatures.Italso
letsyoumoveasmallintervalaroundonthehistogramtohighlightallofthemoleculeswithinthespeedrangeof
thatpartofthehistogram.
WhichofthefollowingdescribesthequalitativebehavioroftheMaxwellBoltzmanndistributionastemperature
increases?Youwillhavetopressthe"reset"buttonontheappletbeforeyoucanchangethetemperatureusingthe
thermometerontherightside.
ANSWER:
Thepeakmovestotheright,whilethedistributionbecomesmorespreadout.
Thepeakmovestotheright,whilethedistributionbecomeslessspreadout.
Thepeakmovestotheleft,whilethedistributionbecomesmorespreadout.
Thepeakmovestotheleft,whilethedistributionbecomeslessspreadout.
15/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Correct
Atthehighertemperatures,thepeakofthecurveshiftstotheright,indicatingahigheraveragevelocity.The
peaksofthehighertemperaturecurvesarealsobroader,indicatingthatagreaterpercentageofmoleculesare
travelingatahighervelocitythaninthelowtemperaturecase.
Exercise18.41
PartA
Howmuchheatdoesittaketoincreasethetemperatureof3.50molesofadiatomicidealgasbyanamount40.0
K ifthegasisheldatconstantvolume?Thegasmoleculescantranslateandrotatebutnotvibrate.
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
Q
= 2910 J
Correct
PartB
Whatistheanswertothequestioninpart(A)ifthegasismonatomic?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
Q
= 1750 J
Correct
StoringAmmonia
Ammonia(NH3 )isacolorless,pungentgasatstandardpressureandtemperature.Itisanaturalmetabolicbyproduct,
usuallygettingreleasedinrespiration,sweat,andurine.However,becauseammoniaiscaustic,exposuretolarge
quantitiesofitcancauseillnessandevendeath.Despiteitsinherentdangers,ammoniaisenvironmentallyfriendlyin
smallquantitiesandhasmanyapplicationsinoureconomy.Itcanbeusedasafertilizer,asasourceofhydrogengas
forwelding,asarefrigerant,intheproductionofnitricacidandsodiumcarbonate,inmetallugy,andintheinfamous
smellingsaltsusedtoreviveunconsciouspeople.Ammoniatodaycanbemassproducedinexpensivelyinchemical
refineries.
Tosafelyproduceandstoreammonia,itsphysicalandthermodynamicpropertiesmustbeunderstood.Physically,
ammoniaisastrongbasethatreactswithacidsandmetals.Thethermodynamicpropertiesdescribingthephasesof
ammonia(solid,liquid,andgas)andthetransitionsbetweenthephasesarejustasimportant.Therelationshipofthese
16/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
phasestopressureandtemperatureisquantitativelydescribedbyammonia'spTphasediagram.Notethat,inthis
diagram,thepressureaxisisnottoscale.
Fromthediagram,themeltingtemperature,boiling
temperature,andotherquantitiescanbedeterminedforany
pressure.Thepressureandtemperaturerangeforeachofthe
phasesisshownbyitsownuniqueareaofthegraph.The
linesboundingeachofthephasesonthediagramrepresent
thetemperaturesandpressuresatwhichtwostatescan
coexist.
Forthisproblem,anysectionofcurveonthediagramcanbe
namedusingtwolettersontheboundaryinalphabetical
order.Otherpointsnotlyingontheboundarycanalsobe
usedtohelpidentifyvariousthermodynamicprocesses.
PartA
Onthephasediagram,whichsectionofcurverepresentsthepressureandtemperaturevaluesatwhichammonia
willboil?
Expressyouranswerastwolettersthatlieonasectionoftheappropriatecurve.
Hint1.Describeboilingintermsofphasechanges
Boilingisthetransitionfromonephasetoanotherwithbothphasesexistingtogether.Thephasesand
directionofchangeinvolvedinboilingare__________to__________.
Expressyouranswerastwowordsseparatedbycommasintheordertheyappearinthesentence.
Choosefromthefollowinglist:gas,liquid,orsolid.
ANSWER:
liquid,gas
ANSWER:
boilingcurve= CE
Correct
PartB
Thelinebetweenwhichtwopointswoulddescribeaprocessofliquidammoniaboilingcompletelyaway?
Expresstheanswerastwolettersrepresentingtheendpointsofthelineinordersothatgoingfromthefirst
lettertothesecondletterwouldshowaprocessofboiling.Becarefultoputthelettersinthecorrectorder.
ANSWER:
17/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
HG
Correct
PartC
willsublimate?
Expresstheanswerastwolettersthatlieonasectionoftheappropriatecurve.
Hint1.Describetheprocessofsublimation
Thephasesanddirectionofchangeforsublimationare__________to__________.
Expressyouranswerastwowordsseparatedbyacommaintheordertheyappearinthesentence.
Choosefromthefollowinglist:gas,liquid,orsolid.
ANSWER:
solid,gas
ANSWER:
sublimationcurve= BC
Correct
PartD
Thelinebetweenwhichtwopointswoulddescribeaprocessofsublimationforammonia?
Expressyouranswerwithtwolettersorderedinthedirectionofsublimation.Becarefultoputthelettersin
thecorrectorder.
ANSWER:
AF
Correct
Theheataddedtoasubstanceundergoingsublimationmustbeequaltotheheatoffusionplustheheatof
vaporization.
PartE
18/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
willmelt?
Expresstheanswerastwolettersthatlieonasectionoftheappropriatecurve.
ANSWER:
meltingcurve= CD
Correct
PartF
Thelinebetweenwhichtwopointswoulddescribetheprocessofcompletemeltingofammonia?
Expressyouranswerastwolettersorderedinthedirectionofmelting.Becarefultoputthelettersinthe
correctorder.
ANSWER:
AH
Correct
PartG
Oneofthemostimportantpointsonaphasediagramisthetriplepoint,wheregas,liquid,andsolidphasesallcan
existatonce.Whatarethecoordinates(T triple ,ptriple )ofthetriplepointofammoniainthediagram?
Expressyouranswerasanorderedpair.Determinethetemperaturetothenearest5K andthepressureto
onesignificantdigit.
Hint1.Determinetheletternameforthetriplepoint
Giventhatthetriplepointisthepressureandtemperatureatwhichallthreephasescancoexist,whatisthe
letternameforthetriplepointofammonia?
Expresstheanswerasasingleletter.
ANSWER:
triplepoint= C
ANSWER:
T triple
,ptriple = 195,0.05
19/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
Correct
Temperaturescaleswereoriginallybaseduponthemeltingandboilingpointsofasubstance,butthesevalues
varywithpressureasseeninthephasediagramofammonia.Soifonedidnotcontrolandmeasurethe
pressureprecisely,themeasurementusedtocalibratethetemperaturescalewouldbeinaccurate.
Tocircumventthisproblem,moderntemperaturescalesarebasedonthetriplepointofwater.Thetriplepoint
temperatureofwateris0.01 C at0.006atm.Thethreephasesofwaterwillnotcoexistatanyother
temperature,regardlessofthepressure,sothetemperaturecanbecalibratedwithoutanadditionalpressure
measurement.Thetriplepointsofmercuryandothersubstancesarealsousedasstandardsforcalibrating
thermometers.
PartH
Atoneatmosphereofpressureandtemperaturesabove33.3 C ,ammoniaexistsasagas.Fortransportation,
ammoniaisstoredasaliquidunderitsownvaporpressure.Thismeansthattheliquidandgasphasesexist
simultaneously.Ifacontainerofammoniaistransportedinantemperaturecontrolledtruckthatismaintainedatno
greaterthan330K ,whatmaximumpressurepmustthesidesofthecontainerbeabletowithstand?
Expresstheanswernumericallyinatmospherestoonesignificantfigure.
Becausetheliquidandvaporformsbothexistinthecontainer,findthepointonthegraphwherethegiven
temperatureintersectsthecurverepresentingthephasechangeofliquidtogas.
ANSWER:
p
= 8 atm
Correct
Exercise18.49
Solidwater(ice)isslowlywarmedfromaverylowtemperature.
PartA
Whatminimumexternalpressurep1 mustbeappliedtothesolidifameltingphasetransitionistobeobserved?
ANSWER:
p
= 610 Pa
Correct
20/21
4/15/2015
HW10:Chap17.5,17.7,Chap.18.418.6
PartB
Aboveacertainmaximumpressurep2 ,noboilingtransitionisobserved.Whatisthispressure?
ANSWER:
p2
= 2.21107 Pa
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis102%.
Youreceived50.8outofapossibletotalof50points.
21/21

HW10 - Chap 17.5,17.7, Chap. 18.4-18

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

HW10 - Chap 17.5,17.7, Chap. 18.4-18

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

4/15/2015

wheren isthenumberofmolesofgas,dU isthechangeininternalenergy,anddT isthechangeintemperature.

nRT ,where R = 8.314

Whatisthermsspeedv rms ofthemoleculesinthenitrogengas?

wherethesumisnowoverthenumberofdiscretebinsandn bin isthenumberofmolecules(or

thatv rms = 3RT /mm ,whereRistheidealgasconstant,T isthetemperatureinkelvins,andmm is

= 8.314 J/(K mol)

Potrebbero piacerti anche