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Genetic
Diversity:
The total number of genetic
characteristics of a specific
species.
Habitat
Diversity:
Variety of forests, deserts,
Species Diversity:
The number of
species or
organisms per
unit area
found in
different
habitats of the
planet.
Ecological Pressures:
Adverse habitat
conditions for
example:
decreases in
food, water,
shelter, weather,
sunlight, or
increase in
predation or
pollution
Adaptation: an inherited
characteristic that increases an
organisms chance of survival.
Speciation: the evolutionary
process by which new biological
species arise.
Darwin
Wolf
Pinta
Marchena
Genovesa
Santiago
Bartolom
Fernandia
Rbida
Pinzon
Seymour
Baltra
SantaCruz
EQUATOR
SantaFe
Tortuga
Isabela
SanCristobal
Espaola
Floreana
Galpagos
Islands
Marine Iguana
Land Iguana
KONA
FINCH
extinct
KAUAIAKIALAOA
AMAKIHI
LAYSAN
FINCH
IIWI
AKIAPOLAAU
APAPANE
MAUI
PARROTBILL
fruit and seed eaters
FOUNDERSPECIES
Based on his
observations,
Darwin
proposed that
EVOLUTION
occurs by
NATURAL
SELECTION.
Darwins
Postulates
DISPERSAL
OFHIGHLY
EVOLVED
PLACENTAL
MAMMALS
South
America
Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Eurasia
North
America
MONOTREMES,
MARSUPIALS
EVOLVEAND
MIGRATE
THROUGH
PANGEA
South
America
Africa
India
Australia
Antarctica
About 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic
Fig. 27.19a, p. 471
MONOTREMES
Platypus
Spiny anteater
MARSUPIALS
Koala
Tasmanian Devil
PLACENTAL
MAMMALS
EVOLVE;
ADAPTIVE
RADIATIONS
BEGIN
Isolation of the
early
monotremes,
marsupials on
this land mass
PLACENTAL MAMMALS
Bat
Arctic Fox
Walruses
Manatee
Beaver
Beaver
Muskrat
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Coypu and
Capybara
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
North
America
ADAPTIVE
RADIATIONS
OFMORE
EVOLVED
PLACENTAL
MAMMALS
South
America
Eurasia
Continued isolation of
early monotremes and
marsupials
Africa
Extinctions of mammals
Antarctica
RACCOON REDPANDA
DIVERGENCE
approximately
40millionyearsago
GIANTPANDA
SPECTACLED
BEAR
SLOTH SUN
BEAR BEAR
BLACK
BEAR
POLAR BROWN
BEAR
BEAR
DIVERGENCE
1520millionyearsago
What is a
Species?
A group of potentially or actually
interbreeding populations, with a common
gene pool, which are reproductively
isolated from other groups
Sibling Species
Species that cannot interbreed,
and have no significant
differences in appearance.
Two tigons
(more tiger than lion)
Status of Species
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
Tropic of Cancer
Pacific
Ocean
0 150 120
90
Tropic of Capricorn
ASIA
Atlantic
Ocean
30W
SOUTH
AMERICA
AFRICA
0
Pacific
Ocean
60E
90
150
Indian
AUSTRALIA
Ocean
30S
Antarctic Circle
60
ANTARCTICA
Critical and endangered
Threatened
Stable or intact
uses of Extinction
Ecological Pressures:
Volcanic events
Ocean temperature change
Sea level changes
Meteorites
Glaciations
Global climate change
Competition/predation
Extinction
Rate of Extinction: the number of species
becoming extinct per unit time.
Rates of extinction are very difficult to estimate,
because we don't even know within an order of
magnitude how many species there are.
Fossil records can only reveal the average
"lifetimes" of species, or how long different classes
of plants and animals generally exist on the earth
before going extinct.
Extinction continued
From this information, scientists can
determine a "background" rate of extinction,
or the natural rate of extinction without
human intervention.
Because of human intervention, the Earth's
species are dying out at an alarming rate up
to 1,000 times faster than their natural rate
of extinction.
Fossil Records
By carefully examining fossil records and
ecosystem destruction, some scientists
estimate that as many as 137 species
disappear from the Earth EACH DAY
This adds up to an astounding 50,000 species
disappearing every year!
extinctions have
occurred in the past
Specific aims:
To provide a standardized system that can be applied
consistently by different people.
To improve objectivity by providing users with clear
guidance on how to evaluate different factors which affect
the risk of extinction.
To provide a system which will facilitate comparisons
across widely different taxa.
To give people using the threatened species lists a better
understanding of how individual species were classified.
Categories
EXTINCT (Ex) - taxa for which there is no reasonable
doubt that the last individual has died. After exhaustive
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at
appropriate times, throughout its historic range.
ENDANGERED (E) taxa in danger of extinction and
whose survival is unlikely if casual factors continue.
Includes taxa with drastically reduced numbers and habitats.
Categories
VULNERABLE (V) taxa believed to move into
endangered category in the near future if the factors
causing decline continue operating (e.g.
overexploitation, habitat destruction, other
environmental disturbance, numbers are abundant but
are under threat from serious adverse factors).
RARE (R) taxa with small world populations that are
not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are a
risk as some unexpected threat could easily cause a
critical decline (usually small geographic distribution).
Goods
Food, fuel, fiber, lumber, paper,
90% of todays food crops are unprocessed
40% of all medicines (85% of antibiotics) are
unprocessed
Foxglove
Pacific yew
Digitalis purpurea,
Creates medicine Digitalis
used for treating heart failure
Taxus brevifolia,
Potent treatment for
ovarian cancer
Ecological Services:
Flow of materials, energy, and information in the
biosphere:
Photosynthesis
Pollination
Soil formation and maintenance
Nutrient recycling
Moderation of weather extremes
Purification of air and water
Information:
Genetic information for adaptation and evolution
Genetic information for genetic engineering
Educational and scientific information
Option:
People would be willing to pay in advance to preserve the
option of directly using a resource such as a tree, an
elephant, a forest or a clean lake.
Recreation:
Hunting, fishing, swimming, scuba diving
Eco-tourism
Non-utilitarian:
Existence
Aesthetic
Protect natural capital for future generations