Vey te (CNET Te ae Sate CNR ATS TE aT See Page 1290 “}ot, VII ‘Whole No. 9 ELECTRICAL! cience and Invention FORMERLY. 233 FULTON STREET-NEW YORK. Scientific Paradoxes 1E_ more we lear, the lesa we know—is a true saying, parc tuetoiay. Every new dere ‘ery, every mew {ack opens new ths to our , without ead to the number fo be en- tered ia the future. Take for inaeance lnght aad heat, j-e., radiant energy a9 originated in oor sun. When ona hot dammer «day we ain a br Sut sep ‘wears an electrically heated suit. His face and fingers ie not thawed out yet, due to the terrific cold he expert {eed gnly four mon above your head, ten minatn ao. ‘Your thermometer 120 degrees in the su, 430 degrees below zero in the samme sun! And he was Sct: ally four milee nearer to the sun than you. Of course fence eGo the rere for tha prado The dense ‘Itmosphere charged with watery vapor and perhaps wit ‘loud near the earth, along with the solid and liquid ‘matter of the earth's surface, easly retains and accuma heat received from the gun's rays,” But four every rarefied and very diathermic, and ‘sun, out steps {0 water and a sponge, Water (heat) is eagerly absorbed by the sponge (atmosphere) and is retained by the later. Now take the same Bae sponge whch has lg bales, thru it (farebed atmosphere). I in evident that wach Sponge cannot reain an mach water av = perfec ooe. ‘more water you pour in it, the quicker it rune out ut Ic ea bit fare. We setnlly Kew, chat Serine ris aos miles above the surface of the earth, we would fwd ourselves ia sm abso {ite vacuum. We furthermore know that out in opace the ‘temperature in this vacuum is 459.4 degrees, i.e, zero. We can also demoustrate by experiment that ‘cannot be propagated ima vacuum by conduction or b -Bromt Cover Sd PRWRITING AND STENOGRAPHIC MACHINGS FOR "FE BLIND. RONOMY THE OR BART POPE y tated WAvr of the U8; Naval Obseratory CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1921 E_WHAT TO INVENT. semvection. An ordinary thermos botle readily proves fis. “Pil the latter with boiling water, and the outeide tril stay cold, due to the vacuum separating the inside {nd the outside of the bottle "The cave of the sun and the earth is analogous. Heat ‘cannot flow between these bodies immersed in a ‘vacuum and besides separated. some 92 rallion Iles, So.we ece that we donot and cannot receive radiant reat rays from the sun. Paradoxically enough we know for sure that we get heat aoehow i pte tli Hows Sclentins have a vague notion about i, but they are not too sure. They owt that phen th ether waves, devoid of ll en ature coming from the sun at'a speed ol i E‘second strike our dense atmosphere, the terige impact feaulta in heat: itis analogous to. meteot, which at a Temperature of absolute zero, striking. our atmosphere, foct up in metal vapor, due t0 the enormous friction set Up. So we sce that afterall we do aot get heat from the in at all merely ether waves, which by shock or impact are turned into heat “Another parador nat xo read ia the revolu- tion ofthe Sarvatound the gun’ Pee earh pith the oun St la canter swings around the latter at the frightful of over 65,000 mileaan hour. One would think that ‘itasic centrifugal force set up would make the earth {By off its orbit into infinite space. Tt can even be caleu- lated that inorder to keep the earth from being whipt off we would require.a steel cable fastened to it and feaching The thickness of this cable would have to be ameter of the earth! But there mt. We talk merrily about mutual gravitation hold ing the earth to its course, but there are many objections, logical and otherwise. The plain truth is, we don't know. H, GERNSBACK. Franklin Ruth 1302 i308 as “IN 1999"—6CIENTIFIC FICTION. ATRIP TO THE MOON... RECENT WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS. HOME ELECTRICS~"WHEN THE FUSE BLOWS OUT HOME MECHANICS. ...Condcted by Willa M. Butera 1307 EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY. By Prol. Floyd L. Darrow 1308 ‘A MODEL ELECTRIC RAILWAY DELUXE 277 109 15 OHM'S LAW VALID?. ByC.A. Begmttit RADIO“ TALK” RELAVED TO LAND LINES... coma t315 THE AUDIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER IN FRAKES 517 Robert Ba 1 “LATESI PATENTS" DIGEST. 1319cience and Inv ntion for April, 1921 1265 ELECTRICITY— AS EXPERTS KNOW IT (0 course, no book, no set of books, offers a quicker or surer method ‘of mastering cal side of electricity than the Croft Library A quarter of a century h and teachers in an effort to simplify the principles of electrical practice The pinnacle in self-help educational literature has been reached in the Croft Library. erent from any other of the kind in exis It is founded purely on work as it is done. It is built by a practical man, Tt is practice itself. It will ac of the usual apprenticeship period. y man about 90% NOT ONE CENT Even the beginner can understand it, And iti the daily IN ADVANCE geide of thotnands of hghiy paid electrical worker and }Science and Invention for April, 1921 heat to the earth at the present rate for ‘only twenty five million years, a. period far'too brief, the geologists and biologists found, to cover all the vast cyclical changes that are known to have taken place 1 the surface of this planet since ia surface crust was formed. Evidently gravitational Contraction iby 0 pean the. ony oF ven the chiet squrce of the solar energy. ‘The mathematicians, moreover, did some mare fering and shed that ner the suppositions of the nebular hypothesis the ypothetical solar nebula, atthe time extended beyond. the orbit of "Neptune, ‘must have had a moment of momenta foo hundred times an great a that of the Present system, though owing to the princ Ple of the conservation -of “moment "of omentum the two should be “hey, aaa showed, indaputaty, that ix soul have teen pombe to have been sbenioned Senite intervals by a contracting nebula Sind granted that 3 ring. could have’ been abandoned it would have been impossible font to condense into a planet, sce ial forces due to the sun wouldo et the gravita- advanced his famous cory it was, with that aatrane which everything ought to inspire that ‘eault of ‘observation oF of calculation. Were La Place living he. would "bey betes" the, rat to abandon a that is now known t0 bein actord “neither Sih observation nor Being deprived of a theory that has served fo explain. the outs anding features of the solar system more or lesa adequately for ne hundred and fwenty-five years, a> Monomers are_secking in the light of recent sheervations and dis: coverea 0 formulates Stisfactory theory o the origin of the wolar sytem: recently sugested the- ay of the wellknown ‘agian mathematician Jeaims gu cond su fiw traarumed to have eon the cause of the crigin of the plonetory "The effect of the clos approach of such would be the ejection of a stream of inatter from our sun as'we may term it, ia the ee ot the ssing body and also Ire diametrically opposite direction, ac- cording to the planets. Sal theory Gee Fig 1) ‘This ejection would continuous as fong as thowear remcoe ae fone another, the height attained by Stream decreas the passing star reed ed. The result would be'the formation of a spiral nebula in which the” motion of. the ejected particles, lanetesimals— would ‘across the spiral san orrtandnay im tin a ‘ee graben en tes (fiche thor ee tee pts ormatgaree area eee nd Saigo cheweon eel ec alt stp operate ete ie fo adc Pees Sheers eee Herr al Ra hehe enna ease Shige eens ue ee iether lc an EParny een i cent sd is TCLS sre in ind hat pt ell cy etc i ‘suns would resemble in form only the great Beare le etal Le Rae ee! cr atta Satan hates ee say Sees ah ae era ‘Jean's suggested theory” of the or ist, eras a feces deta ae ge els alae in of, ar ey NPIS ‘Contracts ‘a tae "Ring Teac inenipg ie bling the resent Form of ww.americanrac \ s 1295 denses to form the planets and their satel- liter” The origin of the inner planets i tele greatly thiefly the earch ts hiefly the earthemoon system, is the one Sbout which itis mont dificult to arcive at Sny defnite conclusion, Our own sun, 'Zesumed, was dark and cold, of low den Sty and with a diameter about equal to that of Neptune's orbit at the time of the caacronte ich ped come 3m "The oe foe. artiving at con clusions ia cosmogony has aot yet come {and fe must be fle)—to future investiga: {ors armed with mare. mathematical_and sbeere tonal keri wat pot Possena to pronounce & Gal dec: However ‘since rs Place advanced ea clebrated ‘nebular Bypothess, great. a Suess in astronomy Rave been slade, end Iman is in a better position to theorize on He factlng problem olay than he vas one hundred and twenty-Sve years SRL much theories must, necesarily be cetus’t, et aeceay, be discarded or fified as our knowledge eieisthhar athe bes oe af organ he Gann ome Saar haat Sy ihr a iene daa fe ated ath tay Serenade Seles wearers roca Soy eens Sener ee Sohne ona feral ari pect ree ere ere aa cna mo event ~ oS Ew tony setae te sate Ga wat mee at eet el pee ete Ended oe ens ce saat mame ae ee foes Sows ince ected ‘Sepeieltsuate With itial veloc igiet ee ta Shir ms wee ee Sore ete attra seaeresee ne erty i Selon ice acl ones sea cat Br cele th Seascale ie va ta et Semel. Eee ty tote about ee sarees wis ey ace seat e o ene ltt Tent gad "Sur BorenMovies Shown on Moving Train | A Storage Battery Flashlight engenders sa oh resi nh eran fort the standard two and three cell cases, Pes oa cue rare aie meer sade "eas Bae Ee aan Bain tid ah Goi ad see et elt tt Ser Girne Pa tl Bi Giectr startat 2 ponies ‘One cell is connected in series with the other thru the inter- cell separator. ‘When charging, a very small amount of sulfuric acid elec- trolyte is poured into each end of the battery, it nected to the charging circuit with the necessary resistance in Series, for about eight hours. Upon’ removal, the acid is poured out if there should be fny in the case or container. and the battery closed up and wiped dry. ‘This battery does not cor- rode the case because itis ab- solutely tight and acid proof. then con- | eaten ee eeeeeer ser aga turers ae nel call Set sls Seepinel Me Pho ea Biven, Movie shows on trains running at 3 spit of 6 mies an hour, are ate 8 Sova. Snd-an innovation which will ‘add. gre {o'the comfort and amusement of te pat Sepacr ln conjunction ‘with the pe iy given, a phonograph furnish te Imusic! and every hour, the performance o the show was repeated. cine age ea ark oe Soe Ss oo a Bese ie BeBe Ne cee te if “The pistes were, made posable by oe ulead of special dtigned: goo Terra inthe oplon of the persons pe Soh the thow wat an emure facets "fhose ‘witnessing the demonstration o the “southern taltay ‘twain were. grat Pleased wid the show, and. exprest a fe feo eae forthe areal ‘afapaton © THE splendid Yuen expecta on tong tp Meany ralway ofials are now cote tating the ntallnion’ of appara fo ithing movies ‘ch rote. MaKing Your Own Records ‘The new phonograph disc type recor seer Ra EES GS aR EEA a Seno tC seo Hig gies Bt Godel Sh as i gee Sa tog poe ‘ = See RE ee Tic Senders bas serced im pad Ma Sar cree pat Pe ete oy ae oe Ha, Ben ceed ae ihe thal Tange SERS, Se ar ae ace test ae i aa ee eatenHow Rocks Grow By WILLIAM M. BUTTERFIELD ECENTLY 2 motion picture of a ‘mountain being blown apart by explosives was shown in various Gretropolitan theaters, probably causing most of those witnessing this thrilling exhibition of gigantic humar “destruction” to. think thatthe masse: thus separated could never again form any art of solid rock, much less a mountain ‘Those not familiar with the develop. ment of the stony foundations of the earth often believe rock masses ‘were created in their present shape Birth of our globe, avery natural otion that is persistent and not easy to core ‘Rocks have changed in past ages, and hhave been disintegrated in'a slower, less peciacular manner than was shown in the Rroving-piture duplay. Rock changes are fo slow, in fact, Oat successive races of tien often live ther brief lives amid rocks, ‘which an far as tradition and” ordinary Tarface” observation go, have never changed their contours "The “destruction” of rock, as the break- ing, process shows fat the, movis, may tender the usual understanding be called, Severtheless is an essential part of the Hinory of many -of the common rocks. ‘All racks expored to the atmosphere, to common water, fo snow, ice, g'actal action and the Heat of the sun, and of subter- ranean temperitures are subject to change; tuneven expansion and contraction in the Fock mass, of chemical actions affect them, Thus mountains ‘m laced in part, to boulders, the boulders to pebbles, the pebb'es to sand, and the sand to silt. Glaciers do much of this work Mountain streams, rivers, glaciers and even the waters of the ocean, convey this Getritus and distribute it over large often thousands of square miles a Acting, Volans, Showing the test, Brat 8 den (grees of fineness from boulders to. the nest ‘tthe mineral constituents ‘of such oil is supplemented by vegetable an Stinal ute ara darian,” ievtourse of time, other deposits are laid down at the tes one tortém of the valleys lakes and it on top of the other ‘iferent kinds, ‘ry leas competion alec ait con sutoents dak se pace deta Beehcrtdan” ot aay consis ta Changes he he Oxygen in ‘combination with the metal cealefum and with carbon forms calcium 1297 font ‘carbonate or limestone, and this calcium sy sultor and oxygen forms alum sulfate—gypsum. ‘Heat, such as is now exhibited by vole canoes, produces a typical variety of rock (the igneous rocks) and sometimes changes the character of the sedimentan land crystalline varieties. There it a fn important element of rock growth and decay very rarely spoken of by gealog'sts but which could we think be mentioned here} itis the combined work performed nr tt whee ne "Pee: as ‘Eaabied the to be Beithaatly Lighted. other great_ kingdoms table), mankind in this instance incl Man tears the solid hills apart for building materiis or minerals, be levels them to perform engineering feats, to.con- Struct water ways, dams, traction tines, ‘ot for various other purposes. Over the entire habitable globe farmers spread ‘on the soil some prepared constituent of rock as fertilizer, and dig up and level the soil fn such s ate, that water and sir can more readily combine these fertilizing ments with the so-called unferile ones. So everywhere animals and plants are performing some auch work, ‘all of it ‘Gatentially a part of rock transformation. Lime in solution in oceans, rivers lakes land drinking waters is made by animals {nto shells, corals or bonescy ee fata r resThe Love Machine By CHARLES S. WOLFE, ENNIMORE ript out a surprised ‘oath, and hurled the morning Paper (to the oor with wach ‘Yehemence that the sad faced man ‘who stood patiently behipd his chat involuntarily bounded backward 3 foot or two. Such outbreaks .on his ‘master’s part were unusual. Muttering unintelligibly, Feanimore addrest himself to his coffee ang rolls ‘vigorously. This farce lasted only 9 few minutes, however, for the young ‘man was past the eating stage. 10 spi eee Parson Beg st eee 1e words stared mockis at him from’ he peuted. sheet For be rows ‘that Fennimore, scion of wealth, ccuromed to" having, Bis” Genres ‘pcedly realised, no matter what Sarre tur they took was head over heels in love, Very vatortunately, the ob- Jtet‘of his afectons could not, by. say reich of the imagination, be axid' Bion" e sane condiions encimore, paper in hand, rove to his fect, leavibg his neglected break- Satta the care of the setrant* “iil, personal tervicen, ch?" he mut- sere at ‘we'll see what they amount ‘So it was that a half hour liter, while his chauffeur loafed in the car outside, Fennimore sat in conversation with George Parsons in the M street house. Varsons, a jovial faced, middle aged ies garded his fidgeting visitor genially. pa ° Joe eed witha be mused. canine cut reainess feetwbich srbed toe isc iro: ise ast a Sot “Boat tne {nly give you no ncout fac” Hane ge made coe hock cpt Just enough to keep me hanging around the atnge os fie’ the ret et he foot fn this town,” he ung’ oun biter, syrafor of Fea aBeeton in her whol symptom of rea a her wt bear” ‘Parson looked pleased. "Oh, my rent be that steep,” he said, asvuring, "Bem thousand will se you out easlye Tf looks could kill, Parson's hour hy "You're dam (0 tn oy ane ant taventin st enough to keep me coming tl ace ee ms coer nhs rer ace tr Sl Saar aennnien! we ato ean Oe Fao een cael met ot ee ate studies. ‘The Almighty Dollar is no Safle Sime Aint 3 Se Eee eres to do RTE? Soe ons ewe tle “pore ste i Sh Perro royale ee aon ah Mootle tat oe gees Tan“In 1999” “Scientific Progress in the Last Century. Gentlemen of the Academy: T the clote of this twentieth century “we look back 2 more brilliant array of scientific ‘achievements than man has ever ri to. ace, oF amagine. within the last few decades our earth has ‘entered upon an era. that Surpasses the greatest expectations of the nineteenth century _ philosophers. Civitgation has advanced af a rate com. parable to a geometric progression, 1 today we aré-tiving in the Golden’ Age ‘of Science. In looking back upon this century, we should review some of the most significant achievements of the att, and note their bearing upon prog- Fess’ and their relevance to the science of, today. The dawn of modern science oc- curred in 1898, when the discovery of fadium and it ‘radioactive, properties was made by the Curie’. ‘Fhe impor- tance of this discovery can never be too greatly emphasized, for it marke the tual conception and birth of the prin Ciples upon which today's science is founded. The untiring investigations of thove great pioneers of a acie ence, Rutherford and Soddy, in. the field ‘of radioactivity, soon caused them fo announce the hypotteses of atomic disintegration and evolution of the ee ‘ments. Altho these theories were at Seve ‘dincredited and regarded "in the same light as Perpetual Motion, the ‘undeniable existence of enormous feser- voirs of energy in the minute atom, as evidenced by radium, soon attracted the Presidential Address Before the American Academy of Science, September, 1999, By FRANKLIN RUTH of bankruptey and revolution. Unrest fray rvdnpread" Chee ete labor End capital were imminent. "Numerous Strikes occurred, and. Bolshevik. uprit: {ngs in Rossa threatened to undermine aifgovernmental control and order. The ccs harged with womeing tat i thoughts” of resuming’ pre ditence, sOver al ‘hung anon vague inte scious, nd‘Giant Electric Holes Hunted Them to the Surtace attention not only of scientific circles, bat of the whole world. Discovery fol: lowed discovery. Research became busy. it intous question whether excited and expectant. Vivid Retion, ex: oiting the imaginary. results of the discovery of atomic duintegration, was ‘widely read, and increased the cred Of the peopi Tt'was at-abvut this period that the Great” War occurred, Altho this world disaster took a great toll of ‘life, it Proved tobe an impetus to scientific Sivancement At the close of the War the United States found itself the credi- tor of ‘almost the entire European inest, whove nations were on the verge 1302 ily sweep all ife from the PPBaddenly. ie, 1924, occurred. the re jomenon of a acries, which created. hysical disturbances sufficiently power ~ ‘attention. "Sci tors, however, with the ‘delicate’ instruments, had fected. weaker but at previ ‘waited anxiously for words, that might come from scieatific mea, identi. fing the cause of the mysterious phenomena. "Scientists knew that the (Continued om gos 1361) de- miler disturbances: periodic. intervals. ThePure IronRecent Work of the Bureau of Standards apn do not eaiize the fact, yet, very time we purchase 2 pound oF Rater on arin sek 2 the jocers or butchers, these food products Sretweighed out on scale which hag een checked with the standards provided By the National” Bureau of Standards Laboratories located at Washington, pe le of the accompanying ptogrote Lat, She nan sank set io pind o's a aks Sel saa ites ae sons oy eae et a 2 eee Saat eee ae to sere a bn he Bee TERE ager coat spcenaay tomes ots semanas Phe Bacas'el dies ieee aerate gay st webcast Sas ee seiie, ota ee pled oe Rt RST at Sa Cit ca wie er 9 a cae sae Rae ato et or Seca Bae rae aati ae perenne ieee Bo Pete in ex aig eae of Eanes OF sg ek oe Serta o MEZERS Ta MIN SPSL RATER MEENA CNS One of the accompanying photographs shows the long tank of water used in making accurate Standardization tests, on water smeters;—not the ordinary variety elon tesratng the rue of ae eet or gallons of water passing iru your Hitchen “and. bathroom spigots— but” for Securately testing, the large motors em- Ployed to determine the foree and. quan Big of water used to operate ‘mills and factories tn ths cate tte of having the water low thri a pipe or channel at's the meter Hn oder ke the ecessary test on it, the water simply rex foains stationary in the tank shown, while the meter" ander fe i aeered “of an Stim "projecting down into the water, whieh” arim. ise securely fastened tothe Bpall electrically contfolled car, shown. Many of ue probably envy the ian who makes these fests, for most of us in our Iaturty, sill manifest, sceretly, a. great Tea"o she gree ove of the oly ‘motorman's j ‘By means of the electric controller box on the trolley eat, the meter can be fmovedat any definite speed. desired, thra The stil water. and. the readings. of the icter being tested are accurately checked wih, those ‘indicated ‘by. the standard Treter, “The standard meter" used. for Shecking such measurements in any case Pot course calibrated previously by some citer meg than the one asl om oyed mh checking up the meters sent in Ey patrons of the Bureau. In the case of LTHO you and 1, a8 citizens of a igreat and progressive nation, per- water meters, this is often done by weigh- ing and measuring the amount of water passing thru the meter ina given time. ‘Another one ofthis. interesting Bureau's tests ig illustrated in the photo showing one of the engineers making Fesearches into the heat liberated by diferent pes and, makes of clectic light bulbs.” Contrary to popular opinion, the services of the Bureau of Standards are intended not only for governmental work, but it is maintained and. stands ready to make any test, within its Satvaging Ships in 24 Hours with the DeDlda Setooping Apparat How the Sise of Betclgeuse Was Measured’ by" the. Interference of Light Wavee—By Prof, 1. O.Conar Silane, PRD, LLD. Popularly ex. Plained with diagrame and photos of fie etual apparatus ‘nftat a Drop of Water Looks Like With ° starting microphorographs Ghowing tome. of the strange organ: time exiting in on ordnary Bop of hot Couses Insecte to Fly To- wards a Vght? With photographs. an exceptionally interesting article feng he et dace of since fonccrning this phenomenon. By Dr E. Bade. a “How Radium is Used to Cure Can- cer. “Clearly ustrated wih excep. onal pictures. By Joseph H, Krows Calibidal Fuct—How the Very Bee tence of Coal con be Extracted and Eiped Yor Pundred of Miles. Inter- cakngly explained tm picture and Sone Br: Pringle discusses Ether, the Sun and the Earth Brilliant yet Iefalrly ‘writen cet daca, {ehich everyone con enjoy. Related ty our lcorked friend Joh De Quer. Chinese" Pigeon” Whistles With Actual’ photos Snstratments that Masure the Stare —Ihacirated| Optical Lenses Colored. by Electric agen By Torry Rosntal, Cons. imple Substitute for ‘the Photo- starEspianing howe 10" cops “pie- ites ond text from books, mapasines, tee directy. without, camera oF Stier Bharat” BS B..WE Tow Monsters of Long Ago—Wonder- | fully Tisrated. B9 Dr B. Boden} funetions, for private citizens, companies ‘or corporations, at a reasonable charge. Ttisva mark of distinction and of the highest order for any new invention oF device, to have bona fide tests made in the Bureau of Standards’ laboratories GIANT, TESTING MACHINE. MEASURES POWER 10 CRUSH AN BOG. ‘One of the accompanying photos shows a giant testing machine operating with serew-shafts, and which machine can register with equal’ accuracy, the 1305 gover necessary to rah a9 gua sh ert ence weal” Ee ona el ty Sete iter eek aed Sate tt Tai ae fee an alt wea ane Ui rates tea yee * Hera ema ge cag tp io {Blo Sune ons SREY Ea of alsbtae Fee re eats anh Sree danha® Metsu oh ane Beha teed SG und tetra staat Wa oc, ete Mei Leal ofthese machines ae n oe Beat cacti fe Hs Pea a ad cle san ene he Haigh Wan Be Boras Or Mandan Eason ne at the st swe fettag aac, Saat Beisel oF eek farice GAUEg & hs nd HD pad Sheen Nadine ‘ie malls Seed a Tes ae eect nly cotteal"y the Bureau of Standards and the Amer os Seer al Paatce the fares eal Pag oe Hele fhe Tones treating inet r San, See ote aches ipo hae Td eens ane Pet ds Ree ad de pall eee Tee “Met “Sicey nig ee auth CoE sone high tek cenit a ee et eat tt Ss tashnd poe ee Eon tanas PESTS et mee doce ae Mere positon 1's ttle rane cteng Sse eagle Of Sane is ferent ettee TU eran eS Toa Bae eae isc ace peer REPT ae ital tend Roa A Scie OAE Met ie Spr teh eset Bass Po ticular brick, measured 16 feet high by Gees hace Sime Sa a et ting per ema Sine ae betel Os i a fares ihc ted eee ca SESE alts SIE ager od YF i Oe Toe grearnon of pare on, lore etd essay Teiett hen tle tach ae SECM sl Soren SP he : ats in use, ‘consi 5 trical vacuum furnaces, together with transformers and switch boards for the lectrical control. On the table, included in the photograph, are special crucibles, finished ingots, together with | rolled bars from these ingots, and tensile test specimens. By way of insuring a reliable founda- tion for the scientific study of the effects of ‘the ‘small. portions “of impurities ways present in iron and steel it is essential to have accurate knowles Of the properties of really pure iron and alloys of pure iron with known amounts of single impurities, intentionally added, Such iron, in the absence of impurities, is being “obtained by the Bureau of Standards. it is melted in a vacuum to (Continued on page 1326.)Home Electrics By G. L. HOADLEY, M. T usually happens that the fuse blows, patting the thts out at the worst is. nicely started on the big. family wash with the electric washer, putting it out, of commission Exasperating, isn't it? The head of the house is away at work to0, else he could When the Fus Burns Out foolishly using pennies, a nail or wire, ete., {0 replace blown fuses courts fire dis- faster, besides trouble with the Power Company if their transformer oF ‘expensive appar~ Satis is burnt out a rel ig. 1 shows the “ordinary "6 to 10 ampere plug fuse used aan atime wer P96 er ah, The Eis ory Co De aloe che Te hres or four fuses, when only one was needed. You will need to wait anywhere Teed te cilced sas neti Tisai ae lan SRE eal ehatearae Himple and’ if directions’ are followed, **hirst, let us. consider the purpose of ies iy ate eae that Salis the motor. it is not built to BNE ey tesa ciel Sn canta Ete GU cles ahr Tg einer tan DC ime serve Tt con: Sists of an alloy sys inthe fon gad andzine principally, in the form of a wire or Fionn all eases it enclosed com pletely in order that the ‘heated. metal Wil not be thrown onto. material that Will eailycateh fire when the fuse blows, ‘Do not replace that ampere fuse with a Dampere fuse for house lighting Suits because that meant, NO. FUSE protection for any motors, lamps or other {things on the circuit which take less than 2) amperes, and you will ran, the risk of burning’ out your’ motors, ete. Fare thermore, No. f4-B. fe S. gage wire, RHERT, ordinarily sed" fore wiring uses, will only carry safely 15 ampere if a heavier “current is carried. conti wus, the wine overheats andthe ist. lation "is gradually destroyed cats trouble later or else fre results, When a. fuse. blows tis” generally caused by too big a Toad. Tt might, of course, be a shori-ctreut or ground, but inthe majority of cates i ie a’ sudden heavy overload of elie a sea ircavier load than the foses are intended t catty, This causes them fo gradually heat ‘thd melt. Getting something stick in the’ tinge ie am example of. sudden avy "overload: operating the ‘washer, ‘the vacuum sweeper, the coffee percolaior, and the toaster of some sim: 1306 E. ilar combination ALL at one time of Of one cir, 12am example of se Gverioad that wil oct 8a" ordinary re fis She a serally: an ordinary house will hare at tease Wo" branch Shien mote Sc i Supposed to be put on 22 shows an ordinary single branch fuse cobrout block wi switch suiabe for one two-wire circa. Fig. 9 shows a ouble-branch fuse eut-out block used fbi two tworwire Secuitn Fig 4 shows t fise catout block for two tworvive c= cuits with Sire services Fig. '8 ils trates typical tworwire stallion with S"double Branch fuse cut-out block for two separate house. circuits “Poe ‘abiner box is ususlly located ia the basement and bas 2 swith doude at Shown" After"opening. the” telfclosing ged door of fhe catietinw pul tht switch open the first thing. thea replat fom fuses af one circuit at A, with ew fines and else the switch If this doc not remedy the wouble: OPEN the swit and "replace fuses in Bwith new’ ones Then close the switch, Ifthe towble wa merely an_ overload following these sm ple. direcions’ will restore service as Fale. Once in a hundred times the servic fines Care blown, You'cia easily ob ferre, her or not tists the cam ee absolutely no. danger “of You receiving a shock if. you OPEN th Seek electing the ise, B apt attempt to replace the service fuse Cit they ‘ae Blown, unless ether 50 GF the man of the house ows. consié rable about elect, 8s those contact Se sve and dangerous,” Better eall a ihe power company and fave them re Bie the, Tn large cies, the procedure for ‘allings where two of thee circuits tach tamil ae brought down to" G@blnet-bow, shown, int Fig. Orie slight Gaereat, i ‘now betom trol. the circuits leading to your’ ov particular flat or else test out. ea ire the cabinet-box. ‘The ‘fi wa safer ‘to. follow foro unfamiliar with - electricity. Ado} ing this plan ‘then make it the first dv (Continued on page 1346) to e~ Vig trioHome Mechanics by WILLIAM M. BUTTERFIELD Conducted HOME-MADE GAS SAVER. HOME-MADE gas saver that has the value of saving that household necessity is shown in an accom- anying illustration. It consists Of 2 sheet iron, box-like cover A that is made by the home mechanic to fit Conserver Te Constructed on ut asd Bent to tor Fit ine Particular ‘Wastes Upral Ares "Fea Mute or Other” Vetael (or_ Exempt ee Cataed to Heat the sheath 2 ‘Wanner Apparent™a Real Hconomieal Idea! closely over the top of any sized gas stove for range. It has but one hole thru which the heat from a single lighted burner may ‘come in direct contact with any cooking Blensil) The sides of the cover are held ‘trap iron pieces, bent into the shapes shown (3/16" x1" iton), and 3/16" bolts ‘These retaining pieces also serve as sup- ports for the cover, and its load of utensils ‘whea in use, by resting as shown on the Homevives Are, Alon Sooting “Urenutiey Eapeciily She Wife “CWblen ie ot a Howadaye), ‘This iden "Pre oom diate on the fnaide Sultable for Dishes top of the stove. The cover can be tached or removed as quickly and as eas as placing a kettle on the stove. ne idea is that with one burner lighted, and a kettle over the hole above. that burner, heat is confined and distributed over the area of the cover to such a de- gree that other utensils are heated” and Food cooked ‘without any of the other burners being used, and with no loss of heat applied to the kettle over the lighted burner.” In this. way one bumer does the ‘work of the entire group of burners CABINET FOR KITCHEN DISH.CLOSET. ‘There is usually about nine inches of vaste space between the inside of a closet oor and. the front edge of ts shelves Which can be used to good advantage, there days of housing shortage. The sug gestion dish closet inthe KGichen, and ‘consists of a four-shelved cabinet, with is supporting brackets made veel by a connecting Hoard with Nags for hanging up pots or frying-pans. "This idea’ we imagine will mect with wide ap- Proval, for it has advantages which are Epparent to every orderly house wile, yet for some reason such an arrangement Has neer"been ized, Ap thes cbint Sung more oF less quickly on the moving oor it should be secured firmly thereto swith serews oF mals LEATHER TOBACCO BOX. Herewith is shown a leather covered and metal trimmed tobacco box that the frome mechanic can make Goring Bis spare moments. The design i of that flexible dnd provided to St any special brand of fobacto can which the maker is in the habit of sing, and consists of a wooden frame, with wooden cover, upon which the leather or leatherette i glued. No attempt ie made tg Deve the corners ofthe DO this part being nailed together as, shown. ‘The top consists of two pieces of wood, joined to form a lip and lid, and a brass fenab~serewed on when the leather is in place. Brass oval frames, forthe portraits Of favorite lady friends, are_also nailed fver the leather in the places illustrated fon the sides of the bax.” Frames of this fort are commonly sold for similar uses {To prevent the tobacco can from shifting about in the box a-moulding is tacked to the box bottom to ft the can and hold in place before putting in that part. HOME-MADE STEAMER CHAIR. One of the most comfortable loungi chairs for “outcof-door use. is_the ol fhomemade folding eair with foot rest constructed somewhat along the lines of the steamer-chalr. The canvas seat and zest being in one piece, and. suspended at Kis ends, just hts, somehow and makes the chait cool and “comiy."” The ut her Shows! a method of constructing Ghate of this sort. The lumber ie 194" "hardwood, say ash or oak, and should be straightarained and extra tough, As Small bolts as possible (4°) ‘should be Used s0°a8 not to make the holes in the ‘wood 30 large a8 to weaken it. Iron gas Pipe, Sting the 14" bolts, is used fo keep the wood pieces spaced apart and in place a: shown. A stop for bolding. the back in positon is also made of wood and Screwed in the place illustrated. Heavy Canvas, such as 1s used for fents, is ror ‘ided in the rough 21° x90", when a T° ihem is then formed on each side makin the piece 19" wide. This is looped, an 1307 fastened by stitching, so that when placed lover the pipe when’ the chair is. put to- fete the’ set wl tang abot as shown rawing. is may be slightly iveted, once the chair Prevent nuts from wor ensions of bolts, pipe given in the illustration. ‘There Te Nothing That Te More Avalable for {het Requirements of the han in the Howaehotd Than da Atrsetive Comainet for fle Re Taeco, Can or" Humidor, tnd the ‘Author sere Describes and Iigatratee s' Design tor Such 3 Céntsiner Which Shouid Re Fislebea ia esther ‘or Burst Weed When complete, this steamer chair can be placed on the porch of in the shady back yard. As no chair in the house can compare with it when it comes to comfort, this steamer chair may be de- sired fot parlor use; and to remove any trace of its “home-made” appearance, besides adding greatly to its attractiv ness, it would be advisable to have it covered with flowered eretonne or other ‘material, so as to match the summer coverings of the other furniture. are hee Agronching, Ghat Qrinion "thie Srype Gombortable ‘Than Mi roms Twa te 2Practical Chemical Experiments By PROF. FLOYD L. DARROW - SOME SIMPLE CHEMICAL TESTS Exi'oolved_ Prom, ehe Genera Gieiee over "Some Arsine Previouriy the Binie Fabe Beads \ “Are "Geet Beads, Veo nent a ae ue Directed U the'Heatea Compound, a HERE is nothing that gives the ‘Amateur Chemist more genuine Satisfaction than to be able actu- ally to make tests for chemical dostances._ The whole subject of ‘Qualitative “Analysis, one of the chief branches of the science of chemistry, cor sists in. doing in a. systematic. way this very thing. A little later I propose to take up in this series of articles an ele ‘mentary course in qualitative analysis, but in the present number I shall deal only with a number of isolated sets of chemical tests which are much used in particular Flame Tests: There are a number of the metals which give to the Bunsen flame characteristic colors. In order to do this some compound of the metallic element ‘must be present in the flame in the form of incandescent vapor. ‘The metal which gives the. most striking and persistent Color to the fame is sodium. It gives a brilliant yellow and only the faintest trace of the metal is necessary to color the fame. Indeed with the aid of the spectro- scope, a very delicate instrument for the Getection of elements in the form of in- Meaite a Bee" wane “Fame rest Jinan "Pecunia “Comeau tin Ss eis Ss a Selatin is" Dropt Upon ester tans Are Obtained candescent vapor, so small a quantity as fone-hundred-thousandth of a grain of sodium may be identified with perfect certainty, For use in making flame tests a mounted platinum wire will be necessary. Of course platinum is very expensive but the cost of a 4inch length of about No. 22 wire will not be prohibitive To mount it fuse one end securely into the end of a short length of small glass tubing. Clean the wire by dipping it into a solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid and then heating to incandescence in the outer, oF oxidizing flame, of the Bunsen burner. Never place it in the inner, or reducing fame, and always have a colorless flame, a non-luminous flame. If not you il injure the platinum, Draw the clean platinum wire thru your fingers and then place it in the lame. Immediately you will notice the yellow color of sodium, for this element in the form of its compounds is everywhere present, even on your hands, and, as al ready stated, the minutest quantities will reveal themselves in the flame. ‘Now dip the wire into each of a number 1308 icartadic yam: Perlorming, the Spectrocopic Test for “the Detection of Meal Vapors in the Flame of 9 Bun Various Coloe: Zones Gleste” the" Component — Metalic ing ot nang de Bree"ot All Qfner Ingredients Esa A Ghee Ese Engine oe See ee ah te e aia BAe me of solutions of sodium salts and in ea. case place the wire in the fame. In Of them the brilliant yellow of sodium w flash out and persist for several minut’ Before using with any other salt solutic the wire must be cleaned by dipping it ir concentrated hydrochloric acid and heating in the flame. Always repeat tl operation until there is no te Figure 1 shows the proper posi wire in the flame. Hold a short piece of glass tubing the fame until it has softened. You w note that the flame becomes yellow, sho ing the presence of sodium, for sodium always present in glass. ‘Obtain three small squares of cobs biue glass and, having dipt the platin: wire in the solution of some sodium s: hold the three thicknesses of glass | tween your eye and the sodium Alas You will observe, however, that they low sodium flame is entirely cut off, cause blue glass will not permit the 'p sage of yellow light. This fact as shall see is of fundamental importance the detection of the potassium flame. (Continued om page 1349)A Model Electric Railway De Luxe con the third oor of their home ig'St. Paul. Allan and James E. ‘Trask, “youthful engineers, have built Gomplete clectne railroad, perhaps the only one of its kind in the entire eountry. Its miniature loco- tive i modelad ater the by cetric locomotive used dn pulling the Chicago, Milwaukee and. St. Paul trains over the Rocky Mountain division; the miniature clectric type embodies practical all the features of its big prototype. Infact, the builders of the model, with just the ord nary tools and a few pictures of the big. Tocomotive, had to work out in miniature problems similar fo those which the Gen= frat Electric engineers had to master in Constructing th big engine. The Photogrash Above Pullers ef the Mareelocely. Cotpicte Wini Bisctse, Matheny: Tike the Right, Allan Tr Shows the By Earl Christmas In addition, their problem was compli- cated to. some extent by the very small- ness of the model For snstance. 4 system Of remote control had to be developed ‘KR Sooewatt generator. set provides the power irom the lighting current. ‘Siting at the control levers, the oper- ator turns on the current. ‘The locomotive moves slowly. and gradually out of the yards, the speed accelerating as the lever E'inoved up notch by notch, and the en fine disappears around a curve imo the ext room, returning presently and coast- ing slowly to a stop as the power is shut off. "Not a hand touches the engine in Starting or stopping. Twenty. feet away, in another room, where it can’t be seen by the operator, the Btaineer ofthe Model Elceqic Haslway Appeatt Aenean While Hie As Matar Bipsrment or ihe "of Consiraction’ Work fs James E ote, Mechanic One Stovel"Siowiy snd Geeauniiy Oat of evans fhe’ Speed "Avesierating As’ the Lever Is Moved Up Noten by: Newen and’ Then tne Train Ds ‘Aroad the Carve Into the Nest Room, Presently tnd, Covale, Slowly Wot Fouenee the Engine Either ta Starting. Stopping or Revesing The Lewer Right Hand Prov, Shows, Chee Up, Vise of he Mote! 80" ae ana Bt, the Me atten Fed 10 i This Mossi, Thru the Two Tose ‘bata Trolley Wire Can Be eed train may be speeding along. The oper ator. changes the levers, and back the {rain goes in the other direction, reversing its course electrically without ‘the touch fof a hand to the engine, so perfect has the system of control been developed. "Allan, now 22 years old, designed the miniature railroad and “worked out the electrical problems. James, aged 17 years, did ‘the necessary machine work, ‘such as turning up the wheels and shaping the truck frames, in the shop at the local High School ‘The engine is 38 inches long and weight 48 pounds, "It will exert a J0-pound pull at the draw-bar, which is sufficient to pull 250 pounds of smooth running cars on a level track.» With a 100-pound train, it1310 will run full speed, which is proportion- Rely'60 miles an hour. Proper ‘The entire locomotive, except the mo- tors and the gears, was uit by the two boys from raw stock ‘The 16 driver and 8 pilot wheels were turned from solid brass fastings, The wheels on one side of the Tocometive have bre. bushings ‘between the wheel and axle. As the current is ear= ried by both rails of the track, the wheels have to be insulated one from the other, "The truck frames were cut from pieces of flat steel, drills being used to make the laticed part. ‘There are two motors, geared to eight drive wheels, “The motors are wound for twelve volts, ~The drive wheels are worm driven thru a reduction of eighteen to one. ‘Since it would not be practical to use the current from storage batteries or to use alternating current, the builders have made a 300-watt motor generator set, ‘composed of a one-fourth horse-power in duction motor on the 110-volt- lighting ireuit and a. small I2-volt D. C. autor ‘mobile generator. ‘The two motors are connected in parallel toa relay reverser, which enables the loco- motive fo be reversed by changing the polarity of the current. This device is a Combination of a permanent and an elec- tro-magnet. wound with fine wire, and shunted across the cireait in the engine. The, movement of the: electromagnet mechanism on changing the polarity” o the current throws a switch, which re~ verses the locomotive. (4 polarized relay is shown in the diagram appearing here= with-Editor,) ‘An unusual feature is a two-pound fiy- wheel “of solid brass mounted on the Motor shaft just above the truck frame. By the use of the fly-wheel, the perform= ance of the model is made. strikingly Similar to that of its monster prototype. "The body of the engine is made of heavy leaded iron such as used for auto- mobile fenders. The bells were turned from a brass bar, and the ‘cowcatchers were cast at a foundry from a pattern ‘made by the youthful builders. Railroad engineers who have called at the ‘Trask home in St. Paul. to see the model have ‘marveled atthe cor of the reproduction, and the ingenious ‘manner in which the control has been adapted to the small locomotive. The 18 ohm pol rot ent, Pawing Thru the C. M, and St. P. Railroad has started ne- gotiations to borrow the miniature rail- Foad for exhibition purposes, so much have the officials been imprest with it ‘Ip addition to the locomotive, these two ‘geniuses have built coal cars, box cars 2nd 2 caboose, all faithful reproductions of the larger types. They have built a track some fifty feet in length, tunneling ‘Om Magnets around thru the walls of three rooms and fone closet, which happened to get in the way. Tunneling thru those walls, almost aroused serious. displeasuce on the part Of James E, Trask, Sr., but the desire of the builders prevailed, and with such suc- cess that Papa ‘Trask’ was as much elated as the youths themselves. GARAGE TURN-TABLES AND BURGLAR ALARMS. ‘urglar cr nome of wich 2 srrnf onde fo Ge eantlefclned Sad‘in' some See spe reat fatter, "Do ‘ot mie tee x "heel THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE 18 HOW, ‘REVERSED AND CONTROLLED. ‘The diagram appended herewith shows how the direct current supplied by the twelve volt potential motor generator set is reversed a5 well as varied im strength a5 it is applied to the two insulated rails of the track system. These rails may be strip about 1/16* thick, 34° to 34” in width, fitted into slots ct by means of 2 hack saw into Fe or wooden ties. ‘The speed regulator ‘or theostat can be arranged as shown, $0 that when the handle is in the center oF Position, no current is supplied to the ls.” When the handle is moved to right, fr left, current is fed to the rails thra pate et pT wil ersatrags gen! Greeny toten thre tno wheels ong rote the ‘Oppeaite Direction Wi "ue Relay, and Cause Ne “Armature to Fly Over to th Science and Invention for Apri, 192 fone or more sets of resistance coils format ‘of iron or German silver wire, the amou: necessary being determined by expen ment. The speed of the locomotive 1 ‘reases as the controller handle is mote to the extreme right or left postion. & pending upon the, direction in which the train is moving, The current to the rais is reversed by the simple switch arrange ra 16h pl ad ‘ment mounted on an msulated fibre bar the base of the controller. switch a moved by it. ‘A polarized relay, which may be a hon made oe, constructed fram a polar telephone ‘ringer having about 50 to ohms “resistance is connected across wheels of the train and on the locomoti 50 a8 to receive current in one direct or the other according to the polarity current. supplied thru the speed cont and reversing switch. If the armature the polarized relay is set just past center line, as shown in the detatled ¢ ‘gram, then with the current passing 1 the coils in one direction, it will. prod forth and south polarity in the coils, if the polarities on the lower pole. pi agree, then the armature will remain tracted as shown. Now if the curr thru the rails is reversed, a south will be set up by the coll in the lower p< Piece, which will neutralize the magnet Of this pole, and cause the upper ps piece to attract the armature, thus forc hts platinum point against the upper © permitting current ‘The solenoids actuating the pole-cha ing switch for the field windings of imotrs, maybe small ones about 2° length and 1” in diameter, iron cores. It will be noted In the sch shown herewith; and as the detailed dr ing further elucidates, that when the solenoid plunger is sucked all the way the coils, it causes the light spring con at the otter end to:be opened; thus a the coi has done is work in shifting pole-changing switch over to one side the other, a8 the case may be, the cur thea the tolenoid is cut off; this elirain fany further waste of energy thru t members.The Contact Theory of Electricity HE contact theory of lectrcity is fone of the older theories, and states that if) two dissimilar ‘conductors, such as plates of copper and. sine are brought in contact with one an other, a difference of ‘potential will result, fone conductor showing’ fraction of a volt for even higher potential than the other. Blectrowcope Showay Fvseasil Due co Conca of ‘Bint Mea mts ac f on enclots tach gu, pate of diferent Sita ay be paced sei omc Irth each thr’ that each of the plates, Ti ouch oniy'fe neesbor gr neler Tin done, the poten dirence te: thee the terial pater wil be fhe sae SPAS saly werd nthe at ted were ‘Salat eles beg inte "Ae 'uncnstespe Cone aa teed args aes Crear ina plate Arion ecued above fin mee couact wit the galeat wipe "Kae ond plate of metal with a glass handle fd ie 8s Bier Turtace eka "var the simplest case. To make it more Bish, "when placed as shown on, the lower ne, ‘establishes a capacity, and the pair form “a condenser. ‘upper plate is by a metal conductor. ‘The lower one is toucht with one of the constituent metals of a compound bar of Soppet and ne cach meal bh ‘contact theory, each metal has its ‘own! potential, and. when. one of them touches the lower plate, it charges the con- denser. This has practically no. effect on the goid-leaf, because of the large capacity Of the two ‘discs, but if the upper plate is removed, the capacity of the condenser is reduced to almost zero, the potential rises and the gold-leat strips diverge "Another demonstration of the principle of the apparatus is bated on a variation on the torsion. electrometer. Referring to the second illustration, C and Z, are. two plates, one (C) of copper, and ‘the other garthed, preferably (Z),of zine. Above them is suspended bs an’ insulating thread an index coated. witl metal foil shaped as shown, one end flat and. expanded, the” other "end. counter- Besse, The, whol ipvenclosed ina glass lI-jar._ A-movable brass rod passes thru a hole in the bell-jar so that it can be Brought into contact with the index. and removed from contact, as desired. It 1 ‘caused to touch the index and by touching the protruding portion of the rod with & Leyden jat or other source of excitation, 2 charge is imparted to the index. The rod is then turned s0 as to be out of contact with the index.” If now, the copper and Zine plates are brought into electrical con- tact by connecting the ends of the wires shown in the cut, each assumes a polarity and the index is’ deflected. ‘As many readers interested in this ex- periment have failed to obtain results, the fatter was referred to. Dr. T. O'Conor Sloane, and he explained that usually the instruments employed were not suiiciently Compound Bar for Showing Contact Acton. asthe contact electricity pro: Guced was mostly potential or voltage and the current‘oF amperage was. of infnites! ‘mal value. Avparatn for Producing Blecrc Potential Di Carrying this idea still further, Lord Keivin constructed the apparatus shown in the last illustration. Ar eylinder’(Z), of zinc contains a copper funnel, Below’ the funnel is a cup of copper. The whole ap- Paratus stands on a glass insulating base, End the copper cop it insulated. from he est of the apparatus. On pouring ‘copper filings into the funnel, they” stream down ‘Torsion Blectrorcope for Showing Contact Action. into the cup below, and as zine is in con- fact with copper, they carry a charge so that the insulated cup acquires. a. potential ‘What has been described, is designed t show the contact potential of solid. and ry conductors. iments can ‘be evelopt to include liquid lectrolytes—the whole gist of the matter being purely theoretical, to give a basis to establish the Fationale of the action of the galvanic cel. ‘There is nothing of practical’ value in it, and it is not even eertain that the potential difference is due to the solid conductors ‘alone. ‘The following table gives the differences ‘of potential between some of the more ‘common metals and carbon. Difference of Potential (Volts) ist If we add the six potentials together, the result" is the potential difference between Fine, the first of the metals, and ‘carbo a the foot of the list. Tes 1.089 volts. ‘The ifference of potential between any two ‘metals is equal to the sum of the differences Of potentials between the intervening metals fn the ‘contact series Mending Cracks in Glassware VERY novel way of mending cracks in glassware has been recently ‘ntro- duced. By ‘means of this plan itis possible to' make the articles jun a6 they frere when they were new. The: work is very interesting and it isnot ata diffeut 1S"tary oct For the purpose 2 small amount of so- dice sileate or watergians is needed. This material cam be secured from any. chemist nd, as is well known, itis largely employed inthe preserving of Wie the etched Siti a decanter 2 bottles or anything that has- a" stopper, or am be provided wih a cork, proceed int sway?’ Fake ovt the stopper’and hold the Tote ig front of & stove until itis quite swarm. ‘Then replace the stopper and, With= ‘Out delay, get to work with the waterglass. ‘This is painted all along the crack with a brush, care being taken to put it on rather thickly. After a little while the air in the ttle begins to cool down, and then a very Singular thing happens. The pressure ol the atmosphere outside forces. the water Blass into the crack and the ugly line dis- Appears as if by magic, Leave the bottle for a few hours so that the waterglass ray Sct hard and then wipe aay any atr~ plus where the crack has been with a sponge and very hot water. ‘The bottle will then be. just as good as ever it was and will hold Tiquids. ‘Where the article is a wide-mouthed jar for bow! a somewhat diferent line of pro- cedure is needful. Take a basin and, inthe Bu apres center of this, put a lighted candle end Now pour about”an inchvof water nto the tani nd place the cracked Jar in an ine Nerted postion over the light As soon a5 the airs exhausted inside the tight faturaly go out. Without ‘any delay paint n'a hk layer of the waterglass all down the crack. Exactly the some thing happen: Ss was noted previously. ‘The pressure of the atmogphere outside forces the watersia's Into the crack and the line disappears. That the jar is periectv mended and no sign of damage cat be discerned, Drinking tumbler wich ve been cracked con Ber tented Jun the sameway only in these cases Bhovt piece of cantile shouldbe sed such Ss will conveniently go under the torbler. ‘Contrivuted by © LEONARD BASTIN.Is Ohm’s Law Valid? INETY-THREE ago, fessor Ohm, as it perimenting” with rimitive scilites. then available, announced Ne relations existing ‘in a ugtor “eatrying Stbare tween the current, electro-motive force, and Feritonce; thereby, formulating’ the law Which now ‘bears’ his mame. "Ohm's law Tow comes frat in the ritual of things clee- he novice it presents usally time, 9 glimpse’ of the fact that all clceri iaws: that matical, expressions ‘Ohm's Taw states, that in a. metallic con- ductor of a given physical state, Le, where The temperature ‘ond dimensions." remain onstonts the electrical current flowing sill Ee'divecty proportional to the electromotive force ‘impored, "In terms of the unite of Ectrical” measurement which are ‘now in te ica he sated tat i 4 conductor the’ current flowing in amperes is equal t6 the emf. or potential in-volte, divided by the resistance in ohms. "This is really an ‘experimental law snd is not dedsced at the evitable consequence of a theory. Tt isa imple law. Moreover, it fs of fundamental Importance to the electrical engineer, the ‘legtrical experimenter, and the physics. Fiow exactly docs this law hold? With the great refinement of the facilites of in- Yestigation of the present day, is t not pos ble that Ohm's law may be found to vary ightly from the exactitude of the Srathematica form in which itis presented? In other words, may it'not be found possible that the resistance may change Justa fille Ina conductor, in varying the current from T'small value fo one of greater magnitude? Recent. experiments indicate that Ohm's law holds to m high degree of exactitude, no ture being ‘sbserved in. employingthe fehned methods of testing. now avaiable, his subject was discust’ by "Dr. Franke Wenner of the Bureny of Standart, faa paper before the American Physical Society Eh spring. The statements of Dr, Wenner are_of ‘especial interest on. the subj ie Righpret inthe empl 0 atds, at Washington—the, Keeper and Dis- Denser of the “Ohm? “He has harge of she wore of standardising. lee trical resistances, and is specially. qualified to discuss the subject. ‘According’ to. the speaker, about fifty years ago 2 committee of the ‘British Asso. Eiation was sppointed to investigate the ac- acy of Ohms law. Maxwell was chair. tan of this committee, and he devised two methods for making the tests, both of which were capable of giving high precision. No By C. A. B. RIGGS ture from the law was then found ie frst method was thovghet to give, & precision of one part in 10800, andthe Jccond was supposed to be food 19 one pat 11000000, 000800 or one part in a milion ‘On account of the relatively higher Eccuracy of the second method, Ite weight svas given to the rerulte ofthe frst. ows rer it now appears, according to Dr, Wen fer, that the rat method was more funda ‘eital tn character than the second, and this was. discust in connection with Bgures ‘which‘appeae with this aril in Figure 1s shown the Ast method of Maxell In this method. four subrant ally equal existances are measured. sepa ‘ateiy in a“Wheststone ‘bridges ahd "are then connected in seris-paralle, 25 shown, hg the same este ae one of the Siemens separately I a. departure {rom Ohms tows perceptible by” this. method, cnstcl, Heol pioone apparent by a dt fepunty between the resistance of the four, feasured "in serie-paalleh “and. 30” com? Duted. fromthe ‘reatance’ as" determined rately. ‘This was not fu he second method is shown in Figure 2 vege the beget so arranged Bat fp tact branch there is provided one long thick Shdactor and one shore thin conductor, with deity cach se'dierents in {is experiment eis assumed that if the cure ey Cad Not eng gatiened witn mara ofthe aureny of Standards, “circuit Like That ehavn A rent applied tothe bridge is changed then a {Eston rom Ohm's aw would aut the Salance Bf the bridge to be upset. The key Errangement and the two, battery systems Skin one with a revcring swich a for Shanging the current Trom ane value to an Sther very auickiy. ‘The Key ‘is operated many Times ‘t second for the purpose of ‘hack and forth, s0 that tempera: Sate wil enats Seat ree ring the effects of the two currents, Phi method in Maxwells hands shore no departure from Ohm's law. ‘The speae Stated however, that this method was an absolutely conclusive one, in that the > Sistance could vary according to eettain sp ial mathematical laws, andthe balance + the bridge would be maintained with dil cat current donates, Maxwell's first method: was used by Weaner wih moder aparat. giving accuracy "of one part in 1000000, an departure from Ohm's law was found, Another method, proposed by Dr. WW of the Bureau of Standards, was also t This was capable of giving an accrac one part in 3000000." The connections Shown in the diagram of Fig. 3 in th ‘bridge equipt with a ‘ba ion ordinarily used for the g Hometer, is placed in one of the arms 9! ctner Wheatstone bridge, By a suitable Sheing of resistances, the galvanomete the large bridge was so afranged that * ther of the two battery keys, shown, {rolling the. battery “circuits,” were -c Scparately, the galvasometer did not de ihoth ‘keys were then closed. atthe time, and. the fact that no deflection Produced indicated that Ohm's law: he showed the diagrat ‘him whichs w thors sensive: This f indicated tr F In this case direct and. alternating ‘cu are used. As before, one Wheatstone t was crranged to Tove an armen at Bridge. An aerating current is are to be supplied to the cross connection little supplementary Bridge, and anath temating, current of just’ twice thi Auency to used to excite the Held coll Alternating current galvanometer, 1 cross the arm: of the lange bridge. Fect current battery with @ contact 1 arranged at the terminals of the bridge. By a suitable adjustment oft Sistances, ‘the bridges are. balanced er the alternating current or batter Fent is applied separately. ‘The diret Fent and the alternating current are t ber applied simultaneously, and if. tl ‘atiation from Ohms law detect wil be shown by'a deflection of ‘the ometer. With this arrangement a se: ness of one part in 100008000 is prec ‘Dr. Wenner, with conventional se caution, stated that from his exp: ‘Ohm's iaw was found to hold for, tl ductors which were used inthe int othe, wae ot making any 2 tions respecting what might ‘be four other conductors, Tn the course of the next year to ‘obtain results with the. lastdepartment wil award the folow detbone of, thie Senarinene rates and rush sient rarded: fof the arcana best "of thik depart fen a $300 prize, and for the 00; ied ree, $2.00. iment a. monthly series of prises will be awarded. Tree of $200, Tite article need not be very a ‘Wel make the mechanical drawingn Use only one side of sheet’ Make sketches on separate sbett separates orld materi or the FIRST PRIZE, $5.00 ELECTRIC BICYCLE TAIL LAMP. Very few people have thought that an od “se pg would make avery Bicycle tail lamp, but nevertheless, t does Firat it will be necessary to remove the img shield from the fe pg. In some (the separable plugs this fs rather exsy the mica shield is painted red and consti titer the “lena” "The bottom contact of the fuse pl will then have to be removed and serap Tergr rhetngn fi hl e ptga ation an from the outede by a Washer. “A. wire can be soldered to the Washer and led to the Wattery.and the Diher contact takes place thd the. bot fom of the bulb where i will touch the mudguard of the bicyele "The fase plug. is then. fastened to a piece of five? and locked in-place on the frodesard ts showa inthe istration. A tery is suspended from the frame of the bigyele, FRANCIS DONNELL, poset pre Sonmrugy Real Tail prted) from a. Battery oF PAPER BUTTERFLIES THAT FLY. Here is a charming litle experiment that can be carried out by means of a Seidlty powder, one of the last things in the world From which one would expect any -amuse- ment, “Secure an empty jam jar and get Foegseed conte set aa a sonper to tis inthe centre of the cork bore'a hole thra which opening a funnel is pusht. ‘The ‘way in which this is done can Be seen from The’ sketch” Next from Grighly colored UUssue paper, cut the shapes of three oF four buterfics. In the middle of each of these, just between the wings, fasten Wi flue a ‘thin strip of corke. This serves to ct a8 a body for the paper insect and also ison inthe falance of the batteries when they are in the air. fil the jar about half full with water. “Then, into tip, the contents of the packets forming the’ Seite pow ly ee place the cork in the far an Buttertes tnto. the fone! the gas frenerated by the eflervescence rises. and SECOND PRIZE, $3.00 A MECHANICAL WHIP MOTOR In the diagram shown here, we see the ‘constructional details of a mechani- Whin’ Motor Which May ‘be of Conadersble Size? Depending Upen, Pare nd ne Bower 'aveiiaol cal whip motor, A shaft is made from 2 broom ‘handle to which the balance stick and pulley are attached. A strip of canvas belting, whose ends are now nailed to two blocks of wood, is passed over the broom handle, and one end is connected to a spring and the other end and the spring are connected to a pedal. ‘When the pedal is moved up and down rapidly, a speedy little motor is the result which docs not, however, give much power. This same principle wil work on a much smaller scale by us Fubber bands and thin tape instead of the canvas, in-which event the motor may be actuated by hand. Contributed by ‘ARMARD MOTSINGER. foe Paper Butterflies Seen, in the, lag’ Uhotration Are Caused. e PIA About By SSE Ace's" Seite Ponder Diselvng 1313 Accompany. 4 saprex ig garage owner. ‘THIRD PRIZE, $2.00 ATWO CENT HYDROMETER, io sa yey simple ay reps al Dall eae oP Stina purposive tote cons, {ach in’ diameter’ apd'an inch long.” afe Ficdostters Showt a 4, Hens clei led in the boty, lead lle, ete om 5 ale sner te pose icy. Now push spice of ted Gin old corsct steel is suitable eno Sout inches long into the top, Palak the whole thing wih aged oat of sepa: tug” tinged wth tnpentine "To make the sale” “Take a. standard hydrometr and imei en & a ae ln made ups tha ink etl rept ter, “Oy then ert the’ tworeent Home trade hydrometer into the tae slo fd mack i with white coal us a te me hen “ad “more sai o the soli a Eontinse graduating St the Sete Se Some ee e ave a set made for Scale acid ol gatoline kay ther twelve in at and fhe acta cost ot make ing the twelve was nly teh cent whic Thad purchased "them they Sout Rave cost $130" "You an undosbtedy borrow iydrometes for the" purpone of making the sale on hese home made’ nee ‘hom "goa: Toeat 'pbarmaci or Contributed by eVERHART TURNER Seo Ute Te a "Your Storege Beery! Ut '* this causes the butterflies to fy up and down ina net eke manner The ect come inues for quite a good while seeing that the comparative smaliness of the openin ‘of the funnel only allows, litle of the 1 past out at time, This is all suff feo to keep the Dulterfies iting up’ and jown in a. most fascinating manner, Contributed by S. LEONARD BASTIN. seMtany amare ave often desired 3 join picces of glass or glass tnbing to. ether, but as they are not skillful enowgh St glass blowing and in handling’ glas: they have hesitated to try various experi: ments. ‘A solder for glass can be made by first melting 95 parts of tin and then adding parts of copper folder harder, whereas lead in the same proportion, makes it softer Glass tubing, united by this means, will separate at any other point sooner than atthe point of junction. Contributed byio aed Fascinating Experiments in Chemistry How to Make a Burning Gas (Hydrogen) and 1 Burning Oil from Castor Oil Casto ee ampeans pemay Tmany'of us, is an extremely con ‘ated tubstance. chemically, an rat vane of Interesting and “tl Frings, “may bemade from Redepending pon how i pr reated. igrthe, None jertul ga hydrogen wth which Balloons are inflated “The appa ratn require sibs co of quar to heat one of hem, ae Sin'can with the top ut tubing for ‘making con: nections, One ofthe "LL" tubes has one long arm, the ‘other, two. Connect the two tin cans as {dicated in the drawing, making one of the ong arms of the second “L tube extend neatly to the bottom of the second can Thich is halt filed with water. “An outlet oa couple of feet of rubber ‘tubing is made with the third “L* tube and ‘rom the second ‘can tothe water basin. “This is partly fille with. water Drill ehe corks used carefully, and make af hgconpection gh ‘i the second can'in the larger can 2 mar water into the space between. This Sor cooling purposes Into the frst can put one and a quarter ‘ounces of water and two ounces of soda Srarming the mixture tl the ye ‘Then add hall a pound of castor prow (erties fea pound, Becchetivary withthe pace tp hase) connect up the apparatus aga ‘and lige the fre under the frst tn ean To avoid direct contact of the fame with the bottom of the ean, potaprce Gi'sheet fron or common tin under i Soomatter the fre fs Ughted, bubble wal be noticed coming from the end St the "rubber tubing. inthe water “het gre bubble si dient capanston, due to te eating ier tome white smoke May appear Rie ype ed, By O. IVAN LEE with a peculiar sweetish odor. When the Bubbles! begin to” come at a. more rapid rate, fil a long slender” vial or bottle with water. “Cover the end with your Ringer “and turn it upside down with the mouth basin ‘under the water in “the ‘Now ‘catch some of the bubbles A,Castor oil soap+ foam; B; Cooling water ;C;Combustible oil; Dj Hydraulic trough; ‘Apparatus Set Up for Making « Burning Ges (Hydrogen) and 4 Burning Oil from Caster Oi, = Hydrogen sgoming from the end of the, rubber tube. ‘The water in the bottle will rapidly be driven out. "When this has occurred, place ‘your finger over the mouth of the bottle Again, strike a match, and holding the vial Bointed away from you, apply the fame of finger. Very Tikely you will hear a “pop” and you may see a little flame flas «down inside the bottle. On the other hand, it-nothing happens, only air is coming out land not air and hydrogen, which fogether fare explosive. Hydrogen alone burns, but wll not explode, so when the air has been all pushed ‘out by the hydrogen, a sample of gas caught and burned as described wil burn quietly. "If you watch closely. you may see the hydrogen flame as it sinks down, into the bottle forming perhaps a ring. Np aeton ned be pi to any we hich may, accompany the ydroges mts hemp acoreen Ei ete oa oe pean aor ay Bs tot and me ‘for the insertion of the ‘laced under water, of cour, with the pitcher of water upside down oa i "The experiment” with the Powderles Cannan aye ery sucefally earrcd out wid mn instead of gas, the" Jet In this cane being the end'of the ruber After the by en has ceased to be given cut toanyrenfni the water he word Sancen t's deep yellow ol peculiar xr Howe on the raters IL i removed, ind a light applied twill be found to burs ‘as teadihy co Keromene. i oon, What it meant then mysterious fre starte appareitly without any dirgce human aid, but since nature alvays “on thejob,” there is no magic about the mater.” The whol term Based on opular ignorance of natural laws, of the Etna which Teade some to waste theit time ad. ogey trying to dacover “perpetual ‘A striking demonstration of the kind of combustion” whose engin would’ be "con: Yentently desgribed by the “newspapers: “Spontaneous” may be made with fen cents worth of chemical obtainable at any Hore five cents worth of plyectine ‘and Dermanganate of atc vile coal eh a minute particle will color a glass of water a beautiful pur Rub a half tenspontul at tine 9 tween two fatirons unt it i 6 fre powder. ‘Collect a couple of spoonfuls {nto alte heap on a la of stone or iron, and make a slight depression in the top ofthe heap. Now quickly drop abouts een ope athe, tin, weet and harlem ooking’ glycerine into ‘the tte hole ia the "wap of powdered permanganate. For a moment Youll be disappomted nothing aces {0 happen. Fhensigns.of action! (Continued om page 1328)rv Radio “Talk” Relayed to Land Lines Cottege of the Ciy of New York Some: extremely interesting, tests in" which radiotelephone “take was transferred to land ines and. vce wersa. at wil, When interviewed at the Kadio Laboratories of the College of the Gis of New York, concerning these tests, Sphich were under tus. supervision, Pro: Fessor:Alfsed N. Goldsmith, n charge of Eicctrical Engincering, sd His natural that the recent femarkable achievement of the American ‘Telephone and ‘Telegraph Company in enabling per Sons on board a ship.on the Atlantic Ocean io'talkc by wire and by telephone to pet tons or individuals on the Catalina Islands In'the Pacife Ocean should have aroused uch widespread public interest “This transmission of the Human voice over thonsands of miles of wire and tra inany mies of a has been made possible By the" development of a. new. pe. of acum tobe. frequently ‘known “asthe edion ie“ resmbls tn appearance ftige amp. and ‘contains a glowing la: tment and specal forms of malic grids hd plates, “This tube: can take the ex” ‘emely feeble speech and raise its Toad ness by clectrical means unt tremendously Tou speech is prosuced. "When it works inthis way. i known as an-omplifer, and'as such is widely used in wire tle: Phony” and in. radio’ communication. it Exn'also be used in_ # umber of other Special ways for radio telegraph snd tele- Fone transmission and reception, and is fngely employed for these purposes today fo-telephony has fone been a subject for spectal investigation. in. the “Radio [Sbotttories of the Collegeof the City of New York. The first experiments were Carried ‘out more than twelve years ago Sih hate known asthe Poten dre Roparttug_and covered only short aise tinces, However, by. 1916, a powerful vracuum tube radiotelephone set had been Installed in our Laborstores at the Col- lege and gave excellent results. Tt was ECENTLY there was carried out R: the radio laboratory of, the ints Labora much the same type of apparatus as is used today for the same purpose. ‘There was stretched over the buildings ‘of the College a great aerial wire system for transmitting, ‘with more than three: quarters of a mile of heavy bronze wire in it, Thousands of feet of broad copper band were buried in trenches under the College lawns to afford a proper connec: tion to the earth. celts fess that were obtained at the ‘ollege more than five years ago, just the trouble taken. We telephoned from a downtown residence more than seven ‘miles from the Laboratory over the wire Tines and then automatically. transferred of relayed. the ‘received speech out by Fadio-telephone. “That is, the wire tele~ phone. was automatically Tinked with the jreless telephone and every word spoken downtown went out by radio from our transmitter. “This speech was heard as far away as North Dakota, over 1,300 miles from New York At shorter distances the loudness of the speech was 30. considerable that Articles to Appear in April Issue of Radio News” Aeroplanes and Radiogoniometers by Armstrong Perry. ‘Simple Measurements and Coleul tions for the Radio Station Owner by PLP. Geagan "A ‘Long Range Receiver by Joseph | G. Read. | "A Honeycomb Coil Tuner by Poul | Watzon. | ‘Short Wave Radio Vacuum Tube Trancmitter and Regenerative Re= ceiver With Two-Step Amplifier by Welter Hyndman. A Tworstep Audiotron Amplifier | by, Frederick J. Rumford. Tug oF Spirit—a Fascinating Stor by Julian Ke Hennes. yam: =i tome smtshig incidents occured, For Setple'a rato aiatete powe 90. males ftom’ the College happened to “tune itt oarspeeth signals one evening” Te after Wards cxplaged that he thought hs ae ‘Tres fad itr fallen crows aq eer omer ine of been attack by Tights, Jadging from the tremendous volume of the Speech eee “This pioneer work of five years ago has ban cared orward stediy ia the Rate [Shoratorcs of the Calle and about ten Giterem topes of radio‘cephone. tats: mutcrs of sarious fies have ine been Produced and sucess lly tested hee The American Telephone & Telegraph Conmpaty as beats interested Sade telephony as uefa edjonet tof hag tetera wire service oder spetal are iioas for a sumer a youre in 915 elaborate experiments were car- tied out by that Company and the Western Elccirie Company. withthe corperation of the United Sater Navy, atthe Arting: fon Virgins, enti ation of the Nant ‘Phe pret actil wire atom a Asin supper 0D-foot cel towers as Slated at the sorece of the Companies for Experimental ‘purposes “AC radio rane: falter was insaled it witch as may as Boot the transmitting tubes were sed Sta times ‘Spesch trom various pots sras carried ty wire to Arlington and then Sem “out by” radio ‘automatiatiy. The ole of the speaker wae heard 9 points Be willy “scprated "gs Baris, France: Mare lind inthe. Pacihe' Coast and Ronettes ‘The promise shown by these experi- ments Encouraged the Telephone Com: Fates do carry the work futber and they crm 0 try out thorly rediophons crpmumcation eaween skis and hore Seu Betmcen islands and the main Ioed Accordingly, the steamship Clowcestr star equip wit an cies radiophose Ta Eittnermore, rs land ston were Stainheds one st Green Bay neat Boss fon and oe a Forks Me Je, bear1316 Femte Correspondiag the Murat Elberon: these points being near the ter- nals of the coastwise trips of the Glow. fester, ‘These sets were all transmitting tube sets and were duplex sets. That is, it ‘was possible to send and receive at the same time and the wers of these sets could therefore talk and listen simultancously, just as on an ordinary telephone wire line. ‘The Foxhurst and Green Bay radiophone stations were then connected to the wire ling systems of the Telephone Company. ‘About the same time, radio telephone sets were installed at Los Angeles, Cali= fornia and Avalon, Catalina Islands. ‘The stretch of the Pacific Ocean lying between ‘Avalon “and Los Angeles was very suc: cessfully bridged, and many thousands of calls have been handled without trouble. ‘Recently, the operator on the Gloucester established communication with Foxhurst. ‘There his speech was automatically trans- nating in Los Angeles, where it was agai transferred. to the radiostelephone and decor o und the Steamabi pre A carried to Avalon. So that the operator at Avalon and the operator on the Glow ester were in direct personal touch. White the radio-telephone is not re- garded as a competitor of the wire tele- Phone for ordinary overland communica tion, it is, nevertheless, a useful adjunct in’ such special cases "as. those just de- scribed and forms. an -excellent element the system of any effective public ser- ice wire communication company. “The Gloucester-clvalon transmission is interesting from another of view. For the first time in the history the voice ‘of man has been carried across portions ‘of two oceans and an entire continent! In view of the ease with which the wire service and the radio-telephone can. be linked to each other, it ig clear that every telephone subscriber in the United. States automatically becomes a subscriber. to ‘such special radiophone service as may be established, by the wire companies and their associated companies. Trans. Continental Telephone Line Repeaters) Fig. 2 am Herewith Will terest to Students dost ‘what ‘Takes Piace in the Diller: we oduared D ‘Giese cal Hanae Prose wey Undampe Current it ihe Antenne Chen Shawn At oC Radio and’ Then Metin by 7 Science and Invention for Apri, 1921 Fuborst ML Geen Bay Rado Staton Ree siobon, haar Basten scm aly st $5 Coco iy the Felepbome Cur a Ae ihe” Renate Conse Seatione Whence Clearly, the time is not far distant when. by asking. for “radio long distance” or possibly tadio marine service any. tele- Phone ‘subscriber will be able to. reach Ships at sea. or possibly. even telephone subscribers on the other side of the ocean "The work done in radio research at the College of the City of New York enabled its staff to render valuable service to the Army and Navy during the war. Many hundreds of men were trained for the favy in a special school established at the lege, under the general direction of Professor Frederick B. Robinson, Dean of the Schoo! of Business and Civic Admin- istration, and under the engineering charge of myself. The purpose of this ‘School was to teach the Navy's operators hhow to handle radio direction finders. or “radio. compasses,” as they were called. This interesting “device enabled stations equipped with it to find the direction of any station which they heard, "Not only (Continued om page 1349) Wa Radio Te ithoee A Are Artin Changed Inte, Maguiated Wadle Pr stion Ath WeeeThe Audio-Frequency Amplifier in France By ROBERT E. LACAULT Late Liewtenant in the French Army Signal Corps : ERY little has been aah about the repearches aden ance gh the Subject of Ratio and especialy on ! the apparatus using V. f,(vacuum inbesS?for most of the exper ments were cart eet: dating the war Fig. 1 This Shows the Rist Model of Two Bihae’ anti Plogueesy Acpuber treloped MSU Ty rhe hay in the laboratory of the Signal Corps, and Tuntil peace was signed, nothing could be ‘divulged to the public: ‘hewitt ho is carrid out see eral experinients in" this. laboratory. ie eased "to present. to. the readers of Science axa" Invesrion some mew facts gn the bith and gromth of the smi He wae’in 1915 that the. need for a sensitive and practical amplifier was felt inthe ‘army Tor until that ume spark transmiseion was used, andthe Feceptto svar effected on a crystal detector. At this Time, some offcers who were sent to this ountey, brought back a few models of V. A ere practi y ance. “Tmmediately experiments were made by the most prominent French radio Shpees ds fer mont ater satan rd type of V. T. was adapted and manu Teetured by two ‘rms. which produced $000 tubers day it ust be added that a reat number were broken at the front Every ay owing to. the bombardments, senich explains why this number was only Fiat suiclent ‘This standard type of V. T, was so de- signed that it could give equally good re- Sifts when used a8 & detector or-an am Dlifer'as well as.an oscillstor. At ‘the Zame time research was made to 6nd the ipest characteristics of an amplifying trans- former which was to be used in conjune- fom with the standard V.T. ‘The result oP work waa a twostage auiigte- Wieney amplifer especially designed. for eid work This ampliter is shown in Fig. t Catching the German Conversations ‘Ag soon as amplifiers were, brought to the front the officers of the Signal Corps ‘tied to use them to catch the conversa- tions carried on over the telephones in ee ae ee and ea as aC oy cape ca mail, Bae pe. Used eo hetiae ie Weise View of tine Eine with fof the enemy, and thanks to the ultra- Sensitive amplifier the inductance was suf- ficient even at 2. great distance from the lines to accomplish this successfully. Tt Js needless to add that, ery, important information was obtained by this system. ‘Wien. na elephone was used by the enemy, a microphone (like that used in 3 ddictagraph) connected to an amplifier was Drought near the German trenches during the might and some useful and interesting Wr Tee the Three Stage Andio-Preguency Amplifier Wontrated at Fig. 3. Bee UE Bastches Berit the Operator to Bupley, ther Pirt Bulb Asan Detcior Remaining Two Bulbs’ Av Ampliters to Con i Ceystal or Other" Detector, 1317 data forthe Alia was gleaned from the overheard conversations “he amplifers have, alo, been exten- sively. used in the ground telegraphy ys- tem. This ground radio merely effects the tranamisson of waves inthe tarth and very simple. ‘The transmitter is 8 power: TaP buzzer operating on 10 volts and the receiver is ah adio-frequency ampliers the radiating system is made of two wires srounded af the ends. This ground tele: ‘Braphy was especially useful where it was {impossible to erect an acral, and a range of about three miles was obtained with & Power of only 20 watts, Fg. 8 illustrates this system. ‘After this short review of these gene erally unknown sie of the ampiier we Will Speak of its use in Radio-telegraphy. With the new warfare it was often im Possible to une nthe trenches the heavy Powerful spark sets which, were. supple fo the Signal Corps. It was therefore, de- Cided. that small portable sending sets Should ‘be built which could be carried by one or two men and which could. be erected of dismantled ina few minutes But ‘owing to the small power of these stations it was necessary to use ‘Sery ‘The amplifier shown in Fig, 1, was at first used with the receiver of the portable sets and has made long distanee commu: Rication with low powered. transmitters and low aerials possible; the question of ‘Trench sets was therefore solved. As can be seen in the diagram Fig. 2 this ap- aratus. was rather simple. Later a new ‘model fitted with the latest improvements Gime out of the Taboratory, TC was a three-step amplifier equipt with a swit ‘whereby the frst tube could be used at 2 detector for Radio. reception. With this apparatus wonderful results were obtained and a great number of these. amplifiers hhave ‘been manufactured for the 5 Corps. ‘This instrument is shown m ‘Fand the diagram of the same in Fig. ‘Altho ‘this model. of amplifier was. the best ever designed it was found that ow: ing to ite size, it was not very practical for trench work, so the former apparatus os, modified’ again, and a” new model kmown as the “S:ter” ‘type was produced which was much simpler, but with which the ‘same.value of amplification. was ob- fined. Fig. & is a photograph of the Standard amplifier now ‘sed. in. France, ‘and_as can be seen only one rheostat ‘used to control the current in the filamentof the three tubes, The switeh allowing the ase of the Rest tube ay a detector it ed’ on the front panel, ‘winle the inet contains only the three audionfre= sengy Waneforhers andthe gral come ihe. wrter has designed and uit for a portable st, am ampliner embodying the Same characteristics asthe model Just de Seribed but much smaller in sie whichis Fepresented in Tig: 7. This isto give an idea of what eat be dane inthis line when an apparatus is properly designed to mect gota seamen great number of radio-frequency am ruins have alte eon bull and at the Present time these apparatus make pos: Eble the reception of radio signals ith Nery small indoor aerials, inciading loop fr tol aerials no longer than a cigar box. But as ths line of apparatus s quite ai: ferent Miscellaneous ‘The American ama- teur fadio man often experiments w ith other circuits than those here shown, for ‘example: Method of lising one or two au- dion baths to ampli the signals rect bya ermal det ere expense is an item or for other rea sons, this system can be used, but the most reliable, all - around Outht, of course, is thea't employing 2 will be described in ‘2 future Ihe standard Udon nee Fig.6 Fe 8, Connections of Three Bulb Standard Audie-Fresueney Prtnch ny Sanat Cope, ad Prog a's ‘Paotee Show the Front serine ee easter Sranalter, aad by" Claneng che ‘Used very Day ¢ So, There Win Lite Ehusce ‘of toe Energy Inverpgeting the "Words ‘eat by Tole Metboa” Tas Arne 1. BS tee itor ! meee ‘Repliger to Three Stage te SF. Ampiter retin eM oF of Three Stage Audio-Prequensy Besse is Leis Model, Thee er Sh Bere s ata eatin ad Wigan de Leet aed oh ved Fer oA pes ae Wi ahs “peiector "Wien Destea ne vacuum bull a8 detector in addition to the one or more bulbs employed a8 arapl fiers, “There are several vactum tubes the American market gall fo ameter ‘which operate on as low a plate pote volts, the voltage rating of the * Block battery. now von the ‘There are many. wrinkles. which market. ‘Will help to improve the operation. of audion. amplifier sets, particularly when two or more steps of amplification. are Utilized, ‘and. which “often cause super Sensitive electrical conditions about the Various instruments, particularly the bulbs temsclves One of the leading America manufacturers has found it advisable to tnclose the abdion coupling transformers {n't metal case and the experimenter can tty ou diferent stunts such az thin, 30 38 {0 eliminate the freak ‘conditions "which semetnes other oe coniderahy ine Aeavoring to amplify thru several stages Ome American radio manatactorer enloncs the coupling transformer in a brass shel, While ina German set, which was ex” Emined the audion transformers were en: Slosed in sheet steel shells; One. of the Inistakes amateurs make is supposing that the apparatus ‘can be operated at high ficiency by simply mounting the various audion receptacles, Switches, ctey on wooden” pandl, “but This fs not so at all and for best results the switches ‘and ‘other metal” carrent carrying mem fers: really" must” be mounted on either «fiber, hard rubber’ oF Bakelite. It wood must be used, it Thould’be thoroly Soaked in hot parafin Deeswar, or 3 mixture of the two. U. S. Bureau of Standards News Observations of Radio Transmission Phenomens by Amateur Regio thas been observed by radio amateurs seenetally that the strength of signals re- Eeived froma given transmitting. station Navies rapidly during, very short intervals Of time, probably “depending “upon. the ‘weather ‘and. various meteorological con- ditions. “The Bureau of Standards ‘has esired to collect as much data as poss fon the nature and causes of this’ fading of radio ignate In order. to secure sire tltaneous observations of signals, arrange. ments have been made for a. number of ellequipt amateur radio stations. includ= ing 6 transmitting stations and about 40 receiving stations, to begin such a series of tests, The 6 transmitting stations, will fend out 'a broadcast message, each of ‘which will last about 3 minutes, on Tues- "Thursday, and Saturday’ evenings, beginning just after the time signals from the Arlington, Naval Radio Station. ‘The 6 ‘above-mentioned stations will transmit for their different regions 10 minutes apart and 3.or 4 of them will be within the r= ig range of each receiving station. ‘The Bureau of Standards has supplied forms on which the operators will record the strength of the signals they receive and ‘other information. such as) weather Cenditons. presence ol stays or atmos: pherie disturbances, and the general char Acter of radio transmission at the time of ‘each observation. Tt is hoped that as a Fesult of this program of careful observa 1318 am: icanradic tions some valuable conclusions regard radio transmission wil be reached. Tt the Present plan, which covers only the north: Eastern par ofthe United State. it eae ceasfal, 4 more extensive program may be ‘undertaken at a later date. J Lecture Explaining the Phenomena of Radio Telegraphy and Telephony Commancation by means of lecticiy without wires has progressed very rapid Goring’ the’ lat few poate and hat Probably been given more’consideration by {he general public than almost any other ie subject. Tt is, nevertheless, a fact that due to the somewhat Inisleading newspaper accounts which have Sppeared from fime to time dealing. with “Continued on pege 1348.)Spotchight Momting Rey Tobe Biecricliy Propelied Boat ROO “a, EPS REN ee Bac so. 1350 ato Bimand (Re RES Teen we Se ta Mk cs ic ivni ng ahodot Thine pre foro gu Ms” wt aute Pe tecttie oSapet SRA SRMAR grits Meee SRS rl Atte mnctite Mga SP led ty oly et SERSCEISAS CERES oe SAMS NN GRAM Paes “oie soem few anger al We arene ieee Syimaeanias Electrical Operated coeuieerna shen ee Benes (xe, sain ee io Bar. vt TEETH Fw ele panes, Bodh area Sede of conealing id This Hate den seamed that ig Dea sitet ce Apa eas So ree Ere kerr ee See ieee brakes formed Sato be adanted to ein’ gedinary ieee lamp eck ‘Si be Skee apart for Geaning and r= stich fewinr fg eeulta of theo Ratchet waereby sthe reweanee ed coment strength mabe feria ve a eacly oe rence ha say eel he ag Samide tie eine Een Wee Gat hehe bese iy ate, eee Sa Rata Sry see eae aay Parana cote oe aac asin —— “Tarntable._ “Evaporizer. co. a0 See cat (No, 1,865,722, ued to Byron. “This invention hat ot ee main ob c's Seeds da shaper, Ta whe Siow attetance i laud, power fm form are tubjcted. dry SASSce aietan ed porate ‘Sha haa retlvely cool base when i ivo'st the cener and rats pon ia tpond to Feter R, Saat seta one to, S02 ia. eek boin, and- thr the agency of bevel ‘Rae, owe ln teansmaied to feelgn ‘hela Which serve to drive tbe table ibind "on te rela ack Animated Cartoons. io. 1SSS,648. Tout to Lene ‘Eten weowniey. ares itd evade eee Teme her es Teese each Erker es Fay SENET Cee wt ieee Sees er & ferection. An, import fetare ie Ee alr olor bast ie ‘un ampiser ‘Phe cnr devise fs made ih ane {rm and bana very pretty eect when “This bom oF cusng which in Steed placed upae, the Chie" A ore a sr the pera err: ved tah the dence Settee of terrain din a five small ae Serine ino prepulse or ane = nat be throws, =, 3 tia te ae Speci” pation Scrape at ew Ra ra ke 1319 wamericanradWhat To Invent Pianos have automatic tracking devices for the purpose of the ‘music rolls ‘in proper ment withthe holes i press all modern player ‘cian: eA ectce Dispening Device ht keys, the number on all standard pianos. ii'the perforation in the paper music roll docs not pass over the hele in the tracker-bar there can be no, playing of Imisie. ‘The reason for this fact 1s, that player pianos are in reality another form af the Face cleaner, adopted to make the piano play. ‘Therefore i the note hole “in the music roll fails to. effect a proper con ith the hole ia the {racker-bar, the piano keys cannot operate because of ‘insuficient vacuum and. ait Pressure-hence no musi. ‘here are several semi-succasfl tracking, devices for player pianos on the market, bat, all, have their. fault, fausing ono little. dissatisfaction a ‘rouble. in” operation, by tearing the paper music rolls or causing. discords In playing when the rolls are not tracke ing properly as required for good music. in view of the present unsatisfactory tracking” devices “installed on” player anos, and because of the great need for a practical and simple improvement ‘here now exists a splendid for the inventive public to ir ability of creation. by perfecting a new design for this. im- Portant purpose. T would suggest that the reader pro- cure the different player mechanisms, which will explain the player action and automatic tracking de- tice in deta, "The present tracker con- Nrscton is made to” operate. ftom the The mm Dacumatic tracker soon Necomes clogsed trith dust and fint from the paper fol Thereby making it ineffective in keep: ing the call properly aligned. in ty oplnion,. what i needed. is a mechanical tracking device “of simple By JAY G. HOBSON construction, so arranged that it can be fuiekly attached by the. average. piano Soner,’ and made io ‘operate fromthe mechanism ‘that’ rans the music. ro ‘the problem ts worked out along this line’ and solved, Tam confident the ine vention will sel promptly to some large piano company. who wil gladly pays ood sum or royalty Yor the improve: SANITARY FOOT WARMERS. ‘The other day I had an occasion to ‘Mysell shod in one of these. up-tor ate, “WhilesU-Wait™ electric shoe re- pair’ joins, (And trulymany_ are only Joints, being so. smally and. built into make’a patron feel ont of joint to find place to. wait) where the head man rants, out ‘his gruff interrogation of Mihat is ‘wanted; and when you tell bim You are Rirun ‘down ap the hectnced- ing new pair he pushes you, (Gxura tively ‘speaking) info ‘one, of his lame chairs with a, femark:—"Put on theese fare slippers" ‘or: "Jus use theese hare paper tpwt yourn feet on! ‘Bejectedly” you slip-on. an old, dirty pair of carpet slippers about ten sizes {oo large for-youy or else choose’ the ther alternative. of assuming et Une concerned ait aboot sitting in your sock fect secretly thinking everyone around You' is Tooking at your ‘big. fect. But the! orror of fat the inner fear you Contain, fest in your ‘walking one your suffocating toes has bitten a hole Jn'your socle which now shows up ike an automobile headlight “during an eclipse. Tie pesky hard to maintain one's equi- poise ‘of appearance when finally you Fer enough nerve Yo. it your gee fall forward, and to your painful sure prise find your fears “exactly realized, Making you wish your father had been ofa darker hue. But granting that all the above did not happen. to you, the need. still ree Syeels™ the idea came. to me picturmg individual paper slippers of average size. printed on either side with the adver Bsement of the Fepair shop, ete., paper ea A Simple WeterPuriying Filter, Mdeled Some alte the" Aergement Her tise Exe Sholld" prove ValosSes ha iy Batt cf Section lor “Dilepaawe" ona a "pact a GENER Watch, sake pe "Out tBea—tes Bits! alter“beaper® chemteat Sreeuomene {Sut Wau Sid ae ri We Slippers that would certainly be com fortable and. warm, as well a, splendid advertising for each shop, because their Customers: could take them home; they would serve in the place of the Ire- uently ‘misplaced, regular slippers. SANDWICH SLOT MACHINE. ‘As I write, these jiggles while slowly crecping’on, the S & U. RR. thra the Sar Heel" state, my Tiver is having a heated. argument with my” stomach howe the “eel supoty Vou see these ments with the best jers_and.Stomachs, aeken the “Feats” is'a point to be com ret wp te ean sched mae this “carly means of revenge by setting the time of departure in the weemeian, he Se, a ee re ha epee eyrgte Aa en fm eee cits iotiaate 2p ocr Be noes fe $e Fae RONG seem noma ae Sap eae Pedant i rege woken! eee SeeE torah RY ged oe pet raultang mart oeaa of oMaroe onesie eee teretn ately Soe ati Sec ldo ad sees ik Toor por het rariig om masta, Hong: eke, ON Rott A SN, Ha Be ce Bt Gogh ial! oa EE eh See SO TEP Rom oy de ane se 2ed bes reas ake tae, ten Smalley ites ne tr ee eee ots (Cod on poe 312) estion of cred. voever 6 and takesScientific Humor Like an Echo!—"Pa, why do they have repeating rifles?” "yguess, son, to make every shot tll” Willig Taman Coulda’ “Bear Ie-—Palley; “Why did jets hot-headed yesterday ?” Motor! "The oil ran oat of my bear= ing”. W. Voble. The Origin of Brainstorms—Co.- Lage ‘Prov: "What is ‘Srosext: “No matter, ‘si Coutsce Puor-: “What is matter?” fever mind, sie.” fC. Bearden, Heard, inthe Criminal Court— House: “I've been framed by a bunch of Tow. wood-butchers." ‘Sinkrt: “That's nothing; these crooked ccar-tracks have double-crossed me” CSE D, Schwab. A Hint Bores.—"Am boring you?” for ‘Depends’ What He Hits —“Just think of it Paty" said the suto salesman to Dppective patency, this car will go Rate sid the Tgshman. “And, now, thew: fant till it-stop?™ ee ail ep Dick Dickinson. Rgguactly.—Tomrxins: “Bently has aw-geceived -a million dollars for his patent “gurdatiog machine. I's absolutely inter- £TBenee root amd date. corer and bly a8 the eae is being Ta ‘Bante “Ise machine on the market Soaring "Oh, my ol an wont Re Sead eR PEN! + And—ts YL Om-Sruvet oF Euecraierry "Can anything be both positive and Regaitve at the ‘Sime time?” Biacraician: “Sore. When I proposed to my giel last night” she. gave ea pepe “arower Which was very positive. “Welter Laire McDonald ‘A Black and White Artist—"Well Rastug, I hear you are working again What business are you engaged in now! “Pee done be ii de mining. busines, sah" "What kind of mining are you doing: gol, silver oF diamond ‘Vse doing calsomining, sab.” Henry Sorenson Bat the Juice Ain't “Lower” There. Finer Sropewt or Euscrmerey: “Why fare the lights in lower New York brighter than those in the upper section’ Stconp. Gromer) “Because they are neater the Battery, * guess = —No Nome. | | FIRST PRIZE $3.00 | Teacuer: (in Bi, eg WIG ape what is autor zy Migration? : eR ase—then lle Johany yoluntees “NS a hati Johnny? ova Rigg around nan aio sil youre: iy Little Songs of Safety First— Lies slumbering, here ‘One William Lake; He heard the bell But had no brake. Detroit News. At fifty miles ‘Drove Ollie Pidd, ‘He thought he ‘wouldn't ‘Skid, but did, Rome, (N. ¥.) Times. ‘At ninety miles Drove Edward Shawn; ‘The motor stopt. But Ed ‘kept on. Little Falls, (N. ¥.) Times. -E recive daily from one to WV ces istintd coketsene this “department.” Of these ‘only one or two are available, | We desire to publish only scientific humor ‘and all contributions should be orig ital if possible "Bo not copy jokes from old books or other publications ‘as they have little or mo chance here By scientific humor we mean only, sich jokes as contain something of @ scientific nature. Note our prise winners. Write each joke om a s¢p- trate shect ond sign your name ond address 10 it.” Write only on one side Of sheet. No letters acknowledged tinless postage is included. ‘All jokes publisht here are paid for at the rate of one dollar each, besides the first prise of three dollars for the best joke submitted each month, In the event that two people tend in the | fame joke s0 0s 10 "tie” for the prize, then ihe sum of three dollars in cash | will be paid to-each one. This monument’s For Jackson Druck; His, Lizzie was. lighter ‘Tuan the truck. —Serantonian, Down in the creck Sleeps Jerry Bass; The bridge was narrow, He tried to pass. Wilkes-Barre’ Times-Leader, In peace here rests, ‘Poor Jerry Fitch He put his hand Upon the switch, In state here lies ‘Old Archy Hale, He put one foot, (On the third rail, 1321 www.americanradic The Stomach Contains Indigestion,

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