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limited exception for the cases of lawful executions and sets out strictly controlled circumstances in which
the deprivation of life may be justified. The exemption for the case of lawful executions has been
subsequently further restricted by Protocols 6 (restriction of the death penalty to war time) and 13 (abolition
of the death penalty), for those parties who are also parties to those protocols. The European Court of
Human Rights has commented that "Article 2 ranks as one of the most fundamental provisions in the
Convention"[1] The obligations on a State under Article 2 consist of three principal aspects: the duty to
refrain from unlawful deprivation of life, the duty to investigate suspicious deaths; and in certain
circumstances, a positive obligation to take steps to prevent avoidable losses of life.