SCIENCE 10

Development of
Cell Theory &
Imaging Techniques

CONTENTS
Todays Objective: Investigate and interpret the

contributions of early scientists towards the

development of Cell Theory
Review Qualities of Living Things
Discuss cells as the building blocks of life
Video: Development of Cell Theory
Assignment: Cell Theory table
Review (time dependent)

WHAT MAKES SOMETHING ALIVE?

QUALITIES OF LIVING THINGS

Require Energy
Produce Waste
Grow
Reproduce
Respond to the Environment
Have Cells!!!!

QUALITIES OF LIVING THINGS

Soil

Car

Human

Fire

Jail

Reproduces

Grows

Dies

Produces Waste

Requires Energy

Responds to
Stimuli

Composed of
Cells

CELLS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

Cells

Tissue

Organs

System
s

Organis
m

CELLS
Cells are the smallest unit that can be considered

alive
Single celled organisms include:
Amoeba and the paramecium

Multicellular organisms include:

Plants and animals

Adult humans contain 50 75 trillion cells

including:
Blood cells, skin cells, bone cells, brain cells, etc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

CELL THEORY
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-

theory
All organisms are composed of one or more

cells
All living things are made of cells

The cell is the basic unit of structure and

organization in organisms
The cell is the basic building block of life

All cells come from preexisting cells

ORIGINS OF CELL THEORY

Each of the following scientists had an

important contribution to the Cell Theory:

Aristotle
Robert Hooke
Francesco Redi
Louis Pasteur

Robert Brown
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden

YOUR ASSIGNMENT
Complete a table that describes the

contributions of each scientist, the

technology or technique implemented, and
what was achieved from this technology or
technique.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

dgHN145_dj0

FOR HOMEWORK & REVIEW

Section 1 is now complete!
Textbook pages 240 260
Questions 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 17-19, and 22 on

page 265

REVIEW MATERIALS

RULE #1
The first non-zero digit is the first significant

digit
The digits 1 9 are always significant
Ex. The following examples have 3

significant digits:
321
0.321
0.000 032 1
3.21 x 103
3.21

RULE #2
Every digit after the first significant digit IS

significant
This includes all Trailing Zeros they are
assumed to be significant
Ex. The following examples have 3 significant
digits:
500
0.500
5.00 x 103

RULE #3
Significant digits only apply to measured

values
Counted values (E.g., 4 bananas, 8 apples, 2
cars, etc) have infinite significant digits

RULES - ZEROS
Leading Zeros are not significant.
0.321, and 0.003 21 have 3 significant digits

Zeros positioned between the digits 1 9 are

significant on either side of the decimal point

203 = 3 Significant digits
1.905 = 4 Significant digits
100.746 = 6 Significant digits

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING

When we are finished our calculation, we

round to the lowest number of decimal

places that we had in the numbers we used;
we NEVER NEVER NEVER round until we are
finished calculating!

MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING

When we are finished our calculation, we

round to the lowest number of significant

digits that we had in the numbers we used;
we NEVER NEVER NEVER round until we are
finished calculating!

COMPOUND (LIGHT)
MICROSCOPE
Microscope you will be using in class / labs
Generally requires stained specimens
Depend on white light illumination
Efficiency is limited because light is focused

into smaller and smaller diameters which can

result in blurred images

CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE
A laser concentrates light onto a specimen
The reflection is passed through a tiny opening

called the confocal pinhole and reaches an

electronic detector that converts the light into an
image
Every image formed is of a very thin section
through the specimen
Each image is stored in a computer, many
sections are combined to produce three
dimensional images

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
Use beams of electrons instead of a light wave

and is able to produce images that provide fine

detail
Image is formed by the absorption or scattering
of the electron beam because electron-dense
materials do not let the electrons pass through
Focusing is done by adjustment of
electromagnets instead of movement by glass
lenses
Photographs taken are called Electron
Micrographs

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (TEM)
Beam of electrons passed through a very thin

section of fixed and stained tissue embedded

in plastic
The electrons pass through the specimen fall
on a fluorescent screen or on photographic
film and black and white photographs are
produced

SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (SEM)
Gives information about the surface features of a

specimen
Specimens are covered with an electron-dense
material like gold, which reflects electrons
Electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen
and are picked up by a sensor, creating a three
dimensional image
Provide a detailed view of the cells surface texture,
shape and size of the particles in the cell, and how
the materials are arranged.

KEY TERMS
Magnification: The number of times bigger a

specimen looks compared to its real size

Resolution: The level of detail that can be
observed in a specimen
Field of View (FOV): The diameter of light that
can be seen through the microscope
Depth of Field (DOF): The thickness of a
specimen that can be viewed under the
microscope

RULES FOR DRAWING YOUR

SPECIMEN
Use pencil
No shading
Draw big (at least half of the page)
All labels on one side of the drawing, no arrows
No circle around picture
Descriptive title
Magnification of drawing on lower left side
Include a descriptive caption at the bottom

CALCULATING FOV FOR MEDIUM

AND HIGH POWER
Follow this equation:

FOV Low x Low

FOV #2 =
Magnification
Magnification #2
Before use, need to determine the
microscope magnification at low, medium,
and high power

MAGNIFICATION
Magnification is the power of the microscope

and is always stated in the lower left hand

corner of drawings
Magnification = (Ocular)(Objective)
Thus, if ocular = 10x, and Low Power

Objective = 4x
Then Magnification = (10)(4) = 40x

EXAMPLE
Now that you know the magnifications at different

powers, you can calculate the FOV for medium and high
power:
Example: Low magnification FOV = 5mm
FOV Low x Low
Magnification
FOV #2 =
Magnification
#2
5mm x
40x
100x
5mm
x

FOV (Medium) =
FOV (High) =

40x
400x

= 2mm
= 0.5mm

EXAMPLE
The magnification is set at high power for this view, so

the FOV is 500m. Using the following equation, you can

calculate the object size:
FOV (in m)
Object size = # of times object fits
across FOV
500m
Object size = 2.3
= 217.4 m
times

EXAMPLE
Below is a drawing of the object viewed under the

microscope at high power.

Drawing
Size
248.39 times
Object Size

Scale =

54mm
=
217.4m

54000
=
m
217.4
m