Jackies Psychology Objectives

As regards intellectual work it remains a fact, indeed, that great decisions in the realm
of thought and momentous discoveries and solutions of problems are only possible to
an individual, working in solitude.
-Sigmund Freud
Objective 1: Describe the problems psychology must face as a young science.
-Psychology was first introduced to the United States in the early 1900s. Since
then Psychology has been attempted to be understood by scientists, but Psychology is
a tough subject to understand. Many classify psychology as a science because it deals
with the brain and chemical imbalances of the body. Others believe that Psychology is
not a science at all. Psychology is a tough type of subject to classify because it is
constantly changing and new information is being found out about it. Psychology is a
struggling young science that faces much criticism on whether or not it is classified as a
science.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sCSnRRzHEs-this video is a good example of why
Psychology is such a difficult type of subject to classify. The video has Psychology
teachers and students explain how Psychology follows the scientific method. Through
the demonstration the students and teacher give their perspectives on the matter.
http://www.denverpost.com/voices/ci_27783517/colorado-voices-is-insanity-plea-justmanipulation-the article listed questions whether the insanity plea is a real issue or if it is
just a form of manipulation used to get a lesser charge on a suspect. This is a good
article because many individuals do not want to believe in the insanity plea as an actual
diagnosis which explains why many do not want to classify Psychology as a science.
Also there is not enough evidence to show insanity as a scientific psychological
condition.
Objective 2: Identify the major theoretical and professional perspectives in
Psychology and their basic assumptions.
-Theoretical and professional perspectives play a huge part in the role of
psychology. There are different types with many diverse beliefs contradict another.
Listed below are the three perspectives:
1.
Behaviorist Perspective-the idea that people and animals are influenced by the
type of environment that they live and grow accustomed to. This shapes their type of

survival tactics that influences them. Behaviorism focuses on the different factors that
associate the environment and how in affects the behavior of an individual.
2.
Psychodynamic Perspective-this theory was discovered by Sigmund Freud. This
theory describes and believes that everything we experience has an affect on how
humans and or animals develop mentally, physically, and emotionally.
3.
Humanism-this perspective is where an individual is studied as a whole person
and not just signaling out of a certain aspect to look at, but also researchers study the
behavior of the individual who is demonstrating the behavior. This plays a role in selfimage.
http://www.businessinsider.com.au/critical-period-for-language-acquisition-201310#genie-lived-10-years-of-her-life-chained-to-this-potty-chair-after-intensive-therapyshe-finally-told-researchers-that-she-even-slept-there-but-her-parents-never-botheredto-potty-train-her-when-a-social-worker-found-her-in-1970-at-age-13-she-still-worediapers-1-this article about a young girl who was inexperienced to human interaction.
The young girl was found living in the woods and showed the behavior of an animal.
This type of situation explains the behaviorist and the psychodynamic perspective,
because the environment that the young child grew up in affected the way she
developed and adjusted her behavior to what she would need to survive.

-This picture is of Genie, the feral child. This picture shows a good example of
humanism. When Genie was discovered she was taken and her behavior was studied to
understand how she interacts and behaves. This picture show a man trying to teach
Genie how to walk on two legs. When Genie was found she moved around by being
down on all fours.

Objective 3: Identify the characteristics of a good (reliable) theory.

-In order for an experiment to have a reliable theory, the outcome of the
experiment must be consistent with the results. Scientists retest the experiment to check
for the consistency. In order for the scientists to retest the experiment they must follow
the steps of the scientific method and make sure that each step was followed and done
in the right order.

-This picture is a nice color coated diagram of the

scientific method. The arrows help direct the researcher
in the right way to perform the experiment correctly. This
is the exact method that scientists and psychologists use
in their research.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24-this
video is from the Big Bang Theory. The video depicts the
scientific method being performed. Sheldon and Leonard use the scientific method on
their friend Howard in order to see if they get a consistent response.
Objective 4: Describe what constitutes valid and reliable observation especially
with
regards to operationalizing variables, experimental bias,
demand characteristics, and unobtrusive measures.
-Observational research is one of the most controversial
types of research there are. With observational research the
subject that is being observed can end up with having
a bias result. This type of research is not well reliable,
but observational research is still pretty common
to use in most experiments or studies.
-Operationalizing variable are used in
observational research. These variables are used
to help prevent an unreliable or bias outcome of
data. Operationalizing variable help scientists

think the same type of concept in order to create similar beliefs and ideas in order to
keep the data more closely related.
-Experimental bias has the most unreliable type of data. Experimental bias allows
the scientist to pick the subject matter they want to study as well as who or what they
wish to study it on. The data from these types of experiments are too unreliable to
actually use. Many errors usually result from this type of experiment.
-Demand characteristics help define and clarify the experiment to the individual
participating. The individual will become aware of what type of behavior is expected to
occur during the experiment. With the individual aware of this information can lead the
individual to change their normal behavior to the behavior that the scientists want in
order to please them. This creates many errors and unreliable data which can not be
used.
-Unobtrusive measures are when a subject is being observed, but is unaware of
the observation. Unobtrusive measures are the most accurate when trying to get
accurate data. With the individual being unaware of the observation they do not feel
pressure to change their behavior to what is desired by the scientists.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJSXbzafrj0-this is an episode from NCIS where
unobtrusive measures are depicted. There is a suspect being brought in for questioning and there
are two people standing behind a one-way mirror observing the suspect trying to detect any odd
behavior. At approximately two minutes the video will show the two men observing the suspect
through the one-way mirror.
-This comic is a good example for observational research. The one character in the
comic is complaining he does not know how to do the statistics just because he does
not have the data. This problem could be due to having a bias expectation and filling in
his thought but then receiving a different outcome. Which explains that observational
research is unreliable.
Objective 5: Describe the differences between correlational and experimental
research especially with respect to issues of causality and prediction.
-In correlational research the research is
usually placed on a scatterplot in order to view
the data and figures out easier. The scatterplot
also helps determine how much two variable
either relate or differ from the other. Correlational
research helps with future predictions and effects
in experiments but can also aide in future testing
and how to avoid any mistakes previously done.

In many experiment that relate to this type of testing involve using the placebo effect to
see how the results turn out.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb_6PPBJJB8-this TED talk is presented by Eric
Mead as the title of his presentation is The Magic of the Placebo. I chose this video
because the placebo effect is used constantly and is a good predictor of how much it
can change the outcome of the correlation of the experiment. He explains how the
placebo really works and how it confuses most people resulting in the unreliable
research along with helping predict a future outcome.

-This scatterplot is a visual reference about how

information is placed on the scatterplot. With the
scatterplots the scientists usually find the middle
deviation and figure out the distance from the most
positive number to zero and the most negative number
to zero. As you can see in the scatterplot to the left this
scatterplot has no correlation.

Objective 6: Define what a positive,

negative, and zero
correlation is.
-Zero correlation (noun)-zero correlation is where there is no relationship
between variables.
-Negative correlation (noun)-a negative correlation is two variables that are
related oppositely. In negative correlation both variables will decrease.
-Positive correlation (noun)-a positive correlation is an increase between two
variables. In positive correlation both variables will increase.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r_fDlM0Dx0-this video is a better understanding about
how correlation works. The video features a demo explaining the correlation because correlation
is a difficult issue that is hard to explain without a visual on how it works.

-this picture is a good representation of correlation. In the positive correlation the variable
steadily increase by rising to the right in a straight line. In the zero correlation the scatterplot
shows plots scattered all over with now specific pattern which represents no correlation because
of the inability to pair it to a pattern. In the negative correlation the plots decrease in a straight
line going downward to the right.
Objective 7: Construct an experiment from a given hypothesis and identify
the independent and dependent variables.
-For an experiment I picked the Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971. The experiment was
created by a psychologist by the name of Philip Zimbardo. Philip Zimbardo wanted to continue
research from one of his former classmates, Stanley Milgram. The specific type of research he
wanted to keep studying from his collegue was the impact that certain situations and status have
on human behavior. The participants who volunteered for the study were young undergraduate
students from Stanford University. All of the participants had no criminal record, no
psychological issues and did not have any type of major medical issues that needed to be
checked or monitored. The independent variable for this experiment was the splitting up of the
students into the roles of guards and prisoners. The study was to be conducted over a two week
time period so the behaviors could be studied. After a short time the experiment was forced to be
stopped because of the complications that arose from the experiment. The prisoners became
stressed and developed anxiety because the students who were guards started to become abusive
and were very hostile towards the prisoners. The dependent variable in the experiment was the
behavior that resulted from the splitting up the students into groups. The experiment showed that
the experiment altered each participants behavior.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r_fDlM0Dx0-this video is footage of the Stanford Prison
experiment. The video shows what actions and verbal language was used during the experiment.
The narration of the video explains how the experiment was conducted along with the results.
(WARNING: SOME NUDITY, MATURE LANGUAGE, AND VIOLENCE PRESENT.)
http://www.stanforddaily.com/2015/02/06/legacy-of-the-stanford-prison-experiment-lives-on-atsundance/-this is an article about the Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971. It gives the
background of the experiment and explains the set up and the selection of students. This article is
a good source of information to learn more about the experiment.

Objective 8: Describe the process of neural transmission.

-Neural transmission is the process of sending messages through the nervous

system through neurons in order for messaged to be received all over the body. This
process starts by sending an electrical impulse from the nucleus and the impulse will
then travel down through the axon by action potential until it reaches the area where
synapse (the meeting point between two neurons) occurs. Once the point of action
potential reached the axon terminals the neurotransmitter molecules are then released.
The molecules travel across a synaptic gap and attach on to receptors on the neuron.
This aids in the electrically charged atoms to enter the neuron in order to help create a
new action potential. The neuron that sends the impulse will reabsorb any excess
molecules and restart the process again.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk-this video shows the process of neural
transmission. The video is a 3D video and show the transferring of impulses from one axon to
another. (No audio)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk-this video talks about the process while
playing each process while it is being explained. It talks about the structure and the function of
the neurons. It goes into detail about the different types of neurons and how their transmitters
work. (Audio)

-both pictures are great examples of neural transmission. The picture on the left has the
steps and explanation of each element of the process. The picture on the right is a 3D image of
electrical impulses being sent and received.

Objective 9: Describe the structure of the human nervous system.

-In the human body the most complex part of the body in the nervous system. When the
nervous system is broken down in categorizes int two different groups: the Central Nervous
System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain, and
spinal cord which is the major control center. This aides in the transportation of messages
throughout the body. The PNS breaks down into the automatic system. The automatic system is
in control of the internal organs and glands. The automatic system is able to self-regulate without
any thought. From the automatic system breaks down further into sympathetic and
parasympathetic. Sympathetic causes arousal of the organs and parasympathetic calms. The other
system is the somatic system. The somatic system involves the movement of skeletal muscles
which involve thought to do.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49CUURRhx1g-this is a very informative video. It goes
through the functions and differences of each system. I recommend the video because of how
informational and how detailed the video is about the human nervous system.

-this picture is a good

representation of each system of the
nervous system. It is also a good source
what organs and tissues are under what
category.

of

Objective 10: Describe the research on the split brain.

-The split brain research is a difficult type of research to understand. The split brain
research focuses on the corpus callosum that is located in the middle of the brain. A split brain
occurs when the corpus callosum becomes severed. When the brain is split each hemisphere of
the brain will take control of certain abilities instead of using both to perform abilities. The left

side of the brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the
left. When studying a split brain, a researcher could sit an individual in a room with a little
transmitter to flash images in order to see how the individual reacts with what they see. When the
brain transmits information the information is supposed to travel across the corpus callosum in
order to have both sides of the brain receive the information, but if the corpus callosum is
severed only one side of the brain receives the information.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU-this is a video of a person whose corpus
callosum in severed. They test the abilities that the individual has to see how the split brain
functions instead of a normal brain and to determine how the left side and right side have a factor
in the split brain research.

-this image is a good representation of

the split brain. It shows what each side
has control over after the corpus
callosum is severed and how the
information from each side of the brain
controls the opposite side. It is a very
good visual to help understand the split
brain.

Objective 11: Identify and describe the

variables that produce conformity and
obedience.
-Conformity is the compliance with standards, rules, or laws of behavior in accordance
with socially accepted conventions or standards. Conformity is typically found through different
types of social pressure. Conformity protects against the rebellion of the norms of society.
Obedience is compliance with an order, request, or law of submission to another of higher
authority. Obedience is being told to do something and doing it.

-this picture is showing obedience. The little girl told her

dog to sit and because the dog is aware that the little girl is
of higher authority the dog sat. This is an example of
obedience because the dog complied with the order.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EBloN3auGI-this
video is an experiment that a group of college students

conducted. The college students went up and down on escalators facing the opposite way to see
if any other individuals would conform. The group of students found that many individuals
joined in and faced the opposite way on the escalator. This is due to the fact that many
individuals do not want to go against social norms and be different.
Objective 12: Discuss the factors that promote bystander apathy and deindividuation and how an examination of moral development helps us
understand individuals responses to these factors.
-Bystander apathy (Bystander Effect) is the effect where an act of help is either acted
upon or not. Bystander apathy combines the fear of going against social norms and doing the
right things to see the result. If an elderly lady fell and a young adult (who is alone) saw the
woman fall, the young adult would most likely help the elderly lady up and see if she is ok. If the
young adult was in a group and the elderly lady fell, the young adult would look around the
group to see if anyone would make an attempt to help the lady and if no one would move to help
then the young adult would do the same as their peers. Bystander apathy promotes deindividuation.
-Moral development helps the understanding of why and how individuals react to certain
situations. Moral development is not based on what is the right thing to do but more on what will
people think if I aide this person. Moral development is acted upon more when alone than in a
group.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4S1LLrSzVE-this video begins with Dr. Philip Zimbardo
(creator of the Prison Stanford Experiment) explains the bystander effect. The video shows an
individual standing in a group all of a sudden a pickpocket steals something from a woman and
the individual does nothing to make the young woman aware of what just occurred because the
others in the group have done nothing. This video has a few different examples of the bystander
effect.

-this comic shows the bystander effect. A

person is in need of help is ignored by a
group of people because not one person
will help. If one person would turn around
and try to help then the other people would
attempt to help. That is how the bystander
effect is acted upon.

Objective 13: Define learning.

-Learning is the action where the
human brains processes information and
then stores it. This is the process that the brain goes through when learning certain behaviors.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, experimented with different types of conditioning that he
associated was a type of learning mechanism. Ivan Pavlovs experiment included classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O96fE1E-rf8-this video explains how the brain learns from
past experiences. The different experiences help with the shaping of how we learn and how our
brain processes the learning.

-this
comic was
chosen
because of
the brain.
The brain is what helps us learn and retain information that can be used later. Without the brain,
it is impossible to live. CAUTION:IF YOU WISH AWAY YOUR BRAIN, YOU WILL END
UP LIKE BILLY!
Objective 14: Summarize the components of classical conditioning.
-Classical conditioning (researched by Ivan Pavlov) is a way to observe and determine
how to condition a response using a neutral stimulus in order to create a conditioned response. In
classical conditioning an unconditioned response is presented that produces an unconditioned
response. Second, a neutral stimulus is presented which shows no response. Third, the
unconditioned stimulus is repeated going to be paired with the neutral stimulus. The neutral
stimulus will be recognized by the brains while the unconditioned stimulus continues to produce
the unconditioned response. Lastly, after a period of time repeating the third step in the process
the neutral stimulus alone can now produce a conditioned response which then changes the
neutral stimulus to the conditioned stimulus.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI-this video is the most famous and wellknown classical conditioning experiment. The Little Albert experiment conducted by James B.
Watson shows the reaction that the controlled stimulus have on baby Albert and how he reacts
when the neutral stimulus is able to produce a conditioned response.

-this picture demonstrates classical conditioning. In the top right box a dog is presented
with dog food which is the unconditioned stimulus. When the dog sees the food he begins to
salivate which is the unconditioned response. Then in the top left box the tuning fork is the
neutral stimulus and when noticed the dog does not salivate which produces no conditioned
response. In the bottom left at the start of conditioning the turning fork is paired with food which
helps the dog salivate creating a unconditioned response. After repeating that step multiple times
the tuning fork can then be the conditioned stimulus and when presented will have the dog
salivate as a response created the conditioned response.
Objective 15: Describe stimulus generalization, higher order conditioning,
discrimination, and extinction in classical conditioning.
-Stimulus generalization:the reaction a subject will have to a stimulus or multiple stimuli.
The stimulus that causes the reaction is never the original stimulus.
-Stimulus generalization is often confused with classical conditioning because to most
people both seem very similar in some aspects, but the difference between stimulus
generalization and classical conditioning is the stimulus and the reaction to it. For example if a
child has a fear of small spaces (claustrophobia) then the stimulus which would be the fear (small
spaces) will cause the child to always be afraid of small spaces.

-Higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning)-a different way to learn in which

an new stimulus is made important to an organism. The process starts with learning and by
learning about the new stimulus, the new stimulus become the basis for learning.
-Higher order condition is known as second-order conditioning for classical conditioning.
This type of conditioning involves creating a new stimulus that can cause a response. Take Ivan
Pavlovs salivating dog experiment. Pavlov conditioned the dog to salivate by ringing a bell
when the dog was about to receive food and later the dog salivated just by ringing the bell.
Because the dog received food from a tone, a dog could start to salivate again if the dog hears a
cell phone ring. This would replace the original stimulus and create a new one.
-Discrimination-the ability to respond differently to different types of stimuli. Considered
on of the more advanced types of learning because you are able to understand different
personalities better.
-Extinction-is a type of conditioning learned by observing operant conditioning and
classical conditioning behavior. Extinction occurs after operant behavior and been reinforced that
this type of behavior no longer has an effect. An example of extinction could be where a child
who took a cookie from the cookie jar before supper would be punished by having a time out.
but as the child continues to get older the child would still get a time out after they took a cookie
from a cookie jar. The extinction would occur because the child wouldnt care about having a
time out after taking a cookie because he got a cookie. So the punishment of having a time out no
longer has any affect on the child.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kqVxgPBIX0-this video talks about the types of classical
conditionings listed above and how the processes work. The video is well put together and
explains the process well and clear so it is easier to understand.
-this picture represents the conditioning called extinction. This is extinction because if a young
child takes a cookie when
told they are unable to have
one and they take one they
become punished which
results in stopping the bad
behavior. After so long the
punishment no longer has
an effect on the child and
the child does the bad
behavior anyway.

Objective 16:
Describe the
application of the
principles of classical
conditioning to the therapeutic situation (systematic desensitization and
aversive counter conditioning).

-Systematic desensitization is a fairly new type of behavioral therapy was developed

during the 1950s. The purpose of systematic desensitization is to remove a fear (phobia) by being
able to relax the individual and aid them through stages of what they fear. This works by using
relaxing responses with the conditioned stimulus that causes fear and then slowly start to use a
counter conditioning technique.
http://www.healthcanal.com/mental-health-behavior/60824-healing-through-therapy%E2%80%94-and-tattoos.html-this article uses systematic desensitization to help individuals
overcome their phobias. This article helps explain the process a little bit more clearly to help
understand the concept of systematic desensitization.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nkd7zcvFQ5w-in this experiment a psychologist helps a
woman conquer her fear of spiders. The psychologist helps by using the hierarchy of fear and
going in stages in order to help diminish her fear with each stage.
Objective 17: Summarize the components of instrumental conditioning.
-Instrumental conditioning involves using positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. The purpose of instrumental
conditioning is to learn what the association between behaviors and the consequences that
follow. This method is also known as trial and error. In instrumental conditioning a response is
being acted upon, then a consequence is issued after the behavior. From this that behavior is
strengthened.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI-this video is an episode from the Big Bang
Theory. It is where Sheldon uses positive reinforcement on Penny to change her behavior into
what Sheldon believes is acceptable. Every time Penny does something that Sheldon approves of
he will reward her with chocolate.
-this comic represents operant conditioning. The girl uses a negative punishment on what
she believes is negative behavior. After hitting the boy with a racket this will remind the boy that
it is a negative behavior and that if it is repeated he will be hit with a racket.

Objective 18: Identify and describe positive and negative reinforcement,

positive and negative punishment, the different schedules of reinforcement,
discriminative stimuli, and shaping.
-Positive reinforcement-process where a positive reward is given as a stimulus in order
for that behavior to be repeated time and time again.
-Positive punishment-process where an individual will always get something, that isnt
always a good thing.
-Negative reinforcement-a response by which the outcome will help stop, remove, and
avoid the negative behavior.
.
-Negative punishment-involves taking something good or desirable away in order to
reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement:
-Fixed ratios-the process of when a behavior is repeated multiple times and then having
to reinforce by applying a certain reaction to correct or encourage the behavior.
-Fixed interval-this reinforcement would be getting a specific time and amount. Like
getting a christmas bonus every year.
-Variable ratio-a variable ratio is where a reinforcement can be applied to multiple
areas creating many types of responses instead of just applying it to one and getting one
response.
-Variable interval-variable interval is reinforcement that is done is certain amount of
time. For example if the gym is open after school for an hour everyday an individual may book
the gym to practice their basketball skills everyday.
-Discriminative stimuli-this is where a certain amount of time a certain response happens
from operant conditioning.
-Shaping-a process where target behavior keeps being reinforced.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZi92OEbaqs-this is a video describing negative
reinforcement. Sheldon always wants things to go his way and Amy prevents him from
completing the tasks as a way to prevent him from finishing anything because he has a problem
with closure. So Sheldon experience negative reinforcement methods.
-this picture describes positive reinforcement. A student can do really well on a test and the gold
star and well done comment can make the student feel good. This makes the student want to see
that on more tests which reinforce the student to work harder to get more stars and comments.
Objective 19: Describe the application of the principles of instrumental
conditioning to the therapeutic situation
(behavior modification). Compare and contrast
classical and instrumental conditioning.
-Instrumental conditioning is a type of learning process
where a behavior is being modified by reinforcing certain
effects or consequences regarding a certain behavior.
therapeutic situation is where behavior is being changed by
techniques that will either aide in increasing or decreasing

the frequency of certain behaviors. Positive and negative reinforcement are used as a way to help
reach the goal of therapeutic situation.
Compare and Contrast:
-Both of these are behavioral types of psychology. Both instrumental conditioning and
therapeutic situation involve the learning process of behavior. The main purpose of both are to
help in the condition or modification of certain types of behavior through different types of
techniques. The technique for instrumental conditioning involves reinforcing certain
consequences for behavior in order to either diminish the behavior or increase the demonstration
of the desired behavior. Therapeutic situation uses both positive and negative reinforcements in
order to modify the behavior where instrumental just uses negative reinforcements.
http://www.minddisorders.com/A-Br/Behavior-modification.html-this is a website that describes
all aspects of behavior modification. This site is very helpful and worth taking a look at.

-this picture is all elements that are needed in

behavior modification. The bigger the box is
the more of that type of element needed in an
individuals life.

Objective 20: Describe what Skinner

means by determinism.
-Determinism (noun)-the belief where
everything happens for a reason due to an event
that occurred in the past. Belief that no one is in
control of making choices as well as controlling
what will happen.
B.F Skinner believed that every event that occurred in an individuals life happened for a reason
and that there was a purpose for why it happened at that certain time. These actions are
determined to occur from wants, wishes, desires, motivations, and feelings of human nature.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BAXswgpVmM-this video discusses how by the way we
live if determinism is truly an issue. It raises the question about whether we can figure out things
that go on in our lives based on our past experiences.

-this comic compares both determinism and free will. Determinism is described as the ability
where no one has the ability to control what they do but many believe that is not true and that
determinism is just another word for free will.

Objective 21: Summarize Freuds

conception of the unconscious.
-Freud thought of the unconscious mind as
an iceberg, that is divided into the conscious
mind, sub-conscious mind, and unconscious
mind. Freud believed that the unconscious part
of the mind was the source where all disturbing
and sexual behaviors/thoughts were located in
the unconsciousness in order to keep those
thoughts out of the conscious mind. In some thoughts that are in the sub-conscious mind can go
into your conscious mind just from mentioning it.
ex) Say you are at a store talking to the check out person. You sign up for a membership and your
thinking about discounts you can get, but then the ask you for your cell phone to contact you and
automatically you recite your number. At the time before they mention your cell phone number
you are unaware of you number but once it is mentioned that is all you think of because it was
mentioned.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxKMitZsZWo-this video helps explains Freuds theory of
unconsciousness. The video talks about Freuds iceberg of consciousness and how Id, Super Ego
and Ego a play a part in the unconscious and conscious mind.
-the photo to the left is Sigmund Freuds Iceberg of
Consciousness. The iceberg contains different parts
of who you are in different consciousnesses. The top
level combining both consciousness and
subconsciousness makes up about 5-10% of the
iceberg. While the unconscious level makes up to 9095% of the iceberg.
*Objective 22: Describe the structure of
personality as Freud views it (id, ego,
superego), his concept of defense, and his
theory of development
-Id, ego, and superego are a three part system that
work together to control the emotions associated with
each system.
-The first system is id. Id is the first system in the
human body that is formed. Ones id is associated

with that individuals pleasure and desires. In an individuals id they have no understanding of
reality, constraints, or consequences (in the moment), this often results in pain when the pleasure
is not achieved. The id can quickly respond to our instincts because they are adjusted to how our
bodys function with instincts.
-The second system is ego. Ego is responsible for trying to balance the desires that the id
is a part of. Ego helps with the reality part of it.
-The third system is the superego. The superego is when an individual will develop the
sense between right and wrong. The concept helps develop a understanding of moral standards
among the norms of society. This stage usually occurs at a young age.
-The concept of defense is to protect the mind from dealing with anything that may be to
difficult to deal with and can lead to major stress and anxiety. The concept of defense is an aide
to keep unwanted memories and feelings out of the mind and if the memories and thoughts enter
the mind can cause depression and delusional types of thoughts. Freud believed that the concept
of defense only kept out the inappropriate types of feelings.
-The theory of development is made up of three parts. These parts are psychoanalytic
theories, learning theories and cognitive theories. Development is very crucial in the stages of
human growth and these theories are the main focus points involved in human growth. The
stages help individuals understand development better by giving them an more in depth idea.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Vs8uE8_02E-this video helps define id, ego, and superego
into a better and more clear understanding. The presenter shows a diagram that split the three
categories into a graph showing which takes up more of an identity. The speaker also talks about
how the unconscious, conscious and preconscious play a role in the Freuds theory.

-this picture is of Freuds iceberg of consciousness. Each level shows the three stages. Id, ego,
and superego are all parts of the iceberg and the picture explains what type of thoughts are
located in each quadrant of the iceberg. Also the location of the unconscious, preconscious, and
conscious are located.
Objective 23: Define
Rogers actualizing
tendency
Actualizing tendency-need to
achieve ones full potential
regardless of the
consequences that may come
with it.
-Carl Rogers believed that if
a full functioning person is in
touch with what they feel and
desire most they have a better
understanding of how they
cope and how their emotions
are than the ones who do not.
He stated that these people

often have full trust in what their instincts and urges are saying. A fully functional person will
strive to achieve self-actualization by continually working until they reach that point.
Such a person experiences in the present, with immediacy. He is able to live
in his feelings and reactions of the moment. He is not bound by the structure
of his past learnings, but these are a present resource for him insofar as they
relate to the experience of the moment. He lives free subjectively, in an
existential confrontation of this moment in life.
(Carl Rogers, 1962)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W-w6m6t6Uk-this video is an interview of Eldon Taylor
who is a New York Times Best Selling Author. Eldon Taylor is speaking about self-actualization
and the meaning of life. Most people believe that if the self-actualization is not fully reached
then the purpose of an individuals life was not fully met.

-this photo gives Carl Rogers belief of the actualizing tendency. This picture is a good example
because if the girl who is climbing the mountain wants to climb to the top and she does it she
will feel accomplished. Actualizing tendency is about achieving the full potential and individual
can in order to feel accomplished. The goal that is trying to be
achieved is usually a goal the individual most desires to accomplish.

Objective 24: Describe the development of

congruence and incongruence
-Congruence-self-actualization occurs when a persons ideal self
(i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual
behavior.
Incongruence-self-actualization that is different than a persons
ideal self.
-Carl Rogers believes that for an individual to be able to achieve
self-actualization that they must be in the state of congruence. This
is because when in congruence the individual is able to depict the behavior that is associate with
who they would like to be with their actual behavior. This would allow the individual to be able
to accept the difference in behavior and be satisfied with their new self-image.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiELZkMDyD8-this is a really interesting video because
instead of explaining what congruence and incongruence is, the person in the video uses a
technique that will help detect if a person displays any signs of congruence or incongruence. I
thought the video was really interesting.

-this
photo
explains the
role the
ideal-self
plays in the
role of
congruent
and
incongruent.
In the
picture on
the left is
shows two
circle both
overlapping.
The space in the middle of the over lap is very small this means that the individuals believes that
their self-image is far away from who they want to be...ideal self. The picture on the right means
the exact opposite. It means that the individual believes they are closer to who they want to be.
Objective 25: Describe the therapeutic concepts of therapeutic neutrality,
free association, interpretation, and transference
-Therapeutic neutrality is where the main focus of a clients illness is through their
unconscious motivation. When the client is being treated the therapist acts as a mirror in a way
so that gives the client the idea that they are looking at themselves through a looking glass. The
therapists job in this type of therapy is to not judge the client based on their actions, offer
positive encouragement as well as focused listening.
-Free association is a different type of method that therapists use. When many people talk
to other people what they plan to say filters through their brain and if they believe that it is
inappropriate and should not be said that gets thrown out. Through this this therapy a person may
relax and whatever comes to mind they are allowed to say with no filter because its is a study of
the unconscious mind (google Freuds). Through this therapist believe they can find the root of
the problem because the mind is open and free from being restricted through filters.
Interpretation involves the therapist examining notes from the clients dreams, resistances,
behaviors, body languages and any other type of belief that the therapist believes that could give
insight to helping the client with the issues at hand.
-Transference therapy is when the client will develop feelings toward their therapist. The
feelings are explained to be just normal feelings and that there is no difference that any other
type of feelings. Transference is a tough issue when dealing with a client because the feelings
can get in the way for trying to actually help the client with their issues.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJe0_pPA0x8-the movie Sybil is a classic example of

transference therapy. Sybil thinks of Dr. Wilbur as her mother. While Dr. Wilbur thinks of Sybil
as her daughter. This creates a stress with Sybils therapy due to the feelings of a parent-child
relationship.

picture

the
above

represents therapeutic neutrality. As you can see the woman laying down on the couch has his
eyes closed. The client is interacting through an unconscious state which is what therapeutic
neutrality is based off of. This is a good way for therapists to understand the worries their clients
struggle with.
Objective 26: Summarize the difference between a non-directive and
directive therapy and explain why Rogers approach in non-directive
-Non-directive therapy involves the client to be in control of their own therapy session.
The therapists acts as an aide and will often help guide the client if the client needs to be guided.
-Directive therapy is where the therapist is more in control with the clients session. The
goal of directive therapy is for the client to be nudged into the best direction for them.
-Carl Rogers chose the non-directive therapy approach because he believed that the client
could benefit more if they were in charge of the session. The therapist is only there to help guide
the client when needed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBkUqcqRChg-this video is of psychologist Carl Rogers
doing a counseling session with a woman named Gloria. In the video Carl Rogers uses the nondirective therapy on his client. Notice how Carl Rogers uses the non-directive approach putting
the client in control of their session.

-this slide talks about the steps that are

involve in non-directive therapy. This
slide helped me understand nondirective therapy better. By telling the
steps of the therapy is helped
understand how the procedure goes.

Objective 28: Distinguish

between the various
definitional and theoretical
models of abnormal behavior
-Abnormal behavior is a difficult area in psychology to study. Abnormal psychologists
have an equally hard time defining what abnormal behavior is because everyone defines
abnormal differently. Abnormal psychologists look for the detection of the abnormality of
behavior and also how to understand the treatment of the behavior. A way that abnormal behavior
is defined as follows, behavior that occurs irregularly, is strange and eccentric, and can cause
suffering and or can be dangerous to oneself and others.
-Theoretical models of abnormal behavior are based upon theories that are associated
with culture, cognitive development, and past experiences. Theoretically, abnormal psychologists
believe that certain issues trigger the presence of abnormal behavior.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIDA1kfMCcg-this is a video of a experiment conducted by
college students. Their teacher conducted an experiment for them where they would distribute
abnormal behaviors and review the reactions with the people who saw the abnormal behavior.
This video shows how abnormal behavior gets a immediate reaction because of the going against
social norms.
-this comic represents abnormal behavior. This comic represents abnormal behavior because the
boy still sucks his thumb and carries a blanket around which can represent lack of cognitive
development or just abnormal behavior. I also find the comic comical because the young children
are discussing anxious behavior and being children are unaware of what anxious is which is
abnormal.
Objective 29: Describe the diagnostic techniques used by psychologists

-Psychologists use 4 standard tests when providing a diagnosis. Psychological testing

must be broad and complex. Each test is designed in a specific way in order to determine a
diagnosis and be as specific as possible. Listed below are the tests used:
-Clinical interview-sometimes known as an admission, diagnostic, or intake test. This test
involves the information of treatment plans and or therapies where a therapist will be able to
understand the individual in hopes to diagnosis the patient. This also provides a way for the
therapist to get information regarding the patients family, personal background and any other
type of information that can describe why the patient has a certain diagnosis.
-Assessment of Intellection Functioning (IQ)-despite the name of the test, the test does
not actually measure a persons overall intelligence. This test is used to figure out the general
intelligence of an individual. There are two types of these tests. One deals with the general
intelligence in order to figure out the strength and weaknesses on ones cognitive development.
The other test often deals with those who have suffered any brain damage and are used to check
for any abnormalities.
-Personality assessments-this test aides the psychologists in providing a better diagnosis
and a better understanding on the mental illness. These assessments can be both objective or
projective. Objective are used to find a dysfunction in ones personality and behavior. Projective
are identifies as beneficial helping diagnose a person with mental illness.
-Behavioral assessments-The behavior of the individual is examined in the comfortable
setting. Help in finding certain triggers that cause behavior problems as well as addictions.
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-evidence-that-iq-is-not-set-in-stone/-this is a news article
from CBS news. The article explains how there has been a big debate over the IQ test and
whether it really can measure intelligence. Also talks about whether the test is accurate enough.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQzM8jRpoh4-this video shows the Marshmallow
Experiment. The experiment was used to test the behavioral patterns of the children. The
children were placed in a normal looking room that was comfortable to them. A marshmallow
was placed in front of them and were told if they waited they could have two marshmallows. At
the end of the experiment it showed some ate the marshmallow and some did not. Walter Mischel
concluded that the impulsive children who ate the marshmallow had behavioral issues at homes
and at school and that was why they could not wait.

Objective 30: Describe the symptoms and possible causes for the following
disorders: phobic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders,
schizophrenic disorders, and mood disorders
Phobicdisordersaredisordersthatcauseirrationalfearofverysimplethingsinan
individualslife.Thesedisordersarethemostcommonintheworld.Phobicdisorderscanalso
causestraininanindividualslifebykeepingthemfromworking,traveling,oreveninteracting
withotherpeople.Phobicdisorderhasmanysymptomscausingotheranxietydisorderstoform,
depression,suicidalthoughts,substanceabuse,increaseincaffeineandalcoholconsumption,
difficultiesinsocialsituations,inappropriatefearandavoidanceofcertainsituations,andintense
anxiety.Intheanxietypartofthephobicdisorderishasadditionalsymptoms.Thosesymptoms
includehighheartrate,highbloodpressure,tremors,palpitations,diarrhea,sweating,dyspnea
(difficultyinbreathing),paresthesias,anddizziness.Thecauseforphobicdisordersisstill
unknownbutisbelievedtobegenetic.
GeneralizedAnxietyDisorderisadisorderthatcausesextremeanxiety,muchofthe
timeitcanbeexcessiveandunabletobecontrolledbytheindividual.GeneralizedAnxiety
Disordercanbepresentinbothchildrenandadults.Thesymptomsforthisdisorderinvolve
excessiveconcernandobsessionoversmallconcerns,unabletoconcentrate,muscleaches,
twitchy,sleepingproblems,sweating,nausea,andrapidheartbeat.GeneralizedAnxietydisorder
issaidtobegeneticandbepassedthroughfamilygenerations.Itisalsoassociatedwithheart
diseaseandcertaineventsthatanindividualcanexperiencemaycausethisaswellasexcess
stress.
PanicDisorderisanotherformofanxietydisordersbutisassociatedwithpanicattacks
thatcanbereoccurring.Someofthesymptomsthatpanicdisorderisassociatedwitharesenseof
danger,rapidheartbeat,sweating,hyperventilation,headaches,chestpain,tightnessinthethroat
anddysphasia.Panicdisordercanbecausedmymanyaspectssuchastraumaticexperienceasa
youngchild,canbeanaturalresponsetodanger,stress,andcanbeaprobleminthechemical
balancesofthebrainaswellasthewaythebrainisabletofunction.
ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorderismedicallydescribedasunreasonablethoughtsand
fearswhichcauseanindividualtoneedeverythingtobeaprecisethingorprocedure.Thereare
manysymptomsthatareassociatedwiththisdisorderbuttheonesthataremostcommonly
noticedareneedingthingsinspecificorders,thoughtsaboutselfharming,repeatingimagesin
themind.CausesthatbringonOCDcanbenaturallybroughtonfromnaturalchangeinthe
bodyschemistryaswillasanenvironmentchemicalchange.
SomatoformDisorderisclassifiedasamentaldisorderandisbelievedtohavemany
psychologicaldisordersthatcancausetheindividualphysicalsymptoms.Someofthephysical
symptomsthatcanbecausedareneurologicalproblems,sexualsymptoms,paralysis,blindness,
haringloss,lossoftouchandpainofthebody.Individualswhohaveemotionalstressare
commontohavethisdisorderaswellasastheindividualswhosufferedfromsexualand
physicalabuse.
DissociativeDisorderismorecommonlyknownasMultiplePersonalityDisorder.
DissociativeDisorderhasmultiplesymptomsnotjustassociatedwiththelossofidentityandcan
alsohavesymptomsofmemoryloss,depression,anxiety,detachment/attachmentandstressin
yourworklifeandsociallife.Themostcommoncauseofdissociativedisorderisabuseasa

youngchild.Otherformsarebothphysicalandemotionaltrauma,badhomeenvironmentand
stressfromnaturaldisasters.
SchizophrenicDisorderisaveryseriousmentalillnessthataltersandchangestheway
theindividualsviewsreality.Schizophreniaaffectsthewayapersonthink,feels,andacts.The
listofsymptomsassociatedwithschizophreniaincludedelusions,hallucinations,disorganized
thinking,extremedisorganizedbehavioranddepression.Schizophreniaismostlycausedbythe
changeinbrainchemicals,butalsoiscausedbyenvironments,genetics,andchangeinthe
brainsstructure.
Mooddisorderscoverawideareaofdifferentdisordersalldealingwiththebrainand
wayweact.Thereareawiderangeofsymptomsforthisdisorder.Afewofthesymptomsare
feelinghopeless,troublesleeping,noappetite,andindecisive.Mooddisorderarecausedbythe
changingoftheneurotransmittersinthebrain.

thispictureisagoodexampleofmooddisorders.
Whendescribingamooddisordermanypeoplesay
itsalmostasiftheyarewearingdifferentmaskswith
eachemotiontheyhave.Peoplewhohavemood
disordersusuallyhaveaquickchangeintheirmood
andthispictureshowsamanchangingtheemotion
onhisface.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VITwmPOt8UA-this is a clip form the movie Sybil. This

clip is a good example of dissociative disorder. In the video, the young woman, Sybil shows the
constant changing of identities. The movie Sybil is a good example of dissociative disorder.
Objective 31: Describe Piaget's theory of intellectual development with
special regard to the following: assimilation and accommodation, object
concept in the sensorimotor stage, the symbolic function in the preoperational stage, conservation in the concrete operational stage, and the
use of the hypothetical-deductive method in the formal operational stage.
-Assimilation is the process where new information has been taken, processed, and stored
and then in putting it with the old information. The information is often put with experiences and
then through that process and then becomes edited from what someone already knows and or
believes.
-Object concept in the sensorimotor stage typically deals with children. This is where a
child reaches an stage where their cognitive development is advanced enough to where if an
object is put behind a door after they just viewed it the child knows that the object still exists.

-The symbolic function in pre-operational stage is a stage that occurs in children typically
between the ages of 2 and 4. This is when a child thinks an object is an actual living thing even
though it is not.
-Conservation in the concrete operational stage happens between the ages of 7 and 11.
This is when numbers and volume are starting to become more understood by the individual.
-Hypothetical-deductive method is when a method is associated with a theory that has
already been discovered/made. This information is used when a theory is being tried to see if it is
correct.

-this photo represent the symbolic function

in pre-operational stage. In this stage a
young child may have an attachment to a
toy and they think of that toy as a living
thing. In this picture you an see a little girl
who is having a tea party with her doll. The
little girl is pouring her doll a drink as if the
doll is going to drink it. This helps represent
how the young girl believes that the doll is
real.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=cSGWh2CWJnA-this video is a really good video for object concept in the sensorimotor
stage. A babys mother presents the baby with a ball and the child is happy with the ball, but then
the mother takes the ball and puts it under the pillow in front of her baby. When the ball is placed
under the pillow the baby looks around wondering where the ball went. When the baby gives up
on looking for the ball he starts to cry. This video represents how this baby has no object
concept.
Objective 32: Describe the difference between sensation and perception.
-Sensation (noun) a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens
to or comes into contact with the body. Perception (noun) is the ability to see, hear or become
aware of something through the senses.
-The difference between sensation and perception is sensation involves physical contact
that the body feels where perception is the type of ability where you are able to sense something
through sight or hearing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxOiv0oM_gQ-this video talks about perception. In the
video it talks about how sensation and perception tie together. The video also mentions how the
different senses have a role in how the body deals with the perception.

the
picture
above is
the most common type of photo used when explaining sensation and perception. When our brain
looks at the two images we see two different images when it is the same image only the image at
the right is enlarged. The light blue dots in the middle are the same size but because the dots
around the light blue dot on the right are enlarged we think differently.
Objective 33: Describe the role that expectation and motivation have in
perception.
Expectation plays a role in perception. For example say you are given a
notecards with three letters on them. The first note card has A, 13, and C. When reading the card
the brain expects the card to say A, B, C instead of A, 13, and C. This is because your brain will
expect the correct format to be on the card. Also your brain can mentally move the 1 and 3 closer
to each other creating the image of a B. Motivation plays a role in perception as well. When a
person is hungry they will immediately think of food because they want some food. The same
thing happens for thirst.

-this picture describes motivation. This picture describes

motivation because the girl is hungry and she is thinking about
food. If someone is thinking of something that they need then
they have the motivation. If she need to change for gym and she
was thinking of gym clothes she would have motivation.

-this picture represents

expectation. Expectation is
presented in the picture
because if you read horizontal, your brain will see A, B, C.
This would be wrong because what it really says is A, 13, C.
The 13 looks like a B so when we read it our brain expects B
to be in the place of 13 which is why we read A, B, C.
Objective 34: Summarize the Gestalt principles of
perception.
-The

gestalt principles of perception describes how when an image/object is viewed the brain
immediately analyzed the specific image as a whole in our brain instead of all the parts that make
up the image. If a person looked at a house the person would immediately think of a house, then
after a few moments the person would see the windows, doors, and other objects that make up
the house. Gestalt-noun-an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxKcpfFvuf8-this video explains what a gestalt principle is
with different example. The video is helpful if you have trouble understanding gestalt images. It
was very helpful when I was trying to explain the objective listed above.

-this is a gestalt image. A gestalt image is an image

that can be viewed in more that one way. If you look
at the black part of the image you see two people
facing each other, but when you just focus on the
white you see a vase. This is because of the way the
brain is analyzing the image and the focusing on the
one specific part of the image.

Objective 35: Explain the processes of

depth perception and size constancy.
-Perception is the way organization, identification,
and interpretation pair with the sensory information
and transmits to the brain. It helps understand the environment of perception is understood better.
Perception is associated with all of the senses and not just one. Perception deals with an object
that sets off the bodys different sensory organs and then energy and neural activities are
activated.
-Size
constancy is usually associated with the vertical standpoint of an object. Size constancy is able to
be see from a far away distance. You can stand 2 miles away and see a extremely tall building as
a tiny little building but as you get closer to the building you notice is is much larger then when
you started. This is because the size of the building has not changed but the distance between you
and the building altered the size constancy that your mind produced.
-this is a good picture that represents perception. When you look at the picture it appears that the
circles are in motion when really they are not. This is because
of the way the brain is reading the image makes is move.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCV2Ba5wrcs-this is a
video about size constancy. Psychologist Philip Zimbardo
shows a size constancy illusion. The Ames Room is a very

popular and well explained illusion to describe size constancy. It also shows the different
perspectives that size constancy has in vision.
Objective 36: Explain the relationship between size constancy and the MullerLyer illusion.
-Size constancy-the tendency to perceive the veridical size of
familiar object despite differences in their distance (and consequent differences in the size of the
pattern project on the retina of the eye). The relationship between the size constancy and the
Muller-Lyer illusion is that in an Muller-Lyer illusion containing two illusions that we know are
the same size but our brain perceives that one is bigger that the other.

-this is a good example of the

Muller-Lyer Illusion. This is a
Muller-Lyer Illusion because
each door in the photo are the
same size. But because of the
way the door is position it
appears to us as if the doors get
smaller the farther to the right
they go.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAkrqXqJcHo-this is a video that shows an image, and

explains the Muller-Lyer Illusion. This video is pretty informative but does involve a bit of
reading. The video shows the images side my side in order to show the illusion and how it affects
the way our brain perceives the illusion.
Objective 37: Describe the characteristics of short and long term memory
and the theories of forgetting.
-Long term memory is the ability for the brain to store information permanently. It is very
useful when trying to understand any new information. Long term memory functions differently
from other types of memory because it is structured differently. Through long term memory three
processes are completed: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
-Short term memory is where the brain is unable to perform the encoding, storage, and
retrieval process. The information is quickly forgotten before it can be stored. In short term
memory it only takes a few seconds before the information is gone and forgotten. -Trace Decay
Theory of Forgetting is the most well known theory of forgetting. With short term memory is is
theorized that everything that a person hears or sees leaves some type of trace in the brain. In the
-Trace Decay Theory the information is forgotten due to and automatic decay or fading of
the trace that information in the brain. This is a result of a chemical change in the brain.
Information for this type of theory can only be held on between 15 and 30 seconds before it is
completely forgotten. With the Trace Decay Theory, time is what is a factor in this theory. The

more time that there is the more memory decay takes place and due to that more of ones
memory is forgotten.

-this is a good representation of the loss of memory. If

you have heard the saying, Life is like a gigantic
puzzle. When you think about the quote you
understand it is, but in the picture the picture
demonstrates what its like when you lose some of
your memory. When you lose your memory a part of
you feels gone.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsXP8qeFF6A-this video is demonstrating a memory test

experiment. In the video a human is supposed to look at a screen for a long enough time until
they believe they remembered a layout of number from 1 to 9. Once they believe they are ready
they hit the number one and then they must hit squares covering the numbers in the correct order.
The director of the experiment was the one that was used to test the experiment and out of 30
attempts he successfully made it to 9 once. Then they brought a chimp in to do the same test.
When the chimp took the test the chimp completed the test and 90% of the time the chimp got it
right. When the director was asked what he thought of the test, he stated, as soon as they are
blanked over, then my mind has been blanked over as well.
Objective 38: Describe the different theories of motivation.
-Instinct Theory: people become motivated through behaviors and behave that way
because the belief is that all individuals are programmed that way. ex:)Animals and seasonal
migration
-Incentive Theory: incentive theory is much like classical conditioning. The incentive
theory states the people only do favors or requests because we believe in getting a reward ex:)
going to work and getting a paycheck
-Drive Theory: when certain actions are done to reduce tension of unmet needs. Drive
theory is the most manipulated of all the motivational theories. ex:) if someone is hungry then
they eat to satisfy their hunger
-Arousal Theory: explains that people will do certain types of actions that can increase
and or decrease the level of ones arousal. When arousal is to high many people will do
something relaxing like lighting a candle and relaxing which will lower the levels of arousal.
When the arousal level is too low someone may go for a run which will produce endorphins
which will increase ones arousal level
-Humanistic Theory: strong cognitive reasons the aide in performing various types of
actions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8-this is a video that talks about the theories of

motivation. The demo explains the power that motivation can have on things. The theories can be
heavily relied on by motivation.

-this cartoon is an example of a type of motivation. It is an

example of incentive motivation. The carrot connect to
their headbands will be a reward if they work hard enough
to get it.

Objective 39: Summarize the ethical guidelines for research on human

subjects.
-In psychology when experiments are used to test a hypothesis
some of these experiments are used with human subjects. The use of human subjects must follow
certain ethic guidelines to prevent any physical and or emotional abuse that the human subject
could acquire during the experiment. Before the experiment starts the person conducting the
experiment must take every option into consideration whether they decide to use human subjects.
After the decision is made the experiment must follow the approved protocol. When the subjects
are selected the researchers must inform the subjects of everything that will take place in the
experiment and must have informed consent from the subject. This is mainly for the subject to
understand the risks and or benefits that can come from the experiments. The subjects also have
the option to discontinue being in the study.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=174SkSszRVg-this is a very interest video about human
subjects. There are many guidelines that is discussed in the video but human subjects must also
go through special training in order to participate in the experiment. The research training is used
in order to keep the subject protected from anything that may go wrong in the experiment.
http://www.mndaily.com/opinion/letters-editor/2015/04/01/university-overly-concerned-itsimage-regards-human-research-subje-this is an article on the concern that a Minnesota
University has regarding the use of human subjects. There are few different reasoning as to why
they are concerned on the subject of using humans for their research. One of the concerns are the
ethical standards that they believe that are being violated because of the research.

Objective 40. Define intelligence and the history of measuring it.

-Intelligence (noun); the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
-Back in the 1900s the way to measure ones intelligence was not possible, but soon a
French psychologist name Alfred Binet was asked by the French government to study student
who did poorly in their academics. While observing this task Alfred Binet took his collegue with
him (Theodore Simon) and the areas they mainly focused on were the areas that were not taught
in schools. Through his study he learned that the intelligence was based on three main areas.
Mental age, average abilities of the child, and age group. Through this discovery Alfred Binet
and Theodore Simon created the first intelligence test. The Binet-Simon Scale tested the IQ
(intelligence quotient) of an individual which was used with a standardized test. The score was
calculated by taking the mental age of the individual and dividing that with the individuals
actual age and then multiplying by 100. The test is still used today!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Elafgb-t0ME-this video talks about the history of how
intelligence testing started and how the procedure went. Today the test is still used but not as
often as it once was due to the lack of inaccuracy it is believed that the test gave.
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/01/29/the-life-or-death-test-this article is about the
Binet-Simon Scale test. The test is still being used today only to see who qualifies for execution
and who doesnt. The way that works is that the convicted felon will take the test and depending
on their score will decide if they get executed. If their IQ is 70 or below they are ineligible for
execution because they are classified under disability.
Objective 41: Summarize the development of language formation.
-When developing language a young child will take what is deemed statistics in their
minds. The crucial development period for language is between ages 0-7 years. By 4 months old,
a babys brain is able to decipher the different speech sounds as well as the form mouths take in
order to make certain sounds. The number one method used when babies are tested in
experiments using speech have anywhere between 2 and 5 different listening patterns.
http://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_linguistic_genius_of_babiesthis video talks about
the way language formation is learned through the plasticity of a babys brain. This video goes
into detail about the way the brain processes different sounds and lip movement which helps
babies learn different languages a lot easier than older individuals.

-this picture represent most of how

language development occurs. Most
children mimic their parents by doing what
their parent do. This child is mimicing her
parents by talking on the phone. This can
aide in language development. -this