DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:

2
( V 1+V
)
2

Vout = Ad(V1-V2)+Ac

Ad=Differential gain and Ac=Common-mode gain

Ideally: Ad=very high and Ac=0
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) =

Ad
Ac

ICMR (Input Common Mode Range): It specifies the range of input voltage over which device
will work as differential amplifier.
Offset voltage: It is the applied input differential voltage to differential amplifier for which
output is zero.
How to find the differential voltage for which output is zero?
Ans: Firstly, short both the inputs of differential amplifier and divide the obtained output by
amplifier gain which is the required offset voltage.

SOURCE COUPLED-PAIR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:

Assumption:
1) Neglect substrate bias voltage
2) M1 and M2 geometrically matched
M1 and M2 are operate in saturation mode
Iss= Id1+Id2
Id1

Iss = 2Id1

increases but Iss is fixed. Id2

I d1 =

n Cox
W
L (Vgs1-vt)2
2

I d2 =

n Cox
W

2
L (Vgs2-vt)2

V gs 2 -v t =

Id

Id1 =

Iss
2

Case-1 (V1>V2)
Consider transistor M1 , Vgs1 increases, Id1 increases so Vs
will reduce .

Id1 = Iss- Id2 I d =I d 1 -Id2 Id 1=

V gs 1 -v t =

Id2

2 Id 1 L
n Cox W

2 Id 2 L
n Cox W

1
2

1
2

=
=

Iss+ Id
2

& Id2 =

( Id + Iss) L
n Cox W
( IdIss) L
n Cox W

V i =v gs 1 -v gs 2 =v1-v2
V i ={(vgs1-vt)-(vgs2-vt)}

Squaring both the sides we have

( Id + Iss) L
( Id Iss) L

n Cox W
n Cox W

IssId
2

V i

( Id + Iss) L ( Id Iss) L
L
2
2
+
2
n Cox W
n Cox W
n Cox W (Iss -Id )

By solving the above equation we have

Id

n Cox W
2 Iss L
Vi
2L
0.5 n Cox W

1
2

=gm(diff)