RUNNING HEAD: LITERATURE REVIEW

Irlanda Cabrales
Literature Review
The University of Texas at El Paso

LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract
Child victims of maltreatment face secondary trauma in the crisis of discovery. Their
attempts to reconcile their private experiences with the realities of the outer world are assaulted
by the disbelief, blame and rejection they experience from adults. This paper is in view of a far
reaching, specific audit of the writing and on the writers' expert experience. Abuse has the most
serious long haul outcomes. Its physical signs may empower it to be diagnosed medically; if not,
it can be identified just through the enthusiastic and behavioral irregularities that it causes
throughout the youngster's life. The paper also provides discussion of the behavioral and
psychological problems, including implications for specific modalities of maltreatment.

Introduction

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many types of child abuse. The concentration of this literature review is
particularly on all types of abuse. Child neglect is usually demonstrated by a continuous pattern
of insufficient care and is promptly seen by the people who are in close contact with the child.
Many deaths and serious injuries give constrained knowledge into the behavioral and cognitive
results of child abuse and disregard. Reports of maltreatment alone do not cover much about the
connections among people, families, groups, and society that prompt such occurrences. Abuse
affects a child throughout their life time, causing fears and traumas, making it a major problem in
our society today. The following questions were set up to research the importance of child abuse
and how child maltreatment affects the victims.
1.
2.
3.
4.

What types of abuse are more common?

How does abuse affect the childs development?
Who are the abusers?
What are the causes for the abuse to happen?
What types of abuse are more common?
It is vital to perceive which type of abuse is self-evaluated

and has a tendency to be recognized at a lower rate than when

professionally evaluated. Children may think that they have incited,
and deserved injurious conduct that they are encountering and
are in charge of their abuser's behavior (Fergusson and
Lynskey, 2007), in this manner keeping them from uncovering,
in full or to some degree, the degree of their treatment. Neglect,
physical, sexual, and emotional are the most common
types of abuse. As shown in the pie chart, child neglect is one
of the most common types of abuse, followed by physical abuse, which is the most common one
that is reported to the authorities.

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Physical abuse is described by the author as physical damage, normally incurred as an

aftereffect of a beating or improperly cruel order. It is frequently hard to identify, not just due to
the morals included in doing so, but since of the family issues that may be shown; distinctive
social acknowledgements, religion and loyalties to parents and siblings regularly keep the open
presentation of the levels of misuse that demonstration usually exist (Fergusson and Lynskey,
2007). The limit between parental over-reprimand and physical misuse has been remarked on,
especially when parent conviction frameworks are included.
Identification of neglect is additionally tricky. Neglect can be physical in nature
(deserting, inability to look for required health care), instructive (inability to see that a child is
going to class), or passionate (misuse of a partner or an alternate child in the childs area,
permitting a child to witness grown-up substance abuse). A significant number of the children
included with the youth equity framework go through devastated social scenes in material,
emotional also social connections with a "portfolio" making them sound like if they were
dangerous. In the foundations of such kids it might be extremely hard to separate between
distinctive types of neglect/abuse, and there is some confirmation that where neglect/abuse is
available it can be in more than one structure.
Sexual abuse incorporates attack, inbreeding, assault, prostitution, or utilization of a
youngster for explicit purposes. It is perhaps simpler to characterize yet frequently difficult to
distinguish, especially among male victimized people, because of the shame that encompasses it
and the effect this has on individuals' capacity and readiness to unveil. As per the exploration
paper by Skuse et al (2006), pervasiveness figures vary (somewhere around 3% and 37% for
young men, and 6% to 62% for young ladies).
How does the abuse affect the childs development?

LITERATURE REVIEW

Walker who is a journalist for the ASCA (Adults Surviving Child Abuse) organization
says, Childrens reality spins around their guardians or essential parental figures. Parental
figures are the essential wellspring of security, safety, adoration, comprehension, understanding
and backing. Child abuse disregards the trust at the center of a childs association with the
world ( 2004). At the point when the essential relationship is one of betrayal, a negative
mapping or set of convictions are created. This negative center composition regularly influences
an ability to secure and maintain noteworthy connections all through life. Survivors frequently
encounter conflictual connections and clamorous ways of life, regularly report challenges
shaping grown-up personal connections and show practices that debilitate and disturb close
relationships (Henderson, 2006).
The work of Fergusson and Lynskey (2007) demonstrates that children with a
brutal/extreme past of physical abuse/discipline in their experiences are progressively prone to
take part in criminal activity. They additionally talked about the connections among specific sorts
of misuse and the sorts of culpable that could happen then. Although they found that physical
misuse was irrelevant to offenses including belongings, clear and noteworthy affiliations were
found among the reports of physical misuse and the danger of brutal crimes (Fergusson and
Lynskey, 2007). The danger of youth offending has additionally been connected to kid misuse
and arrangements in consideration settings. Case in point, Reilly (2003) found that children
parting the child care framework had genuine challenges making the move to life all alone.
Therefore, numerous people had to be included with the criminal equity framework,
neglected to discover livelihood, and had to be homeless. The most astounding level of issues
was experienced by those that had numerous arrangements and less training as an after effect of
consistent development. More positive modification happened with those that had encountered

LITERATURE REVIEW

preparing and administrations, and had positive strong systems and employment encounters
while in consideration. The emotional damage due to maltreatment may last a lifetime.
Who are the abusers?
Based on a survey that young adults from the age of seventeen to twenty-four took
online, it had a higher rate that the parents who were abused in their childhood were more likely
to abuse their children, which will be affecting future generations.
Research does demonstrate that children who experience physical abuse are more
inclined to physically misuse their own particular kids as grown-ups. Utilizing information from
the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States, Kim (2009) found
that folks who reported physical exploitation in their adolescence were five times more prone to
report physically injurious child parenting than the individuals who did not report physical
exploitation in youth. Kim likewise found that folks who reported having been ignored in their
youth were 2.6 times as liable to report their own particular careless child parenting conduct than
the individuals who did not. In a longitudinal study by Pears and Capaldi (2001), folks who had
encountered physical abuse in adolescence were twice as likely as different folks to participate in
a harsh attitude toward their own particular children.
What are the causes for the abuse to happen?
Based on the online survey it reported 10% of parents admitted to a severe violent act
towards their young child out of nowhere, 50% of the parents admitted to a violent act out of
anger and 40% as a punishment. Sexual abuse has been estimated to be as high as 75% for girls
and 25% for boys. It was also reported that some of the abusers were psychiatrically ill parents,
which caused for the children to be removed and taken by social services.

LITERATURE REVIEW

A study by Palmer, Brown, Rae-Grant, & Loughin (2001) with 384 survivors of child
abuse found that survivors of youngster abuse had a tendency to be discouraged, have low-selfregard, and to have issues with family functioning. A late study found that nearly 76% of grownups reporting child physical ill-use and disregard have no less than one psychiatric issue in their
lifetime and almost half have three or more psychiatric issue (Harper et al., 2007). Grown-ups
with abuse histories additionally give physical issues more often than the individuals who have
not experienced abuse (Draper et al., 2007). Moreover, child sexual abuse has been discovered to
be a key factor in youth homelessness with between 50-70% of youngsters inside Supported
Accommodation Assistance Programs having encountered sexual abuse (Van Loon & Kralik,
2005).
Conclusion
It is clear that there are many types of abuse, most abuse and disregard are executed by
caregivers and/or parental figures. An interdisciplinary exertion is required among all the
organizations offering obligation regarding child insurance so that the issue of abusive behavior
against children can be successfully tended to and the number and severity of cases can be
diminished. It is moderately unsurprising that kids invest a large portion of their time with their
caregivers and are dependent on them for consideration, sustain, and protection. Unfortunately
these type of acts happen and sometimes it is too late to go to the rescue.

LITERATURE REVIEW

References
Fergusson and Lynskey, (2007). Childhood neglect. 15th International Conference on the
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. 19-22nd September, Melbourne.
Jacobi, G., Dettmeyer, R., Banaschak, S., Brosig, B., & Herrmann, B. (2010). Child abuse and
neglect: diagnosis and management. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 107(13), 231.

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Kralik, D., Visentin, K., & Van Loon, A. (2006). Transition: a literature review. Journal of
advanced nursing, 55(3), 320-329
Palmer, S. E., Brown, R. A., Rae-Grant, N. I., & Loughlin, M. J. (2001). Survivors of childhood
abuse: Their reported experiences with professional help. Social Work, 46(2), 136-145.
Reilly, T. (2003) Transition from Care: Status and outcomes of youth who age out of foster
care, Child Welfare, 82(6), pp.727746.

Skuse, M (2006). Child neglect: a review of definitions and measurement research. In H.

Dubowitz (Ed.). Neglected children: Research, practice and policy Thousand Oaks,
Ca: Sage Publications. 24-46.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,
Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Childrens Bureau. (2011). Child
Maltreatment 2010. From
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can
Walker, M. (2004). Child abuse has many potential impacts. From
http://www.asca.org.au/About/Resources/Impact-of-child-abuse.aspx