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Chemistry Study Guide

Test Date: 04/21/15
ISN Pages: 78-104 *** Textbook Pages 4-21, 44-73, 82-111
Chapter 1 Section 1: Elements and Atoms
Key Terms: matter, elements, compound, mixture, atom, model, electrons, nucleus, protons,
energy level, neutrons
1. What are elements and why are they sometimes called the building blocks of matter?
Elements are the smallest piece of matter that cannot be broken down anymore and still
act like that matter. Elements are the building blocks of matter because all mater is
composed of one element or a combination of two or more elements.
2. How did atomic theory develop and change?
Atomic theory grew as a series of models that developed from experimental evidence. As
more evidence was collected, the theory and models were revised.
3. Know the structure of an atom.

Chapter 1 Section 2 : Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Key Terms: valence electrons, electron dot diagram, chemical bod, symbol, atomic number,
period, group, family, noble gas, halogen, alkali metal
1. How is the reactivity of elements related to valence electrons in atoms?
The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element determines many properties of
that element, including the ways in which the atom can bond with other atoms. Atoms
naturally bond in ways so that they lose or gain electrons to have a full outer shell (8
valence electrons)
2. What does the periodic table tell you about atoms and the properties of elements?
The properties of elements change in a regular way across a period in the periodic table
Chapter 2 Section1 :Observing Chemical Change
Key Terms: matter, chemistry, physical property, chemical property, physical change, chemical
reaction, precipitate, endothermic reaction, exothermic reaction

1. How can matter and changes in matter be described?

Matter can be described in terms of two kinds of properties physical properties and
chemical properties. Physical properties are those which you can observe without
changing the substance. Chemical properties can only be observed through a chemical
change. Changes in matter can be described in terms of physical changes and chemical
changes. When physical changes occur that matter is still the same substance after the
change. When chemical changes occur, a new substance is created.
2. How can you tell when a chemical reaction occurs? (What is the evidence of chemical
reactions?)
You can tell a chemical reaction has occurred through four major observations.
a. Color change
b. Energy change (exothermic/endothermic reactions)
c. Creation of a gas
d. Creation of a solid (precipitate)
Chapter 2 Section 2: Describing Chemical Reactions
Key Terms: chemical equation, reactant, product, conservation of mass, open system, closed
system, coefficient, synthesis, decomposition, replacement
1. What information does a chemical equation contain?
Chemical equations use chemical formulas and other symbols instead of words to
summarize a reaction.

2. What does the principle of conservation of mass state?

The law of conservation of mass states that, in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the
reactants must equal the total mass of the products. This is because matter cannot be
created or destroyed.
3. Be able to balance chemical reactions!! What must a balanced equation show?
To describe a reaction accurately, a chemical equation must show the same number of
each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
REMEMBER:
1) Create a table, list the atoms, and count the number that you start and end with
2) Add COEFFICIENTS to balance the number of each type of atom on each side of the
equation
4. What are four categories of chemical reactions? Be able to identify types of reactions
based on the equation.
Most chemical reactions can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, single
replacement, or double replacement
Chapter 2 Section 3: Controlling Chemical Reactions
Key Terms: Activation energy, concentration, catalyst, enzyme, inhibitor

1. How is activation energy related to chemical reactions?

All chemical reactions need a certain amount of activation energy to get started.
2. Can you identify if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic based on the graph of
activation energy?
3. What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction? How?
Chemist can control rates of reactions by changing factors such as surface area,
temperature, and concentration, and using substances such as catalysts and inhibitors.
Chapter 3 Section 1:Understanding Solutions
Key Terms: Solution, Solvent, solute, colloid, suspension
1. What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions?
A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles that are too
small to see. A colloid contains larger particles than a solution. The particles are still too
small to be seen easily, but are large enough to scatter a light beam. Unlike a solution, a
suspension does not have the same properties throughout. It contains visible particles
that are larger than the particles in solutions or colloids
2. What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms?
When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by
the partilces of the solvent.
3. How do solutes affect the freezing point and boiling point of a solvent?
Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent
Chapter 3 Section 2:Concentration and Solubility
Key Terms: Dilute Solution, concentrated solution, solubility, saturated solution, unsaturated
solution, supersaturated solution
1. How is concentration measured?
To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or
to the total amount of solution.
2. Why is solubility useful in identifying substances?
Solubility can be used to help identify a substance because it is a characteristic property
of matter.
3. What factors affect the solubility of a substance?
Factors that affect the solubility of a substance include pressure, the type of solvent, and
temperature.
4. Make sure you can read and analyze a solubility curve. What does the line represent?
Chapter 3 Section 3:Describing Acids and Bases
Key Terms: Acid, Corrosive, indicator, base
1. What are the properties of acids?
An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue
litmus paper red.
2. What are the properties of bases?
Bases are substances that taste bitter, feel slippery, and turn red litmus paper blue.
Chapter 3 Section 4: Acids and Bases in Solution
Key Terms: Hydrogen Ion, Hydroxide ion, pH scale, neutralization, salt

1. What kinds of ions do acids form in water?

An acid is any substance that produces hydrogen ions in water
2. What kinds of ions do bases form in water?
A base is any substance that produces hydroxide ions in water.
3. What does pH tell you about a solution?
A low pH tells you that the concentration of Hydrogen ions is high (acidic). In contrast, a
high pH tells you the concentration of Hydrogen ions in slow (basic)
4. What happens in a neutralization reaction?
In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.