S

IE
G
LO
O 1
N
H
C

OSI Model
E
T
M

• OSI was developed by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO)
O

and introduced in 1984.

O

• It is a layered architecture (consists of

seven layers).
Z

• Each layer defines a set of functions

which takes part in data communication.

1
 OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
User support
Layer - 6 Presentation Layers
or

S
Layer - 5 Session Software Layers

IE
Layer - 4 Transport Core layer of
the OSI
Layer - 3 Network

G
Network support
Layer - 2 Data Link Layers

LO
or
Layer - 1 Physical Hardware Layers
O 3
N
H
C

Application Layer
E
T

Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing an
M

interface for the users to

Presentation interact with application
services or Networking
O

Session Services .
Ex: Web browser etc.
O

Transport
Identification of Services is
done using Port Numbers
Z

Network (Service Point Addresses).

Port is a logical communication
Data Link Channel
Port number is a 16 bit identifier.
Physical
Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Server Ports 1 - 1023
Client Ports 1024 – 65535 4

2
 Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

S
FTP 21

IE
SMTP 25

G
TELNET 23

LO
TFTP 69

O 5
N
H
C

Data flow from Application Layer

E
T

Application Data
M

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
O

Session
O

Transport
Z

Network

Data Link

Physical

3
 Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer It is responsible

Application for defining a standard format to the
data.
Presentation
Presentation
It deals with data presentation.
The major functions described at this

S
Session
layer are..
Encoding – Decoding

IE
Transport
Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC (Text)
Network JPEG,GIF,TIFF (Graphics)

G
MIDI,WAV (Voice)
Data Link MPEG,DAT,AVI (Video)

LO
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Compression – Decompression
O 7
N
H
C

Data flow from Presentation Layer

E
T

Application Data
M

Presentation Data
O

Session
O

Transport
Z

Network

Data Link

Physical

4
 Session Layer

Session Layer
Application
It is responsible for establishing,
maintaining and terminating the
Presentation
sessions.
Session

S
Session
Session ID is used to identify a
session or interaction.

IE
Transport

Network Examples :

G
RPC  Remote Procedural Call
Data Link SQL  Structured Query Language

LO
ASP  AppleTalk Session protocol
Physical

O 9
N
H
C

Data flow from Session Layer

E
T

Application Data
M

Presentation Data
O

Session Data
O

Transport
Z

Network

Data Link

Physical

10

5
 Transport Layer

Transport Layer
Application
It provides data delivery
mechanism between the
Presentation
applications in the network.
The major functions described at

S
Session
the Transport Layer are..

IE
Transport
Transport
• Identifying Service
Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

G
• Segmentation
Data Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling

LO
Physical • Error Correction
• Flow Control
O 11
N
H
C

Identifying a Service
E
T

•Services are identified at this layer with

the help of Port No’s.
•The major protocols which takes care of Data Transportation
M

at Transport layer are…TCP,UDP

TCP UDP
O

• Transmission Control • User Datagram

O

Protocol Protocol
• Connection Oriented • Connection Less
Z

• Supports Ack’s • No support for Ack’s

• Reliable communication
• Slower data Transportation
• Protocol No is 6
Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP
• Unreliable communication
• Faster data Transportation
• Protocol No is 17
Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP
12

6
 Connection Establishment

A B

S
IE
G
LO
O 13
N
H
C

Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

E
T

Application
M

Presentation

Session
O

80 21 25 53 67 69
O

Transport
Z

TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network

Data Link

Physical
14

7
 Segmentation

Hello! How are you ?

S
IE
Hello! How Are You ?

G
A B

LO
O 15
N
H
C

Sequencing & Reassembling

E
T
M
O

Hello! HowHow
You Hello! are ?
you
Are?
O

You Hello!
Hello! How You
How Are ? Are
?
Z

A B

16

8
 Flow Control

•Window Size = 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 2
Send 2 Receive 2

S
Ack 3

IE
•Window Size = 3
Send 1 Receive 1
Send 2 Receive 2

G
Send 3 Receive 3
Ack 4
Send 4

LO
A B
O 17
N
H
C

Error Correction
E
T

A B
M
O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1
O

Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Z

Send 4
Send 5
Send 6
Ack 5
Send 5
Ack 7

18

9
 Data flow from Transport Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

S
Session Data

IE
Transport TH Data = Segment

G
Network

Data Link

LO
Physical
O 19
N
H
C

Network Layer
E
T

Application Network Layer

It provides Logical addressing & Path
M

determination (Routing) in this layer.

Presentation

The protocols that work in this layer are:

O

Session
Routed Protocols:
O

Transport IP, IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc

Routed protocols used to carry user data
between hosts.
Network
Network
Z

Routing Protocols:
Data Link RIP, OSPF.. Etc
Routing protocols performs Path
Physical determination (Routing).

20

10
 Routing Protocols

S
IE
G
LO
A

O 21
N
H
C

Data flow from Network Layer

E
T

Application Data
M

Presentation Data
O

Session Data
O

Transport Segment
Z

Network NH Segment = Packet

Data Link
Devices that work at
Network Layer
Physical are Router, Multilayer
switch etc..

22

11
 Datalink Layer

Datalink Layer
Application It has 2 sub layers
• MAC (Media Access Control) It provides reliable
transit of data across a physical link.
Presentation
It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC

S
Session (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and ordered delivery
of Frames.
Ex: Ethernet, Token ring…etc

IE
Transport

Network • LLC (Logical Link Control)

It provides communication with Network layer.

G
Data
Data Link
Link
Negotiates with Network Layer using SAP & SNAP

LO
protocols
Physical

O 23
N
H
C

Error Detection – CRC Check

E
T
M

• algorithm is executed and device will calculate a FCS

for data including L2 header.
• On receiving a frame on other end device will
O

run same algorithm for data + L2 header

• If receiving value calculated value is same
O

accepts the frame or else drop

Z

FCS DATA D-L Head

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72 24

12
 Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

S
Session Data

IE
Transport Segment

Network Packet

G
Data Link DH Packet DT = Frame

LO
Physical
Devices that work at
Data link layer are
Switch, Bridge etc..
O 25
N
H
C

Physical Layer
E
T

Physical Layer
Application It defines the electrical, Mechanical &
functional specifications for communication
M

between the Network devices.

Presentation
The functions described at this layer are..
O

Session Encoding/decoding:
It is the process of converting the binary data
into signals based on the type of the media.
O

Transport • Copper media : Electrical signals of different

voltages
Z

Network • Fiber media : Light pulses of different

wavelengths

Data Link • Wireless media: Radio frequency waves

Mode of transmision of signals:

Physical
Physical
Signal Communication happens in three different modes
Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex
Protocols works at physical layer: 10BaseT, 100BaseT,
26
V.35, RS-232..etc

13
 Physical Transmission of data
Example:

S
IE
Frame

G
A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B

LO
O 27
N
H
C

Data flow from Physical Layer

E
T

Application Data
M

Presentation Data
O

Session Data
O

Transport Segment
Z

Network Packet
Devices that work at
physical layer are ..
Hub, Repeater.. Etc Data Link Frame

Physical Bits

28

14
 Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application

Presentation Data Data Presentation

S
Session Data Data Session

IE
Transport TH Data
Segment Segment Transport

G
Network NHPacket
Segment Packet Network

LO
Data Link DHFrameDT
Packet Frame Data Link

Physical Bits O Bits Physical

29
N
H
C

Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

E
T

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

M

Application
O

Presentation Application
O

Session

Transport Host-to-Host
Z

Network Internet

Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
30

15