POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION

PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
NETWORK OPERATE AT PRE-SET
REQUIREMENT - SAFETY TO PUBLIC,
STAFF, NETWORK AND INDIVIDUAL
EQUIPMENT
MINIMIZE DAMAGE AND
INTERRUPTION

TYPE OF FAULTS
SHORT CIRCUIT (INSULATION
FAILURE)
L-L , L-L-L , L-E, L-L-E , L-L-L-E
OPEN CIRCUIT (CONTINUITY
FAILURE)

CONSEQUENCES OF S/C
ESTABLISHMENT OF POTENTIAL
LARGE MAGNITUDE CURRENT
EXCESSIVE ENERGY AND FIRE
DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT
HEAT (I fault) t

DAMAGED CIRCUIT BREAKER

BASIC COMPONENT
SENSING DEVICE
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
TRANSDUCER

RELAY
DECISION MAKER - TO TRIP

CIRCUIT BREAKER
FAULT ISOLATION

BASIC COMPONENT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT
BREAKER

SENSING
DEVICE

TRIP

RELAY

BASIC COMPONENT SCHEMATIC

CIRCUIT
BREAKER

CT
400/5
400A

5A
TRIP
COIL

RELAY
COIL
CONTACT

+
BATTERY
-

BASIC COMPONENT LAYOUT

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

RELAY

VOLTAGE TX
BUSBAR
COMPARTMENT
VACUUM
INTERRUPTER
CURRENT TX
CB TRUCK
CABLE

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

OCEF RELAYS

CT & VT

PROTECTION PHILOSOPHIES
SELECTIVE
MINIMUM DISCONNECTION FOR FAULT
ISOLATION
2

4 CUSTOMER
2

1
3

A
CB 5 TRIP AFFECTS
CUSTOMER 3 ONLY

CUSTOMER
1

CUSTOMER
3

PROTECTION PHILOSOPHIES
SENSITIVE
MIN FAULT CURRENT
Sensitivity factor , Ks = If / Io

If - MINIMUM FAULT CURRENT

Io - MINIMUM OPERATING CURRENT

PROTECTION PHILOSOPHIES
STABLE
UNDER SYSTEM DISTURBANCE ,
THROUGH FAULT , TRANSIENTS etc

33 kV

132 kV

CB

CB

CB
CB

DIFF.

IDMT
operate

No operation

Fault

PROTECTION PHILOSOPHIES
FAST
MINIMISE DAMAGE
T clearing time = T relay + T breaker

RELIABILITY
MAIN PROTECTION , BACKUP
PROTECTION , DUPLICATE
PROTECTION, CT, VT etc. RELIABILTY

TYPES OF PROTECTION
UNIT PROTECTION
CB

CT

ZOP

SS 1 TRIP

CT CB
TRIP SS2

RELAY

TYPES OF PROTECTION
NON UNIT PROTECTION
SS3

IDMT

SS2

SS1

1.0sec

1.5sec
SS4
IDMT

fault

0 sec

IDMT

0.5sec
IDMT

BASIC PROTECTION SCHEME

PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF

11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF

PH-E

PE

OCEF

11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
PH-PH

REF
PE

OCEF
11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

PH-PH
or PH-E

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF
11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF

PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF
11kV

OCEF

PH-E

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF

11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T
PH-PH
OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF
11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PH-E

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF

11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G
T

U/G
T

OCEF
PH-E

OCEF
PE

PE

FAULT ANALYSIS
PPU

33kV

SBEF
DIFF
REF
PE

OCEF

11kV

OCEF

OCEF
T

OCEF

OCEF

O/H

U/G

PH-PH

U/G
T

OCEF

OCEF
PE

PE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OCEF RELAY

R

CT

CT

CT

OC

OC

OCEF
RELAY
EF

EARTH
BONDING

OVERCURRENT FAULT
R

CT

CT

CT

OC

OC

EF

CURRENT PATH
R-B FAULT

EARTH
BONDING

OVERCURRENT FAULT
R

CT

CT

CT

OC

OC

CURRENT PATH
R-Y FAULT
EF

EARTH
BONDING

EARTH FAULT
R
Y
B

OC

OC

EARTH
CURRENT PATH
B-E FAULT

EF

EARTH
BONDING

THANK YOU