Fourth Identity

a1
x(
n)

y2(n
)

L
a2
Fig.
a

y1(
n)

a1

L
x(n
=
)

L
a2

Fig.
b

y1(
n)
y2(
n)

From Fig. a

From Fig. b

X1(Z)= X(ZL)
Y1(Z)=a1
X(ZL)
Y1(Z)=a2
X(ZL)

Y1(Z)=a1
X(ZL)
Y1(Z)=a2
X(ZL)

Fifth Identity
x(n
)

x1(
n)

-1

L
Fig.
a

y(
x(n
n) = )

x2(
n)

Z
Fig.
b

-L

y(
n)

From Fig. a
X1(Z)= Z1X(Z)
Y(Z)= X1(ZL)
= ZLX(ZL)

From Fig. b
X2(Z)= X(ZL)
Y(Z)= ZLX(ZL)

Sixth Identity
X(Z
)

G(
Z)

X1(Z
)

L
Fig.
a

Y(
X(Z
Z) = )

X2(Z
)
G(Z
L
)
Fig.
b

Y(
Z)

From Fig.
a

From Fig. b

X1(Z)=
G(Z)X(Z)
Y(Z)= X1(ZL)
=
X(ZL)G(ZL)

X2(Z)= X(ZL)
Y(Z)=
X(ZL)G(ZL)

Cascading Sample Rate

Converters
x(n
)
F

Hu(
Z)

L
F

Interpolat
or
x(n
)
F

Hd(
Z)

LF/
M

Decimato
r

L
F

H(Z
)

LF/
M

y(
n)

y(
n)

Multistage implementation of
sampling rate converters
If L>> 1, then
x(n
)
Fx

L1

L1
Fx

h1(n
)

L2

h1(n
)
L1L2
Fx

y(
n)

Fy=
LFx

Ln
hn(
n)

Multistage implementation of
sampling rate converters
If M>> 1, then
x(n
)
Fx

h1(n
)

M1
Fx/M
1

h2(n
)

hn(
n)

M2
Fx/M1
M2

y(
n)
Fy=
Fx/M

Mn

Applications
In high quality data acquisition & storage
systems
In audio signal processing
In video, PAL & NTSC run at different
sampling rates. Therefore to watch an
American program in Europe, one needs a
sampling rate converter.
In speech processing to reduce the storage
space or the transmitting rate of speech
data.
In transmultiplexers