11/9/2012

ChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)

CODissues

Theequivalentamountofoxygen
requiredtooxidizedtheorganiccarbon
d
d d h
b
PotassiumDichromate(K2Cr2O7)isusedas
thesurrogateoxidantforO2

Chlorideandferrousions(andotherreduced
species) cause positive bias payattentionto
species)causepositivebias
pay attention to
HACH productspecifications
CorrelationwithBOD5 understandingthe
BOD5/CODratiosatdifferentsamplingpointsis
important
LikeBOD
Like BOD5,CODbroadlyrepresentsa
COD broadly represents a
complicatedmatrixoforganiccompounds
AmmoniumisNOT measuredasCOD
dCOD vs.COD

C n H a O b N c d Cr2 O 72- (8d c ) H

n CO 2

a 8d 3c
H 2O c NH 4 2d Cr33
2

TheequivalentCr2O72 consumptionis
convertedtooxygenconsumption
Criticalforprocesscontrolpurpose!

CODvs.BOD
Nature
Measurement
time
Target

BOD5

COD

1mporesize

Biological

Chemical

105/180 C
105/180
C

5days

2.5hours

Aerobicallybiodegradable
organicpollutants

Allorganicpollutants

Aeration,biodegradability,
Application systemloading(F/M),etc.
system loading (F/M) etc
Subjecttotoxicity&
Reliability
environmentalparameters

Significanceto
ASPsystem

105/180C

Removed
byclarifier

Directindication of
organicstrength

Removed
byfilter

Dissolved
solid

Itisall
Operational!

550C

Totalorganicloading,
useful surrogate to BOD
usefulsurrogatetoBOD

Activated
sludge

Highlyreliable
Processcontrol

Organic
solid

Inorganic
solid

(MetcalfandEddy,2003)

11/9/2012

SuspendedandDissolvedSolids

VolatileandFixedSolids

TotalSolids(TS)=TDS+TSS

Totalvolatilesolids(TVS)measurementistodetermineifasolidis
organic,asapproximatedbybeingvolatile,orinorganic(nonvolatile).
TVSistheweightlossofTSinamufflefurnaceat550C 50Cfor15
to20minutes.
TheremainingweightafterTSvolatilizationistotalfixedsolids(TFS).
The remaining weight after TS volatilization is total fixed solids (TFS)

TDS(TotalDissolvedSolids):materialsinwaterthatpassthrougha
filterwith<2mporesizeandevaporatedforanhourat180C 2C.
TSS (TotalSuspendedSolids): theportionofTSretainedonanoash
glass fiber filter disc
glassfiberfilterdisc.
FilteringApparatus

Analytical
Balance

Source:http://www.millipore.com

Drying/SterilizingOvens

Source:http://www.fishersci.com

MuffleFurnace

Source:http://www.terrauniversal.com/gallery/lab_equipment/furnaces/Images/laboratory_furnaces_benchtop_muffle.jpg

Settleable Solids
ImhoffConeApparatus

Settleable Solids(S/S).The
solidvolumeaccumulatedat
thebottomofa1LImhoff
coneafteronehourofsettling
(mL/L).
Relatedtosludgevolume
index(SVI),whichcanbeused
toconstructsolidsettlingflux
g
curveforstatepointanalysis.

Source:http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/53680000/presentations/1996slides/slide19.jpg